| 释义 |
▪ I. choke, n.1|tʃəʊk|
[f. the vb. See note on sense 5.]
1. What chokes or impedes respiration:
†a. chokes: the quinsy. Obs.
1562Turner Herbal ii. 144 a, It will heale y⊇ diseases of the sciatica and y⊇ squynansie or chokes. Ibid. ii. 164 a, Good for the squinancie or choukes.
b. slang. Prison bread.
1884St. Jas. Gaz. 4 Jan. 12/2 He had no food but gruel and brown ‘choke’.
2. The action and noise of choking.
1839Dickens Nich. Nick. xii, Miss Squeers..was..taken with one or two chokes and catchings of breath. 1870Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 63 Men born dumb who express by grunts and chokes the inexpressible eloquence which is not in them.
†3. A condition in which progress is entirely obstructed; a block; a dead-lock. Obs.
1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 57 As to a number beyond the numbers of Arithmetick, I..ask, Whether it will be even or odd? if it be either, we have the same choaks for it that we had before; and if it be neither, then 'tis no number. 1715Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 58 Some..who are and will in a choak be found as hearty for King George as any in Britain. 1729Ibid. III. 428 Pray for the Assembly; they are coming to a choak.
4. A constriction; the part of the paper tube of a firework where it is compressed to form a stoppage. In a firearm = choke-bore (both senses). Cf. choke v. 13
1786Sir B. Thompson in Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 287 The tube or cylinder..was..perfectly cylindrical..without any choak. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Choke, the nip of a rocket. 1875Field 26 June 635/3 After firing upwards of 2,500 shots from each of the three guns to be tested, no falling off of any kind could be discovered, nor did the measurement by callipers vary even to the thousandth of an inch from the original diameter of the choke. 1884F. F. R. Burgess Sporting Fire-arms 4 The sketches..show the ordinary choke and the tulip choke respectively. 1892W. W. Greener Breech-Loader 146 With a twelve bore gun, standard load distance and conditions, the ordinary full choke will make an average pattern of 215 pellets; The half-choke 185 pellets; The quarter-choke 160 pellets. 1959Chambers's Encycl. VI. 664/1 The greater the degree of choke the more the concentration of the pellets in the shot-charge during flight.
5. a. The mass of immature florets with their scales and down in the centre of an artichoke head.[This use is partly at least due to popular analysis of arti-choke (q.v.), as having in its heart a ‘choke’.] 1736Bailey Housh. Dict. 54 If many of them [leaves] be spread from the top, then the choke is shot so much, that much of the heart of the artichoke being drawn out, the bottom will be the thinner. 1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. vi. 65 The choke, which we take out of the middle, is an assemblage of florets which are beginning to be formed. 1888Daily News 21 June 5/8 We are stripping the artichoke very fast..we shall soon come I think to the choke.
b. transf. to similar things.
1886Mehalah x, Roses [bearing] hips, with hard red skins outside, and choke and roughness within.
6. Electr. (Also choke-coil.) = choking coil; choke control (in wireless telegraphy), modulation of the carrier-wave by means of a choke.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Choke-coil. 1911A. B. Smith Mod. Amer. Telephony xxv. 685 The choke coils being inserted in order to prevent the alternations from flowing back on the line circuit. 1913Year-bk. Wireless Telegr. 331 The transformer secondaries..are protected..by air core chokes. 1923Hawkhead & Dowsett Techn. Instr. Wireless Telegr. 156 A third method known as ‘anode’ or ‘choke’ control. Ibid. 184 The Choke Coils (Air Core). Ibid. 200 Air Core Choke. 1928Morn. Post 9 July, When chokes having a winding of thick wire are used the voltage lost is quite small. 1928Times 26 Nov. 11/3 R.W.C...was charged..with selling high frequency chokes, to which a false trade description..had been applied. 1941Electronic Engin. XIV. 396 Small transformers, chokes and loudspeakers..should be treated in the same manner as suggested for the mains transformer.
7. A valve which controls the flow of air through the air-intake of a carburettor, chiefly to provide a richer petrol mixture for starting. Also attrib.
1926in Amer. Speech I. 686/1 1932 Autocar 28 Oct. 7 (Advt.), Improved choke giving easier starting. 1955Times 10 May 7/6 It starts readily when cold (but not always so willingly when hot) and warms up quickly with but little use of the choke. 1959Motor 3 June 604/1 The ‘choke’ control..was needed scarcely at all in warm spring weather.
▪ II. choke, n.2 Obs. or dial.
