| 释义 |
▪ I. † ˈshallow, n.1 Sc. Obs.
In 6 schallaw, schallow.
[a. Gael. sealbh.]
A drove, a flock.
1550Rec. Elgin (New Spald. Club 1903) I. 102 Ilk schallow of scheip xii d. to be pait to the pundoris..and it salbe lesum to the takaris to pund the haill guiddis or ane best of the schallaw.
▪ II. shallow, n.2 dial.|ˈʃæləʊ|
[OE. scealᵹa, scylᵹa wk. masc., perh. f. *scealiᵹ scaly, f. scealu shale n.1, scale.]
A freshwater fish, the rudd1.
c1050Suppl. ælfric's Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 180 Rocea, scylᵹa. a1100Ags. Voc. ibid. 319 Rocea, scealᵹa. 1712J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northampt. 419 The Fish here called a Shallow, found in..our Rivers,..a Scaly Fish, in shape betwixt a Roache and a Breame. 1880–4F. Day Brit. Fishes II. 184 Leuciscus erythrophthalmus..Rudd,..Shallow (East).
▪ III. shallow, a.1 and n.3|ˈʃæləʊ|
Forms: 4–5 schalowe, 5–7 shalow, 6 Sc. schallow, 6–7 shallowe, 6– shallow.
[Early 15th c. schalowe, prob. related in some way to the synonymous schald (OE. sceald): see shoal a.
There may have been an OE. *scealu (:—*skalwo-) or *scealᵹ (:—*skalgo-), f. the root of sceald (*skaldo-) with a different suffix; but no such formation is known in Eng., and the cognate langs. afford no light. It is unlikely that schalowe is a compound f. schald shoal a. + low a.]
A. adj.
1. a. Not deep, having little extension in a downward direction: said e.g. of water, of a dish or tray, of a depression or excavation in the ground.
14..Trevisa's Higden (Rolls) III. 131 [Camb. MS.] Þanne þe kyng..made his auowe þat he wolde make þat greet ryuer so schalowe [Cotton MS. a 1400 schoolt] þat þe water schulde nouȝt reche to women kneen þat wolde wade ouer. c1440Partonope 739 The Shippe was grete he myght not passe For the water so shalow was. c1440Promp. Parv. 447/2 Schold, or schalowe, noȝte depe, as water or oþer lyke. 1577B. Googe tr. Heresbach's Husb. i. 22 If it [sc. the furrow] be shallowe in one place, and deepe in another, it declares the grounde to be euill handled in the plowing. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 739 When the River in Summer time is very ebbe and shallow. 1717Berkeley Tour in Italy Wks. 1871 IV. 543 Port shallow, not admitting ships of any burden. 1865E. Meteyard Wedgwood I. iii. 98 Their [sc. pot-works] vicinity marked by shallow excavations for clay. 1907J. A. Hodges Elem. Photogr. (ed. 6) 27 The various manipulations..are usually carried out in shallow dishes, or trays.
b. Of the soil of agricultural land: Forming only a thin stratum over rock.
1733Tull Horse-hoeing Husb. xx. (Dublin ed.) 290 If the Soil be shallow, it may be broke up with a narrow Furrow. 1760Brown Compl. Farmer ii. 63 On poor light shallow land some sow a small white pea. 1849Robertson Serm. Ser. i. ii. 22 Shallow soil is like superficial character.
c. absol. in superlative = shallowest part.
1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 271/2 The same snow was found in London to lie two foot deepe in the shallowest.
d. transf. Of actions, etc.
1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 626 Experienced agriculturists..upon the whole advise shallow ploughings. 1860Maury Phys. Geog. (Low) ix. 234 Now compare the shallow soundings in these lakes with the great depths of the arctic ocean.
e. In collocations, as shallow end, spec. of a swimming-pool; also fig.; shallow well, a well that is not deep; spec. (see quot. 1972).
1924‘I. Hay’ (title) The *shallow end. 1929R. Hughes High Wind in Jamaica i. 9 The little ones, of course, only splashed about the shallow end: but John and Emily dived. 1972J. Rossiter Rope for General Dietz vi. 78 She broke away, swimming to the shallow end and climbing out.
