| 释义 |
▪ I. shatter, n.|ˈʃætə(r)|
[f. shatter v.]
1. pl. Fragments into which a thing is broken, rent, or torn. Chiefly in phrases (to break, etc.) into or to shatters, (to be) in shatters. Obs. exc. dial.
a1640Fenner Serm. xvii. Wks. (1657) 225 If ever the heart come to be sensible of its blow, it will break all to shatters. 1691Mrs. D'Anvers Academia 35 His..Gown.. hangs about his Legs in shatters. 1727[E. Dorrington] Philip Quarll (1816) 38 A sea which dashed the ship to shatters against the rock. 1750H. Walpole Let. to Mann 19 Nov., For the Ministry, it is all in shatters. a1814Last Act ii. v. in New Brit. Theatre II. 398, I..run my chaise so effectually against theirs, that smash both went all to shatters. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 93 The proudest triumph art conceives..Grey-bearded time in shatters leaves. 1872Argosy XIII. 199 It's a sad thing..for men like you to be obliged to work yourselves to shatters to keep them. 1890Gloucester Gloss., Shatters, sherds of pottery, etc.
2. A shattered state of nerves. rare.
1777F. Burney Early Diary (1889) II. 166 You can have no idea what a shatter every new comer gave me. 1849Carlyle in Century Mag. (1882) May 23/2 If the nerves are to be continually in a shatter with want of sleep.
†3. ‘Shattery’ or friable stone. dial. Obs.
1712J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northampt. 123 [Strata] 2. Stiff Clay almost four Foot. 3. Shatter, as they there call it, that is a shattering Stone, two Foot.
4. Something scattered or shed; a crop (of hops); a shower (of rain). dial. Cf. scatter n. 2.
1875Parish Sussex Gloss., There's a tidy shatter of hops this year. 1887Kentish Gloss., We've had quite a nice little shatter of rain.
▪ II. shatter, v.|ˈʃætə(r)|
Forms: 4–5 schater, -ir, 6 shater, shattar, 6– shatter.
[Of obscure origin: see scatter v.]
1. trans. To scatter, disperse, throw about in all directions; to cause (seed, leaves, etc.) to fall or be shed. Also with out. Obs. exc. dial.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 553 (Kölbing) Ac þo þai come hider eft, Her werk was al vp aleft & yschatred here & þere. c1400Apol. Loll. (Camden) 81 Ȝe schal mak counseil and it schal be schaterid [Vulg. Isa. viii. 10 dissipabitur]. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 32 Least the whot weather shatter the seedes. 1637Milton Lycidas 5, I com to pluck your Berries harsh and crude, And with forc'd fingers rude Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year. 1665Hooke Microgr. 131 The skin cleaves and at length falls off..and leaves the seed Case to ripen, and by degrees, to shatter out its seed at a place underneath this cap. 1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. ii. 13 If the young Cions be..a little sheltered..by shattering a little Straw, Brake, or Hawm lightly over them. 1745P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 329 They sow almost all Manner of Grain, but Oats and Lentils; but these are..apt to be shatter'd before Harvest. 1844W. Barnes Poems Rur. Life (1848) 178 Nanny..tore the bag wher she'd a-put Her share, an' shatter'd ev'ry nut. 1887Kentish Gloss. 1893Wiltsh. Gloss. Add. 201.
absol.1589Nashe Pasquil's Ret. D iiij, You haue lost your iugling stick, your conueighance is such, that you shatter, and carrie not halfe so cleane as your freends would haue you.
2. a. To break in pieces by a sudden blow or concussion; to dash into fragments, disrupt into parts.
c1450Lovelich Grail xiii. 734 Here helmes he to-Clef A-two, Here Scheldis he Alto-schatered Also. 1564Stow Mem. in Three 15th Cent. Chron. (Camden) 130 Y⊇ backar partes of y⊇ same howsys wer all to blewne and shattard in pecis. 1604Drayton Moyses ii. 49 The slates fall shatt'red from the roofe aboue. 1634Milton Comus 799 Till all thy magick structures rear'd so high Were shatter'd into heaps o're thy false head. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxii. 166 Those light and subtle Fumes..into which the Fire it self shatters dry Bodies. 1782Cowper Gilpin 124 The bottles twain behind his back Were shatter'd at a blow. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 228 In this experiment the glasses are often shattered to pieces. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 89 A thin glass vessel may easily be shattered by sucking the air from its interior. 1883Harper's Mag. Nov. 946/2 The light.., striking against a series of..prisms, fell shattered and scintillating into a thousand..beams.
b. To damage ruinously (a structure, a living organism, a fighting force, etc.) by battery or violent concussion; to damage or destroy by fracture of the parts.