Forms: plural, 4 chokes, chookes, 5 Sc. chokkeis, 8–9 Sc. chouks, chowks, dial. chokes, chucks.
[Of uncertain relations: in some cases prob. merely a variant of cheek; but mod.Sc. chowk (tʃʌuk) suggests ON. kjálki jaw-bone.]
The fleshy parts about and under the jaws; the chops.
1330–1400 [see cheek n. 2 β]. c1470Henry Wallace v. 148 Wndir the chokkeis [? cholkeis] the grounden suerd gart glid By the gude mayle bathe hals and his crag bayne In sondyr straik. 1880Patterson Antrim & Down Gloss., Chokes, the sides of the neck. 1880W. Cornwall Gloss., Chuck, the under part of the face; the throat. ‘I like a pig's chuck.’ Mod. Sc. Fat about the chowks.
Hence choke-band dial and Sc. (See quot.)
1808Jamieson, Chok-band, the small strip of leather by which a bridle is fastened around the jaws of a horse. 1877E. Peacock N.W. Lincolnsh. Gloss., Choak-band.
▪ III. choke, v.|tʃəʊk|
Pa. tense and pple. choked |tʃəʊkt|. Forms: 4–5 cheke, [chekyn], 5– choke, (6 schoke). Also 6–9 choak(e; occas. 6–9 (esp. in mod. dial.) chock, 6 chouke, 9 Sc. chouk, chowk, 9 dial. chuck. Rare str. pa. pple, in 7 choaken.
[The early history is obscure, the word being comparatively rare. The ME. variation choke and cheke, also found in achoke, acheke, points back to an OE. *céocian, acéocian, of which the latter only is exemplified (ælfric, Hom. I. 216). Possibly therefore choke is an aphetic form of achoke. No cognate verb appears elsewhere in Teutonic: but connexion with cheek n. is perh. possible, at least if the latter had an OTeut. type *keukôn-, since acéocian would also represent a stem *keuk-. (The meaning of céoc-ádl in Leechd. II. 310 is doubtful: ? cheek- or choke- illness.)
Association between the two words is suggested by the ME. double form of both, cheke, choke; in mod.Sc., chouk to choke, and chouks chops, fauces, external parts about the top of the throat (see choke n.2), are always associated in sense. The possibility of such a derivation is further illustrated by the verbs athroat, throttle, G. erdrosseln, L. jugulare, and by querken, given by the Promptorium as a synonym of choke: ‘chekyn or qwerchyn (v.r. querken) suffoco; chekenyd or qwerkenyd (chowked or querkened) suffocatus, strangulatus.’ This querken to strangle or choke is a deriv. of ON. kverk, OHG. querca, the angle below the chin, in pl. throat, fauces, = Sc. chouks.
The normal ME. repr. of *céocian was cheke; choke is explained by passage of OE. céo- into c⊇ō-; cf. céosan, ME. chose, choose. The form Cheken in the Promptorium (see above), appears to be a derivative with -en suffix, like cheapen, threaten.]
I. proper. To stop the aperture of the throat so as to prevent breathing; to kill by so doing.
1. trans. To suffocate by external compression of the throat; to throttle, strangle; to produce a sensation of strangling. (Still the ordinary word for this sense in Scotland.)
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 3192 Now shal he me strangle and cheke, Ne shal y neuer aftyr speke. c1440Promp. Parv., Chekyn, or querchyn [Pynson, querken], suffoco. 1584D. Powel Lloyd's Cambria 29 Slaine or some say Choaked by his own men. 1602‘Philaretes’ (title), Work for Chimney-sweepers..or A warning for Tobacconists..Better be chokt with English hemp, then poisoned with Indian Tabacco. 1676Hobbes Iliad iii. 352 Choakt by the Latchet underneath his chin. 1790Cowper Iliad iii. 447 The broider'd band That underbraced his helmet at the chin..Choak'd him. 1865Holland Plain T. ii. 77 Men clothed in black and choked with white cravates. 1866Kingsley Herew. xiv. 183 The man who choked the Emir. 1870Bryant Iliad I. iii. 99 The embroidered band that held The helmet..was choking him.
2. Said of the action of anything which sticks in the throat and blocks up the windpipe or its orifices; of disease or emotion which stops the action of the respiratory organs; of an unbreathable medium, such as water, gas, fumes, smoke, dust, or the like, when it fills the lungs and produces suffocation. (The ordinary use.)