1877J. T. Fanning Practical Treat. Water Supply Engin. i. vii. 104 *Shallow well and spring supplies are, usually, yields of water from the drift formation alone. 1943Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XXVII. 838 Of the shallow wells drilled for gas, 80 per cent were producers and 20 per cent were dry. 1959Ackerman & Löf Technol. in Amer. Water Development x. 281 The first irrigation was from shallow wells within the suction lift of centrifugal and piston pumps. 1972Gloss. Geol. (Amer. Geol. Inst.) 650/2 Shallow well. (a) A water well..that taps the shallowest aquifer in the vicinity. The water is generally unconfined ground water. (b) A well whose water level is shallow enough to permit use of a shallow-well (suction) pump, the practical lift of which is taken as 22 ft.
2. Extending only a short distance inward from the surface or from the front towards the back. Of a lens: Having slight convexity or concavity.
1545R. Ascham Toxoph. ii. (Arb.) 127 The nocke of the shafte is dyuersly made, for some be greate and full..some depe, some shalowe. Ibid., The shalow, and rownde nocke is best for our purpose in prickyng for cleane delyuerance of a shoote. 1679Moxon Mech. Exerc. vii. 130 Or you may make the Rooms next the Front deeper, or shallower, and leave the remainder for the Back Room. 1764G. Williams in Jesse Selwyn & Contemp. (1843) I. 320, I wish you would let me trouble you to buy two pair of point-ruffles,..and pray let them be shallow. 1837Goring & Pritchard Microgr. 60 If you use the focus of a very deep lens to measure that of a shallow one, then [etc.]. 1849Parker Introd. Gothic Archit. ii. 49 If the sculpture is early it is very rude, and the work is shallow. 1886Willis & Clark Cambridge II. 619 A shallow bow-window. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 842 The ulcer is shallow.
†3. Placed not far below the surface. Obs. rare.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 798 The lab'ring Swain Scratch'd with a Rake, a Furrow for his Grain; And cover'd, with his Hand, the shallow Seed again.
†4. Of sound: Lacking resonance, ‘thin’. Obs.
1626Bacon Sylva §223 If a Virginall were made with a double Concaue..as the Harpe hath; It must needs make the Sound perfecter, and not so Shallow and Iarring.
5. Of respiration: Slight, ‘diaphragmatic’.
1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 435 The respiration progressively rendered slower and shallower by a direct action upon the centre.
6. fig.
a. Of thought, reasoning, observation, knowledge, or feeling: Lacking depth, superficial.
c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. xcii. ii, What witt can..deeply sound thy shallow'st thought? 1591Shakes. Two Gent. i. i. 21 That's on some shallow Storie of deepe loue, How yong Leander crost the Hellespont. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 13 July (1815) 237 That were but shallow policy; it would only serve to make the satire more cutting and severe. 1812Byron Ch. Har. i. xxv, He..turn'd a nation's shallow joy to gloom. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 269 The term ‘sensational’ is rightly used to express what is shallow in thought and feeling.
b. Qualifying an agent-noun, or said of a person with reference to knowledge, exposition, etc. Also † not deeply versed in.
1601Shakes. All's Well i. iii. 45 Clo... I hope to haue friends for my wiues sake. Cou. Such friends are thine enemies knaue. Clo. Y'are shallow Madam in great friends, for the knaues come to doe that for me which I am a wearie of. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 544 Beholders rude, and shallow to descerne Half what in thee is fair. 1771Wesley Jrnl. 25 Aug. (1827) III. 428 O how hard it is to be shallow enough for a polite audience! 1818Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 58 Shallow, indeed, must be those observers, who regard the predictions of Paine as having been falsified. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 484 Thus a shallow observer may be led to give the assurance that there is no cause for further anxiety.
c. Of persons and their attributes: Wanting in depth of mind, feeling, or character.
1593Shakes. Lucr. 1016 Out, idle words, servants to shallow fools! 1628Digby Voy. Mediterr. (1868) Pref. 7 Not merely kept the shallow and impetuous Sir Everard steady, but [etc.]. 1712Steele Spect. No. 504 ⁋4 Shallow fops, who are governed by the eye, and admire every thing that struts in vogue. 1870Newman Gram. Assent i. iii. 32 To apprehend notionally is to have breadth of mind but to be shallow.
d. Indicative of shallowness.