a1513Fabyan Chron. vi. clxxix. (1516) 104/1 He repayred Cyties, townes & Castelles that by the sayd Danys were shatered and broken. 1602Shakes. Ham. ii. i. 95 He rais'd a sigh, so pittious and profound, That it did seeme to shatter all his bulke. a1700Evelyn Diary 20 Feb. 1662, I return'd home to repaire my house, miserably shatter'd by the late tempest. 1735Johnson Lobo's Abyssinia, Descr. v. 77 The General had already one Arm broken, and his Knee shatter'd with a Musket-shot. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. iv. 167 These Spanish ships..had been greatly shattered by a storm. 1854Tennyson Charge Light Brigade iv, Cossack and Russian Reel'd from the sabre-stroke Shatter'd and sunder'd. 1863W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting viii. 329 His face was shattered with shot about the upper jaw, nose, and eyes.
c. fig., or with immaterial object. Also, to damage or destroy the fortunes of (a person or body of persons).
1683–4Stillingfl. Serm. (Job xxiii. 15) (1707) 343 No consideration in the World doth so break in pieces and confound and shatter the Spirit of a Man. 1690Locke Govt. i. xi. §147 (1698) 143 When any Monarchy was shatter'd to pieces, and divided amongst revolted Subjects. 1860Emerson Cond. Life, Considerations Wks. (Bohn) II. 417 The war or revolution..that shatters a rotten system. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §1. 457 The truth against which ecclesiastical dogmatism..must always shatter itself. 1906Pinches Relig. Babyl. & Assyria iii. 37 An irresistible weapon, which should shatter all his enemies.
d. To wreck (a person's constitution, nerves, etc.) by sickness, hardship, or the like. Also, to wreck the health, strength, or spirits of (a person).
1785F. Burney Diary 14 Dec., Everything shatters her dear feeble frame. 1802Med. Jrnl. VIII. 212 Her constitution, shattered by the frequent attacks it endured, could not long hold out. 1848Dickens Dombey lxi, Shattered in mind, and perilously sick in body. 1887Pall Mall Budget 21 Apr. 2/2 Continual riding to and fro in the steppes will in time shatter the wiriest constitution.
e. To cause (earth) to crumble. ? dial.
1891Malden Tillage 58 This land must be stirred in frosts as much as possible; if it once gets baked into a harsh condition, it will have to be allowed to get thoroughly dry, when a rain will ‘shatter’ it.
3. intr. To become scattered or dispersed; to be shed or strewn about. Of grain, etc.: To drop out of the husk from over-ripeness. Of a flower: To drop its petals. Also with out.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. 36 b, All Pulse..are speedily to be geathered when they be ripe, for they suddaynely shatter. 1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 150 To gather them [sc. hops] before they shatter. 1733Tull Horse-hoeing Husb. xv. 202 The first Crop they let stand till some of the Seed shatter'd. 1904Eng. Dial. Dict. s.v., Those oats are beginning to shatter out. Kent.
4. a. To become broken suddenly or violently into fragments or separate parts; to fly in pieces or asunder. Also with up.
1567,1578[see shattering ppl. a. 1]. 1626Bacon Sylva §841 Some Fragile Bodies breake but where the Force is; Some shatter and fly in many Peeces. 1712J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northampt. 108 A very hard, irregular, lumpish Stone, that does not hew well, but shatters with the Tool. 1858Kingsley Misc. (1859) I. 149 To hear that chorus, as it pours round the fir-stems, rings against the roof above, shatters up into a hundred echoes. 1867A. J. Wilson Vashti xvi, Promises, which shatter like crystal under the hammer of the first temptation. 1896A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad iv, Wake: the vaulted shadow shatters.
b. Of a body of men: To suffer disruption.
a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. i. v. §2 (1622) 31 Religion [is] the foundation of euery Citie, both gathering men, and holding them vnanimously together; who else would quickly shatter cleane asunder. 1687tr. Sallust, Jug. (1692) 132 His Army, compos'd of several Nations, having lost their Leader,..shatter'd into several Parties.
c. Of earth: To fall or crumble in pieces. Also with down. ? dial. (Cf. 2 e.)
1733W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farm. 234 It being a black, fat Mould,..will by the Frosts, Rains, and Winds,..shatter, crumble, and become hollow. 1891Malden Tillage 49 Any pens which have been extra trodden in wet weather should be picked out, and ploughed while frosted, so that they may ‘shatter’ down on thawing. Ibid. Gloss. s.v., Clods shatter into flakes or meal-like particles, when they fall to pieces from the effect of the weather.