[c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 181 [Adam] þar-offe bot, and wearð þar mide acheked. ]c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 104 Prelatis..ben so chokid wiþ talow of worldly goodis..abouten hem, þat þei may not preche þe gospel. 1398Trevisa Barth de P.R. v. xxxv. (1495) 147 Some parte of the mete fallyth in to..the pypes of the lounge, thenne the beest coughyth, and somtyme by myshappe is strangelyd and chekyd [Bodl. MS. c 1450 ichoked]. 1494Fabyan vi. ccxii. 228 As soone as he had receyued the brede, forth⁓with he was choked. 1526–34Tindale Luke viii. 33 The heerd..ran heedlynge into the lake, and were choked [so Cranmer, Geneva, 1611 and 1881]. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. i. 22 Welnigh choked with the deadly stinke. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, ii. i. 37 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. vi. 380 Choked with the bones. 1642Rogers Naaman 354 They say of the dampe in Colepits, that if it come.. the workemen haste them to the mouth of the pit presently, lest they be choaked. 1678Bunyan Pilgr. i. 21 The dust began so abundantly to fly about, that Christian had almost therewith been choaked. 1704Swift Batt. Bks. 259 Bentley..half choak'd with Spleen and Rage, withdrew. 1727― Gulliver ii. v. 142, I was almost choaked with the filthy stuff the monkey had crammed down my throat. 1775Johnson Journ. W. Isl., Dunvegan Wks. X. 398 Macleod choked them with smoke, and left them lying dead by families as they stood. 1863Dickens Mrs. Lirriper's Lodg. i, That I..didn't force it down his throat, and choke him dead with it.
3. Said of a temporary and partial action of the same kind, which deprives of breath, power of speech, or command of one's faculties.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 746 The wheasing Swine With Coughs is choak'd. 1705Otway Orphan iv. vi 1552 Grief..choaks and will not let me tell the cause. 1771Mackenzie Man Feel. xiv, He was choaked with the thought. 1825Lytton Falkland 41, I felt choked with contending emotions. 1863Mrs. Oliphant Salem Ch. xxi. 12 The words choked her as she uttered them.
4. refl.
1611Shakes. Cymb. i. v. 87 But when to my good Lord, I proue vntrue, Ile choake my selfe. a1631Donne Paradoxes ix. 28 And labour to choak himself.
5. intr. (for refl.) To suffer suffocation, complete or partial.
a1400tr. Chastel d' Amour 429 The fend..choked on the godhede as fisch dos on the hoke. 1583Stanyhurst æneid iv. 97 Amyd oft her parlye she chocketh. 1694R. L'Estrange Fables ccccxliv. (ed. 6) 482 Men are ready to Choak for want of Drink. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. 195 He [the patient] really seemed choking. 1878Browning La Saisiaz 47, I must say—or choke in silence.
6. a. To choke the breath, utterance, voice, speech, laughter, the tongue: to stop (them) by choking.
1590Spenser F.Q. i. iii. 8 Redounding teares did choke th' end of her plaint. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 217 Impatience chokes her pleading tongue. 1785Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xii, Sin' I began to nick the thread, And choke the breath. 1835Lytton Rienzi vi. ii, A laugh..came choked and muffled through his vizard. 1848Macaulay Hist. I. iv. 501 Till the waves choked her voice. 1865Trollope Belton Est. xviii. 212. 1887 Spectator 4 June 758/1 Passion which almost chokes his utterance.
b. in other transferred uses.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. iii. 102 Dying like men..Leauing their earthly parts to choake your Clyme. 1607― Timon v. ii. 16 Fearfull scouring Doth choake the ayre with dust. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 335 With sprinkl'd Water first the City choak. 1866Kingsley Hereward Prelude 18 The air choked with foul brown fog.
II. To produce similar effects upon vegetable life, fire, emotion, action, or the free play of anything; to smother, stifle.
7. To kill (or injuriously affect) a plant, by depriving it of air and light. Often fig. (from the parable of the sower).
1526–34Tindale Matt. xiii. 7 Some fell amonge thornes, and the thornes spronge vp and chooked it [Wyclif strangliden]. 1581Mulcaster Positions xxxvii. (1887) 147 Be there not as good wittes in wealth, though oftimes choked with dissolutenes and negligence. 1652Culpepper Eng. Physic. 61 It rampeth upon, and is ready to choak whatever grows near it. 1658Baxter Saving Faith §8. 57 Being over-topt and choaken with predominant enemies in the other [ground]. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 182. 1873 Burton Hist. Scot. VI. lxvi. 44 To choke the progress of true knowledge with formalities. 1874S. Cox Pilgr. Ps. v. 108 Field choked with briars.