1822Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. ii. ii. (1869) 36 To be deceived by shallow boasting. 1829Southey Ep. to Allan Cunningham 185 The..shallow laugh Of one who would [etc.].
7. quasi-adv. To or at a slight depth.
1662Evelyn Sculptura ii. v. (1906) 27 Grave your vernished plate with a very fine poynt..and eate it but shallow with your Aqua Fortis. 1707Mortimer Husb. xvi. 334 They should be sow'd but shallow, an Inch or an Inch and a half being deep enough. 1799A. Young Agric. Lincolnsh. 71 It includes a scarificator, with a bush of thorns, and cuts deeper or shallower at pleasure. 1867F. Francis Angling iv. (1880) 107 It is sometimes necessary to..fish shallow. 1892Photogr. Ann. II. 269 The notches..had better be filed very shallow at first.
8. Comb.
a. Parasynthetic derivatives, as shallow-conceited, shallow-footed, shallow-forded, shallow-headed, shallow-hearted, shallow-hulled, shallow-minded, † shallow-mored, shallow-rooted, shallow-sighted, shallow-soiled, shallow-thoughted, shallow-toothed, shallow witted adjs.
a1674Traherne Chr. Ethics (1675) 339 These self, but *shallow-conceited ranters.
1592Nashe Strange Newes H 4, Some superficial slime of poison hast thou driueld from thy pen in thy *shallow footed sliding through my Supplication.
1678Dryden All for Love iv. i, But I am made a *shallow-forded Stream, Seen to the bottom.
1647Trapp 1 Cor. iv. 10 These Corinthians undervalued and depressed Paul under their silly *shallow-headed verbalists.
1588Shakes. Tit. A. iv. ii. 97 What, what, ye sanguine *shallow harted Boyes. 1842Tennyson Locksley Hall 39 O my cousin, shallow-hearted! O my Amy, mine no more!
1901Munsey's Mag. XXIV. 454/1 *Shallow-hulled vessels are particularly liable to this defect.
1817Lady Morgan France iii. (1818) I. 272 note, Mad. de Pompadour has left behind her, in France, the character of an ignorant, *shallow-minded, and vindictive woman.
1757Lisle Husb. 452 In treading on such barley as was *shallow-mored it would stick to their shoes.
1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, iii. i. 31 Now 'tis the Spring, and Weeds are *shallow-rooted.
1705Cibber Perolla iii. 35 Poor *shallow-sighted Man!
1827Pollok Course T. iv. (1860) 95 These, like ephemera, sprang in a day From lean and *shallow soiled brains of sand.
1858Spencer Ess. I. 145 Men who..prove themselves *shallow-thoughted and cold-hearted.
1857T. Moore Handbk. Brit. Ferns (ed. 3) 43 [Pinnules] *shallow-toothed.
1656Earl of Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. i. lxxiv. (1674) 92 They were..held for..*shallow-witted people.
b. Attributive use of phrases, as † shallow-bay, shallow-draught, shallow-level, shallow-sea, shallow-water.
1795Phillips Hist. Inland Navig. 319 No vessel drawing above six feet and a half can navigate it, unless the practice of shipping in *shallow-bay harbours be adopted.
1894Daily News 28 Nov. 2/5 A contract..for the immediate construction of two *shallow-draft stern-wheel gunboats.
1902Daily Chron. 2 Dec. 6/5 The report of the..Commission, which pronounced strongly in favour of the *shallow-level ‘tube’.
1855Kingsley Glaucus (1878) 82 Deep-sea or *shallow-sea deposits.
1880A. R. Wallace Isl. Life 90 They are all comparatively *shallow-water forms.
c. Adverbial with pres. and pa. pples., as shallow-read, shallow-rooting, shallow-searching adjs.; complementary, as † shallow-ebbed adj.
1600S. Nicholson Acolastus (1876) 17 Perchance thou seest my *shallow-ebd estate.
1704Swift T. Tub v, The Art of being deep-learned and *shallow-read.
