| 释义 |
▪ I. chum, n.1 Now colloq.|tʃʌm|
Also 8 chumm.
[Recorded only since c 1684. A well-known conjecture is that it was a familiar abbreviation of chamber-fellow, chamber-mate, or the like. But no historical proof or connecting link has been found.]
1. a. One who shares apartments with another or others, one who lodges or resides in the same room or rooms: ‘a chamber-fellow, a term used in the universities’ (J.); also, more generally, a habitual companion, an associate, an intimate friend. Now chiefly in familiar colloquial use with school-boys, fellow-students; also with criminals, convicts, etc.
1684Creech Theocritus, Idyll xii. Ded., To my chum Mr. Hody of Wadham College. c1690B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Chum, a Chamber-fellow, or constant Companion. 1691Long Vacation Ded. 1 Thou and I were Chums together at Brazenose College. 1718Freethinker No. 17, 117, I..quarrel with my Chum every Night. 1749Fielding Tom Jones viii. xi, He had no doubt..but that his chum was certainly the thief. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. (1815) 65 My college chum, Sir Reginald Bently. 1798Anti-Jacobin No. 31. 188 ‘Co-occupants of the same room in a house let out at a small rent by the week.’—There is no single word in English which expresses so complicated a relation, except perhaps the cant term of chum, formerly in use at our Universities. 1812J. H. Vaux Flash Dict., Chum, a fellow prisoner in a jail, hulk, etc.; so there are new chums and old chums. 1819― Mem. I. xii. 133 Our society [in Jail] was increased by several new chums before the sessions. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 90 The parson had been a chum of his father's at Oxford. 1826Southey Vind. Eccles. Angl. 502 The students were friends and chums, a word so nearly obsolete, that it may be proper, perhaps, to explain it, as meaning ‘chamber-fellows’. 1854Thackeray Newcomes I. 42 He and an Indian chum of his. 1860All Y. Round No. 65. 346 My chum at Eton. 1882M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal III. viii. 148 Leonard and she are great chums.
b. In Australia: new chum, a fresh immigrant, a ‘greenhorn’; old chum, an old and experienced settler. Also attrib. and Comb.
1838T. L. Mitchell Three Exped. I. iv. 99 He was also what they term a ‘new chum’, or one newly arrived. 1846C. P. Hodgson Reminisc. Austral. 366 ‘New Chum’, in opposition to ‘Old Chum’. The former ‘cognomen’ peculiarizing the newly arrived Emigrant; the latter as a mark of respect attached to the more experienced Colonist. 1859W. Stones N.Z. & its Resources 77 An engagement should only be for a short period until the ‘new chum’ knows the place and people. 1863S. Butler Canterbury Settlement iv. 55, I was anxious to become an old chum as the colonial dialect calls a settler—thereby proving my new chumship most satisfactorily. 1868F. W. Hoyle Fragments Jrnl. Shipwreck 23 My fellow passengers [were] both ‘old chums’. 1874Trollope Harry Heathcote vii. 166 He's a ‘new chum’; I suppose that's his excuse. 1886P. Clarke (title) The ‘New Chum’ in Australia..A man often means by it, ‘There's a poor weak-minded ignorant fool..All that he has learnt is but of little avail to him, nay, perhaps may hinder his graduating as an old chum. He's got to be educated all over again’. 1933Bulletin (Sydney) 26 Apr. 11/2 The newchum engine-cleaner, before he began on his first locomotive boiler. 1956S. Hope Diggers' Paradise 202 There are weird, nodose lizards and dragons, alarming to ‘new chums’, but, in reality, quite harmless.
2. Comb. chum-master, chum-ticket; see quot.
1838J. Grant Sk. Lond. 52 When there is more than one person to each room..the new-comers are, what is called ‘chummed’ on the previous inmates..When a prisoner is first confined within the walls, he is entitled to what is termed a ‘chum ticket’, which is a small piece of paper on which one of the officers of the prison, called the chum-master, writes the name of the party, and the number of the room in which he is to be ‘chummed’.
▪ II. chum, n.2 U.S.|tʃʌm|
[Origin obscure.]
a. Refuse from fish, esp. that remaining after expressing oil.
b. Chopped fish, lobsters, etc., thrown overboard to attract fish, as in trolling. Hence chum v., (a) intr. to fish with chum; (b) trans. to bait (a fishing-place) with chum; ˈchummer, one who is in charge of the bait and baiting.