5. a. To dash or strike noisily against some hard object; to produce sharp sudden sounds by shaking or concussion; to clatter, rattle. rare.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2083 Brokez byled, & breke, bi bonkkez aboute, Schyre schaterande on schorez, þer þay doun schowued. a1400Arthur 90 Thus they hyw on helmes hye, And schatered on wyþ scheldes. 1623J. Taylor (Water-P.) World runs on Wheels Wks. (1630) ii. 238/1 The casements shatter, tatter and clatter. 1722De Foe Plague (1756) 196 Windows stood shattering with the Wind in empty Houses, for want of People to shut them. 1904Eng. Dial. Dict., Shatter, to rattle as the windows of a carriage. Caithness. 1912M. Hewlett in Eng. Rev. Apr. 12 Slantwise comes the rain And shatters at the window⁓pane To wake the hind.
†b. Of the teeth: To chatter. Obs.
1682Creech Lucretius v. 162 His Teeth all shatter, Limbs all shake with Cold. 1782[T. Vaughan] Fashionable Follies I. lxiv. 109 His teeth shattered, his hair stood upright on his head.
c. Of birds: To chirp, chatter. dial. rare.
17..Bonnie Nancy i. in Maidment Ballads (1844) 13 Nancy's to the Greenwood gain To hear the gowdspink shattering.
6. trans. and intr. To shake, wave, move to and fro. rare.
a1530Heywood Wether 513 (Brandl) The wynde is so weyke it..skantely can shatter the shyttyn sayle That hangeth shatterynge at a womans tayle. 16..Middleton, etc. Old Law v. i. (1656) 61 Ist possible these gowty legs danc't lately, And shattered in a Galliard?
7. Comb.: shatter belt Geol., a belt of fractured or brecciated rock formed as a result of faulting; shatter cone Geol., a fluted conical structure produced in rock by intense mechanical shock, esp. by that associated with meteoritic impact; hence shatter-coned a., characterized by the presence of shatter cones; shatter-coning vbl. n., the formation or presence of shatter cones; shatter crack Metallurgy (see quot. 1958); shatter-pate, -wit = shatter-brain; shatter-pated, -witted adjs. = shatter-brained (in Dicts.); shatter-proof a., proof against shattering; also fig.
1910Peach & Horne in Murray & Pullar Bathymetr. Survey Scottish Fresh-Water Lochs I. 459 *Shatter belts situated along lines of fault or dislocations of the strata have exercised a considerable influence in producing the isolation of these individual masses. 1970R. J. Small Study of Landforms iii. 102 Where crustal movement leads to the creation of crushed or brecciated zones (‘shatter⁓belts’).., the development of river valleys may be closely guided.
1933W. H. Bucher in Rep. 16th Internat. Geol. Congr. 1070 In the same vicinity more convincing evidence of the action of an explosive force is seen in the local development of ‘*shatter cones’, innumerable incipient cracks traversing beds of rather coarsely crystalline dolomite in the shape of interpenetrating cones, not unlike cone-in-cone. 1979Sci. Amer. Mar. 43/3 Macroscopic evidence includes ‘shatter cones’, structures of quartzite that flare outward and downward, away from the direction of impact.
1967McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 110 The Steinheim Basin..is the prototype *shatter-coned structure.
1968New Scientist 28 Nov. 501/2 A really definitive theory of *shatter coning is still lacking. 1975Nature 29 May 394/1 Shatter coning and intense microtwinning of calcite..are indicators of shock metamorphism.
1930Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXXI. 703 Rapid cooling through the secondary brittle range is believed to cause the formation of *shatter cracks in rails showing secondary brittleness. 1958A. D. Merriman Dict. Metallurgy 315/2 Shatter cracks, a name used in reference to fine internal fissures, particularly when found in the heads of steel rails. The cracks lie at random in all directions and occur most frequently in large steel forgings.
1775Ash, *Shatterpate, a shatterbrain. 1976Times 7 Dec. 14/5 This poor shatterpate's condition.
1727*Shatter-pated [see shatter-brained]. 1901Scotsman 11 Nov. 9/2 The shatter-pated pulpiteers. 1917J. B. Cabell Cream of Jest (1927) xxi. 115 Everywhere, in every age,..men stumbled amiable and shatter-pated through a jungle of miracles, blind to its wonderfulness. 1938Sun (Baltimore) 18 Feb. 12/2 Ah reckon yo're a mite shatter-pated in yore wit-box.
1936Ibid. 6 Feb. 6/2 Two men who locked the doors of their automobile from the inside..watched State police vainly try to break through *shatterproof glass. 1953M. McCarthy in Reporter 3 Mar. 38/2 These people live in shatterproof hierarchical structures. 1978M. Dewis Law Health & Safety at Work v. 245 The plaintiff relied on a statement that the windscreens were shatterproof and bought one of their cars.
1775Ash, *Shatterwit, a shatterbrain, an inattentive young fellow, a giddy girl.
1775Ash, *Shatterwitted, inattentive, careless, giddy. |