8. To smother (a fire) by stopping the free circulation of air. Also fig.
1528Paynel Salerne Regim. T iiij, The fier, without fannynge of the aier, is schoked and quenched. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. iii. 9 The irrationall and brutall part..choakes those tender sparkes..of reason. 1691Ray Creation (1714) 253 If any [rays] be..reflected they are soon choaked in the black inside of the Uvea. 1859Kingsley Misc. (1860) I. 369 The vestal-fire of conscience..choked again and again with bitter ashes and foul smoke.
9. To suppress or smother any feeling, or aspiration.
1601Shakes. Jul. C. iii. i. 269 All pitty choak'd with custome of fell deeds. 1667Dryden Ess. Dram. Poesie Dram. Wks. 1725 I. 54 Not capable to choak a strong belief. 1869Freeman Norm. Conq. III. xii. 168 In whose heart many an old enmity must have been choked, before, etc.
10.
†a. To obstruct and prevent the free play of.
[c1374Chaucer Boeth. ii. v. 47 Yif þou wilt achoken þe fulfillyng of nature wiþ superfluites.] 1605Shakes. Macb. i. ii. 9 As two spent Swimmers, that doe cling together, And choake their Art. 1626Bacon Sylva §502 Else you will choake the Spreading of the Fruit.
b. To damp (a cymbal), usu. just after it has been struck.
1927Melody Maker June 609/3 The best way to produce this effect is to use the same hand..to play the snare drum and choke the cymbal. 1928Ibid. Feb. 203/3 All beats shown to be played on the loose cymbal must be damped out or choked, that is to say, not allowed to ‘ring on’ for longer than the value of the note as written. 1964B. Zildjian in Norton & Spacey Drums & Drumming Today 87 Splash Cymbals. (Also called ‘Choke’ Cymbals.) Small cymbals 7 to 11 inches in diameter. They are usually thin in weight and are used for fast cymbal crash work, and are very often choked off fast.
†11. To silence or ‘shut up’ in argument or debate; to stop the mouth of a witness, etc. Obs.
1533Frith Bk. Sacrament Wks. (1572) 130 Thus doth S. Ambrose choke our sophisters. 1579Fulke Ref. Rastel. 774 He will choake the Bishop and vs all with the last question. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. ii. i. 378 What, haue I choakt you with an Argosie? 1632High Commission Cases (1886) 318 It may be some promise to choake you with a Benefice. 1649Bp. Hall Confirm. (1651) 78 Let no man think to choke me with the objection.
12. intr. (for refl.) To become smothered.
a1593Marlowe Jew of Malta ii. ii, Rather let..nature's beauty choke with stifling clouds.
III. To stop, obstruct, any channel or receptacle; block up, fill up.
13. To close or greatly narrow (a tube, etc.),
a. by external constriction, as in the case of the paper tubes for fireworks, or
b. by internal obstruction.
a.1635J. Babington Pyrotechnia iii. (heading), How you shall choak a rocket..A small cord will not choak a great rocket for want of strength. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. v. xiii. §11 Fill two Inches more with Pistol-Powder, then choak the end up..put in a little of the mixture. 1786Sir B. Thompson in Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 279 Having first choaked the cylinder..by heating it, and crowding its sides inwards towards its axis. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 19 After this choak the rocket at top.
b.1669Boyle Contn. New. Exp. i. (1682) 38 The cement wherewith we choak'd the upper part of the neck of the Bottle. 1871B. Stewart Heat 27 The bore is nearly choked..by means of a bit of enamel or glass.
14. a. To obstruct or block up a channel, so as to prevent natural or proper passage; to congest: said of the obstructions.
1612Drayton Poly-olb. xxviii. (R.), A sullen brook..Whose channel quite was chok'd with those that there did fall. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. v. §3 Be sure your Barrels have great Touchholes, that the rust through time may not choak them. 1770Goldsm. Des. Vill. 42 Thy glassy brook..chok'd with sedges works its weedy way. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 639 All the northern avenues of the capital were choked by trains of cars. 1860in Merc. Mar. Mag. VII. 247 The pumps were choked. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. §27. 384 Broken ice and débris..choking the fissures.
b. intr. (for refl.)
c1611Chapman Iliad xxi. (R.), My sweat streames choake with mortalitie Of men, slaine by thee. 1834Tennyson Poems, You ask me, why, tho' till at ease vi, Tho' every channel of the State Should almost choke with golden sand.
