| 释义 |
chromosome Biol.|ˈkrəʊməsəʊm|
[ad. G. chromosom (Waldeyer, in Arch. f. Mikrosk. Anat. 1888 p. 27), f. chromo- 2 + Gr. σῶµα body.]
Each of the rod-like structures which occur in pairs in the cell nucleus of an animal or plant and hence in every developed cell, and are carriers of the genes. Also attrib. and Comb.
1889W. B. Benham tr. Waldeyer in Q. Jrnl. Micr. Sci. XXX. 181, I must beg leave to propose a separate technical name ‘chromosome’ for those things which have been called by Boveri ‘chromatic elements’, in which there occurs one of the most important acts in karyokinesis, viz. the longitudinal splitting. 1890W. Turner Cell Theory, Past & Present 29 The primary chromatin fibres, or chromosome as Waldeyer calls them, form a complex coil. 1892E. L. Mark tr. Hertwig's Embryol. 52 The chromatin..has assumed the form of small individual granules or chromosomes, which correspond in number with the spindle-fibres. 1907C. E. Walker Cytol. 99 It has been held that every hereditary character is represented by a chromosome. 1912J. S. Huxley Individ. Anim. Kingdom iii. 80 When the sexual chromosome-shuffling is allowed to take place. 1922R. C. Punnett Mendelism (ed. 6) 100 Chromosomes..owe their name to the fact that they stain more deeply with various dyes than the rest of the cell protoplasm. 1932C. D. Darlington Chromosomes & Plant Breeding vi. 22 This is the mechanism by which the chromosome complement is ‘reduced’ so that the germ-cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same kind of chromosomes as those produced by the preceding generation. 1938Times Rev. of 1937 viii/2 Progress has been made in the study of chromosome-rearrangements. 1947Science News V. 60 These chromosomes are rod-shaped bodies, which are characteristic in size, number and shape for every form of life—and it is supposed that the ‘genes’, the actual units of heredity, are located on them. 1962Listener 21 June 1071/2 It was at one time thought that chromosome breaks and certain other changes in living cells could be produced only by radiation. 1968Times 19 Oct. 4/7 DNA, the genetic material of the chromosomes.
Hence chromoˈsomal a., of or pertaining to chromosomes.
1909in Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. xviii. 296 The balance of chromosomal genes or factors. 1959Times 9 Dec. 2/6 Cytologist or Cytogeneticist required to work on human chromosomal anomalies. 1968Times 14 Nov. 8/7 Dr. Gardner chose as the donor embryos a strain that has a recognizable chromosomal abnormality.
Add: chromoˈsomally adv., as regards chromosomal properties; by means of chromosomes.
1921Proc. R. Physical Soc. Edin. XX. 256 The question naturally arises as to whether these individuals are chromosomally females which become converted into males, or chromosomally males with an initial deficiency of the male-determining substance. 1965Times Lit. Suppl. 27 May 483/4 Within this representation.. are encoded, chromosomally, the directives by which daughter cells behave like their mother. 1970Watsonia VIII. 47 With no possibility of analysing these plants chromosomally. 1981D. J. Merrell Ecol. Genetics ix. 201 In chromosomally monomorphic species such as D. simulans, D. virilis, and D. repleta, inversion polymorphism is absent. |