1857Spirit of Times (N.Y.) 7 Nov. 150/1 After chumming our fishing-place, and watching the bits of chum that floated upon the surface of the surf, we would see a break made by a large bass. 1858Rep. Maine Board Agric. 1857 II. 69 The fish known as menhaden, and often called..‘poggies’, are..pressed..to extract an oil..; what remains after extracting the oil, is called ‘poggy chum’. 1859Ibid. IV. 182 Pogies will be caught for the chum and not for the oil. 1876Fur, Fin & Feather Sept. 131/1 The chummer cuts up the bait—menhaden or lobster—and thus manufactures the chum. Ibid. 131/2 He carries..a ‘chum-thrower’ which may be described as a shovel with all the edges turned up. 1882Forest & Stream XIX. 363 Chumming is much more sport, the fish then being captured with rod and reel. 1897Outing (U.S.) XXX. 258/1 Some bait we had, but it was salt; here was the chance for an unlimited quantity, at any rate for ‘chumming’. Ibid. 259/1 The doctor and myself, with Harry Elms to chum for us. Ibid., His object now was to chum or draw the fish around us. Ibid. 261/1 The place had been so thoroughly chummed that fish must be there. 1932M. Miller I Cover Waterfront 33 He was the chummer. 1947R. P. T. Coffin Yankee Coast 50 He cuts up the dead ones, and scatters this wash-bait, the ‘chum’, on the deep.
▪ III. chum, n.3 Ceramics.|tʃʌm|
(See quots.)
1887Leisure Hour 705/1 If a cup is to be made, [he] fixes..what is called a brass chum, a receptacle into which he drops a plaster-of-paris mould. In this he places the roughly formed cup, and..makes it perfectly smooth. Ibid. 705/2 In hollow-ware pressing the clay, when batted out sufficiently, is placed over a chum to bend it somewhat into the desired shape. 1961M. Jones Potbank ix. 36 Sam pressed it [sc. a piece of clay] on his chum (a cube block which gave the approximate shape) and put it in the mould.
▪ IV. chum, n.4|tʃʌm|
[Chinook jargon.]
The dog salmon, Oncorhynchus keta.
1908Pop. Sci. Monthly Dec. 169 The dog Salmon (Oncorhyncus Keta) is known also as calico salmon and chum. 1920Glasgow Herald 2 Jan. 9 The salmon pack of British Columbia for 1919 was..about 400,000 cases less than put up last year, when a large quantity of ‘chums’ were canned. 1955Sci. Amer. Aug. 72/3 The other five salmon species, all on the Pacific Coast, are the Chinook (also called the king salmon), the sockeye, the silver, the humpback and the chum.
▪ V. chum, v. colloq.|tʃʌm|
[f. chum n.1]
1. intr. To share chambers, to live together.
1730Wesley Wks. (1872) XII. 20 There are..some honest fellows in College, who would be willing to chum in one of them. a1867Tom Taylor Ten, Crown Office Row xi. 57 Good-bye, old rooms, where we chummed years, without a single fight. 1878E. Robertson in Colonies & India 24 Aug., I had adopted a common and convenient Indian fashion and was ‘chumming’ with a friend.
fig.1762Churchill Ghost 441 (Hoppe) Wits forced to chum with common sense.
2. trans. to chum one person on another: to put as an occupant of the same rooms.
1837Dickens Pickw. xl, You'll be chummed on somebody to-morrow. 1838J. Grant Sk. Lond. 52 New-comers are what is called ‘chummed’ on the previous inmates. 1871M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. II. v. 143 She..found herself ‘chummed’ upon a young person who turned out to be..a..slattern.
3. intr. To become intimate, be on friendly terms with (someone). Also with in, up.
1884R. Holland Gloss. Chester, Chum, to associate with. 1887W. B. Gilpin Four Hunting Stories iii. 30 When he first came into the place [he] started to chum along with my lads. 1888McCarthy & Praed Ladies' Gallery I. vi. 146 It's odd how Australians chum in together. 1889Earl of Desart Little Chatelaine II. xxiii. 107 They will chum well with a child brought up by you. a1891in J. M. Dixon Dict. Idiom. Phrases s.v., Kenny tried to chum up with the new comer. 1955A. L. Rowse Expansion Eliz. England ii. 64 Hicks and Callice chummed up.
Hence chumming vbl. n.
1838J. Grant Sk. Lond. 50 ‘Chumming’ and other internal arrangements of the prison. 1876Cornhill Mag. XXXIII. 444 Solitary study kept him from chumming with his fellows. |