| 释义 |
civilian|sɪˈvɪlɪən|
[a. OF. civilien, of or pertaining to the civil law, as in droit civilien, docteur civilien, f. civil, L. cīvīlis. Later uses in English start from other senses of civil.]
1. One who makes or has made the Civil Law (chiefly as distinguished originally from the Canon Law, and later from the Common Law) the object of his study: a practitioner, doctor, professor, or student of Civil Law, a writer or authority on the Civil Law.
‘By civilian is meant in English (1) one who professes and practises the civil law, as opposed to the common, or municipal law of England; (2) one who teaches or expounds this civil law; (3) one who studies it’ (De Quincey).
1388Wyclif Bible Prol. 51 Sumtyme cyuylians and canonistris weren deuout, and..bisy on her lernyng. 1576Fleming Panoplie Ep. 387, I woulde wishe you to be a Civilian [note, A professour or studient of the Civil lawe, whiche yeeldeth great advantage]. 1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. Ded., Twenty civilians, and as many common lawyers. 1589Hay any Work 24 Ciuillians liue by the court of Amraltie..as well as by the Arches. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 316 Ulpian..and all the Civilians. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 41 Both the Canonists and Civilians. 1788Graves Recollect. Shenstone 36 (T.) He [Shenstone] kept his name in the college books, and changed his commoner's gown for that of a civilian. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) V. viii. viii. 26 Two learned civilians from Bologna. 1864Spectator No. 1875. 641 Doctor's Commons..has dissolved itself, and civilians will ere long be as extinct as the dodo.
†2. Theol. ‘One who, despising the righteousness of Christ, did yet follow after a certain civil righteousness, a justitia civilis of his own’ (Trench). Cf. civil 15 b.
1619W. Sclater Expos. 1 Thess. (1630) 26 Distinguishing Regenerate mens actions from their counterfeits in Hypocrites and Ciuilians. 1642Rogers Naaman 104 (Trench) The mere naturalist or civilian..I mean such an one as lives upon dregs, the very reliques and ruins of the image of God decayed. 1645Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 102 There be no moral men and civilians in heaven.
3. A non-military man or official.
‘The fashionable and most childish use of this word now current, viz. to indicate simply a non-military person—a use which has disturbed and perplexed all our past literature for six centuries’ (De Quincey Bentley Wks. VII. 79 note).
a. orig. (More fully Indian Civilian): One of the covenanted European servants of the East India Company, not in military employ. Now, a member of the Indian Civil Service of the Crown.
1766H. Strachey Lett. 25 May in Malcolm Life of Clive III. 54 About the rage of the civilians and more than madness of the military. 1766Clive Lett. 28 May ibid. 59 If the civilians entertain the officers, dismiss them the service. 1829Blackw. Mag. XXV. 364 Civilians and Indian officers returning from sick furlough. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 99 Associating with them European civilians in the administration of justice. 1876Green Short Hist. x. 759 He [Warren Hastings] won the love of the new ‘civilians’ as he won the love of the Hindoos.
b. generally (esp. in military parlance): One who does not professionally belong to the Army or the Navy; a non-military person.
1829Sterling Ess. & Tales (1848) I. 121 The reasons of the warlike manœuvres are made plain, even to quiet civilians. 1856Mem. Sir R. Peel i. 123 But the chief governor..was not a civilian. He was a brave and distinguished soldier. 1868Regul. & Ord. Army ⁋287 The Officers are not responsible for debts incurred by the Messman, such Messman being a Civilian.
†4. (See quot.)
1570Levins Manip. 19 A civiliane, civilis, politicus.
5. attrib. and appositive, in various senses.
1645Milton Tetrach. Deut. xxiv. 1, 2 Wks. (1847) 191/1 That civilian emperor, in his title of ‘Donations’. 1858Bright Sp. India 20 May, The old civilian Council of Calcutta. 1864Times 13 Sept. (L.) Men..previously passed by army or civilian surgeons. 1864Daily Tel. 10 Mar., All over the world military men view any civilian interference with dislike.
Hence civilianism, nonce-wd., civilian doctrines or principles, opposition to militarism; civilianize v. trans. to render civilian, to make (the army) a civilian body; also, to confer civilian status upon; to replace by civilian workers; hence ciˈvilianized ppl. a.
1870Macm. Mag. Sept. 397/1 The latter..simply ‘civilianizes’ the army. 1888Ibid. Aug. 267 Even in these days of rampant British civilianism, proud of its defencelessness and full of pity for the strong man armed. 1948Lancs. Daily Post 20 July 1/8 A Ministry of Agriculture camp for ‘civilianized’ Germans. 1955Daily Tel. 9 Dec. 6/4 When Servicemen in a Government establishment are replaced by civilian workers their jobs are said to be ‘civilianised’. 1969Sci. Jrnl. Nov. 6/2 In the early 1960s there was a strong movement to civilianize M[icrobiological] R[esearch] E[stablishment]. |