| 释义 |
circulation|səkjʊleɪʃən|
[a. F. circulation or L. circulātiōn-em, noun of action f. circulāre: see circulate.]
The action of circulating.
1. Movement in a circle, circular motion or course.
†a. Movement round or about.
1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 646 With circulatioun sa about tha ȝeid, For les expenssis and for grittar speid. 1575Thynne Let. 19 Mar. in Animadv. Introd. 55 From one, all nombers doo arise, and by circulatione doo ende againe in thee same oone. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. xx. 208 As the world is round, so we may observe a circulation in opinions. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 601 According to this Latter Platonick Hypothesis, there would seem to be not so much a Gradation or Descent, as a kind of Circulation in the Trinity.
†b. A rotation about an axis, gyration; orbitual revolution. Obs. or arch.
1605Timme Quersit. i. iv. 15 The perpetuall circulation by which the heaven is married to the earth. 1703Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1721) 95 After they had by these vertiginous circulations and clamours turn'd their heads. 1795T. Taylor Apuleius ix. (1822) 215 Orderly and established circulations of the stars.
†c. An undulation propagated in circles from a centre. Obs.
1647H. More Song of Soul ii. iii. i. xx, The circulations Of sounds would be well known by outward sight. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. iv. §36. 581 The Circulations of Water, when some Heavy Body falling into it, its Superficies is depressed, and from thence every way Circularly Wrinkled. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 177 An emission and a circulation of solar particles.
†2. A continuous repetition of a series of actions, events, etc., in the same order or direction; a round. Obs.
1682H. Maurice Serm. bef. King 22 The World..grown Old under the Tautologies of Sin, and the Circulations of repeated Judgments. 1684T. Burnet Th. Earth 114 What is this life, but a circulation of little mean actions? 1719De Foe Crusoe (1858) 331 Living in a daily circulation of sorrow, living but to work. 1731S. Hales Stat. Ess. I. 1 Such a circulation of causes and effects..necessary to the great ends of nature.
†b. Alternate action, alternation; ‘reciprocal interchange of meaning’ (J.). Obs.
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. liii. (1611) 295 There is in those two speeches that mutuall circulation beforementioned. 1647H. More Poems 55 Each knave these bellows blow in mutuall circulation.
†3. Old Chem. The continuous distillation of a liquid for the purpose of concentrating or refining it: see circulate v. 1 and circulatory n. Obs.
1585Thynne in Animadv. Introd. 76 After the order of circulation in alchemicall art. 1605Timme Quersit. iii. 183 Circulation is to rectifie any thing to a higher perfection. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 268 Circulation is the exaltation of pure liquor by circular solution and coagulation in a Pelican. 1641French Distill. i. (1651) 9.
†4. (See quot.) Obs.
1656Blount Glossogr., Circulation, properly an incircling, or invironing.
5. The circuit of the blood from the heart through the arteries and veins, and back to the heart. Hence, of any nutritive fluid through the vessels of animals or plants.
[1628Harvey (title) Exercitatio anatomica..de circulatione sanguinis.] 1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 337 The Cause of Vertigo is the circulation of the spirits animal by a thin vapour. 1660R. Coke Power & Subj. Pref. 5 The Physitians..in blood-letting supposed the circulation of the blood, yet none asserted it before..Doctor William Harvey. 1712Addison Spect. No. 543 ⁋1 Since the circulation of the blood has been found out. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 177 The circulation of the fluids of an animal, or of a vegetable. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 66 The leaves preserve their functions..no longer than there is a circulation of fluids through them. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 321 Objects of the circulation of Nutrient Fluid.
b. Often called simply ‘the circulation’.
1707Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 258 The Circulation runs too quick in Fevers. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 391 Any stoppage of the Circulation will produce a dropsy. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 8 The circulation is complete in the Mollusca. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. i. 25, I cannot keep up my circulation on a sledge.
6. The movement of any thing in a ‘round’, not strictly circular, but such that it returns again into itself after making a general circuit of the intermediate points.
1654Whitlock Zootomia 555 The Bodies..are now as serviceable to the Circulation of matter..turn to as good Grasse, prove as beneficiall to the Parsons Cowes, or Sheep. 1656Cowley Davideis i. Notes, All which maintain a perpetual Circulation of Water, like that of Blood in Man's Body. 1878Huxley Physiogr. xx. 337 The waters of the earth are in a state of constant circulation. 1880Haughton Phys. Geog. iii. 128 The indirect heat contributed by the rainfall and atmospheric circulation.
fig.1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. §7. 149 Guardians and executors of laws are therefore the vitals of a Society, without which there can be no circulation of justice in it.
7. The transmission or passage of anything (e.g. money, news) from hand to hand, or from person to person (with the notion of its ‘going the round’ of a country, etc.); dissemination or publication, whether by transmission from one to another, or by distribution or diffusion of separate copies.
1684Burnet More's Utopia 52 A free circulation of Mony..is necessary for the course of Commerce and Exchange. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. ii. §2 Money changeth hands, and in this circulation the life of business and commerce consists. 1836Emerson Nature, Commodity Wks. (Bohn) II. 144 The rain feeds the plant; the plant feeds the animal: and thus the endless circulations of the divine charity nourish man. 1845McCulloch Taxation ii. vi. (1852) 293 The free circulation of information. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 115 This order was intended to prevent the circulation of Protestant treatises. 1880McCarthy Own Time III. xxxix. 196 The most extravagant exaggerations were put into circulation.
b. The extent to which copies of a newspaper, periodical, etc., are distributed, the number of readers which it reaches.
1847De Quincey Secret Societies (1863) VI. 267 The journal had a limited circulation. 1857Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. Pref. 7 [This] is sufficiently proved by the circulation which it has obtained.
†8. A statement circulated, a rumour, a report.
1774Burke Sp. on Amer. Tax. There is also another circulation abroad, spread with malignant intention. 1776― Corr. (1844) II. 105 The government circulation is, that they [the troops] retired without molestation.
9. concr. A circulating medium, a currency.
1790Burke Fr. Rev. 78 A boundless paper circulation. 1866Crump Banking iv. 86 Cheques, which are such an important part of the circulation of the country. 1875Jevons Money (1878) 56 The present circulation of China is composed to a considerable extent of the so-called Sycee silver. |