15. To fill chock-full, so as to leave room for nothing else. lit. and fig.
1712Addison Spect. No. 507. §2 Party-lies..the press is chok'd with them, eminent authors live upon them. 1744Berkeley Siris §16 The trees..unable to perspire..are..choked and stuffed with their own juice. 1800A. Carlyle Autobiog. 131 We first attempted Belton Inn, but it was choked full by that time. 1877A. B. Edwards Up Nile x. 283 The interior was choked with rubbish. 1879Froude Cæsar xi. 128 Rome was becoming choked with impoverished citizens. 1884Pall Mall G. 18 Jan. 2/1 Infamous placards choked with appeals to the memory of civil strife and religious hatreds.
16. To stop the movement of any machine by clogging or jambing. Cf. chock.
1712W. Rogers Voy. App. 30 Such quantities of Weeds, as will choke and bury both Cable and Anchor. 1765A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 125 The whins in rising are very apt to entangle or chock the beam [of the plough]. 1779Capt. Luttrell in Naval Chron. X. 458 The..rudder was choaked by a shot. 1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 164 Choaking the Luff, placing the bight of the leading part, or fall of a tackle, close up between the nest part and jaw of the block. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Choked, when a running rope sticks in a block, either by slipping between the cheeks and the shiver, or any other accident, so that it cannot run.
17. To fit in tightly, jamb in, ram in. [Cf. chock.]
1747Hooson Miner's Dict. D iv b, Made by Choaking in long stones between the two Sides. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xlix. (1856) 460 The floes were choaked in around us, so as to prevent the possibility of warping from our present position. 1859F. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1862) 191 The cartridge is choked tightly into the groove of the socket. Ibid., Made up with Boxer's lubricators choked in them.
IV. In combination with adverbs.
18. choke back, down, † in, out. To repress, smother down, as with a choking effort.
1690Dryden Don Sebast. iii. i, Choak in that threat. 1848C. Pickering Races Men in U.S. Exploring Exp. IX. 23 The Chinooks..seemed to choke out their words. 1856Kane Arct. Exp. I. viii. 85 The deck blazed..but..I choked it down till water could be passed from above. 1866Bryant Death of Slavery iii, Choked down, unuttered, the rebellious thought. 1888Mrs. H. Ward R. Elsmere xliii, A passionate flood of self-reproachful love was on his lips. He choked it back. Ibid. xlvi, Choking down a sob.
19. choke off. To cut off, put a stop to, get rid of, as if by throttling, as bulldogs are made to loosen their hold by choking them. Also, to deter, discourage (forcibly), dissuade.
1818Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 72 The Duke's seven mouths..made the Whig party choak off Sheridan. 1848New York Expr. 21 Feb. (Bartlett), In the House..of..Representatives. The operation of ‘choking off’ a speaker was very funny, and reminded me of the lawless conduct of fighting school-boys. 1858R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma xix. 65 The Major..was..not easily choked off when he wanted anything. 1880McCarthy Own Times III. xlv. 358 It was determined to..choke off the patriotic movement. 1914Kipling Diversity of Creatures (1917) 343 You ask 'im to read it. That'll choke 'im off, because 'e can't! a1916‘Saki’ Seven Cream Jugs in Toys of Peace (1919) 227 We always choked him off from coming to see us. 1921G. B. Shaw Back to Methus. ii. 40 It's quite easy to be a decent parson. It's the Church that chokes me off. 1955M. Gilbert Sky High viii. 110 There's a broad distinction between being dispirited and being choked off. I refuse to be choked off.
20. choke up.
†a. trans. and intr. To suffocate completely (see branch I). Obs.
1555Fardle Facions i. vi. 92 Winding the tayle of an oxe aboute their throte [they] choke vp and die. 1580Sidney Arcadia iii. 359 Her words were choakt up. 1752Young Brothers iii. i, The thought quite choaks me up.
†b. trans. To enclose so as to smother. Obs.
1539Bible (Great) Matt. xiii. 22 The care of this worlde, and the dissaytfulnes of riches, choke vp the worde. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, iii. iv. 44 Her fairest Flowers choakt vp. 1715Desaguliers Fires Impr. 34 Loading and choaking him up with Blankets.
c. To block up a channel. (The usual sense)
1673Ray Journ. Low C. 378 The Haven is almost choaked up. 1780Coxe Russ. Disc. 306 The Western mouths of the Lena were so choaked up with ice. 1791T. Newte Tour Eng. & Scot. 169 To open the course of a little river..that had been chocked up with sand. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xx. 408 Multitudes of fugitives were choking up the bridges.
d. To fill chock-full.
1871R. H. Hutton Ess. (1877) I. 85 Take the words ‘Absolute’ and ‘Infinite’ to mean that He to whom they are applicable chokes up the universe, mental and physical. |