1887Daily News 16 July 3/8 The *shallow-rooting turnip plants were going through a struggle for life in the parched surface soil.
a1645Milton Arcades 41 And lead ye where ye may more neer behold What *shallow-searching Fame hath left untold.
B. n.
1. a. A shallow part of a piece of water, of the sea, of a lake or river; shallow water; a shallow place.
1571Act 13 Eliz. c. 18 §5 The Shyriffes..shall..cause..the saide newe Cut..to be suffyciently clensed of all the Shelfes and Shallowes. 1596Edw. III, iii. iii. 2 By whose cunning guide We found the shalow of this Riuer Some. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 121 Jarsey..is environed with Rocks and dangerous Shallowes. 1670Milton Hist. Eng. ii. 37 Ours who well knew thir own advantages, and expertly us'd them, now in the shallows, now on the Sand. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. iv. (1778) I. 376 Two men can carry them, wherever shallows or cataracts obstruct the navigation. 1810Scott Lady of L. i. xxxi, And the bittern sound his drum, Booming from the sedgy shallow. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 556 A place where it was protected by rocks and shallows. 1874A. O'Shaughnessy Music & Moonlight 21, I have gleaned them from tide And cavern and shallow.
b. fig.
1601Shakes. Jul. C. iv. iii. 221 There is a Tide in the affayres of men, Which taken at the Flood, leades on to Fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life, Is bound in Shallowes, and in Miseries. 1818Scott Br. Lamm. xxx, She sounded every deep and shallow of her daughter's soul. 1890C. Rossetti Poet. Wks. (1904) 280/2 Thy will Chose love not in the shallows but the deep.
†2. A kind of hat. Obs.
Shaking in the Shallow: ? some game in which a hat of this kind was used as a dice-box or the like.
1795Sporting Mag. VI. 139 They went into a back parlour to play at Shaking in the Shallow. 1812Vaux Flash Dict., Shallow, a hat. 1823in Spirit Publ. Jrnls. 421 A great flaming bunch of blood-red ribbons pinned upon his battered whitey-brown shallow. 1830N. S. Wheaton Jrnl. 190 The tightly-laced dandy, with his fan-tailed shallow smartly stuck on one side of his bison-head.
3. a. A flat basket used by costermongers and street-hawkers.
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 29 Baskets of various kinds; as..the square and oval ‘shallow’, fastened in front of the fruit-woman with a strap round the waist. 1889Standard 20 Sept., The common flowers they hawk in their hand-barrows and ‘shallows’.
b. A costermonger's cart.
1859Sala Tw. round Clock (1861) 33 There is a cobweb of wheeled vehicles of all sorts, from a cab to a hybrid construction something between a wheel-barrow and a costermonger's shallow. 1896Morison Child Jago 33 A donkey employed to drag a cranky shallow, stored with glass bottles.
4. Astr. (See quot.)
1801Herschel in Phil. Trans. XCI. 267 Shallows are extensive and level depressions of the luminous solar clouds, generally surrounding the openings to a considerable distance. Ibid. 270, Jan. 4, 1801. There is a large opening much past the centre of the sun, with a shallow about it.
Hence ˈshallowist nonce-wd., † ˈshallowling, a shallow, superficial person; ˈshallowish a., somewhat shallow.
1616Sylvester Tobacco Battered 346 Can wee suppose, that any Shallowling Can find much Good in oft Tobacconing? 1799Coleridge Lett. 16 Sept. (1895) 306 Kendall, a poet, who really looks like a man of genius pale and gnostic, has the merit of being a Jacobin or so, but is a shallowist. 1853G. J. Cayley Las Alforjas II. 69 A slight dip, which gradually deepened into a shallowish valley.
▸ shallow-fried adj. that has been fried in a small amount of cooking oil or fat.
1983Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 16 Mar. b9/4 Avoid deep-fried or *shallow-fried food when possible. 2003Herald Sun (Melbourne) (Nexis) 7 Oct. 53 Shallow-fried calamari ($12.50) were cooked just to gelatinousness, the rings' surfaces in places retaining a dag or two of fatty flour.
▸ shallow-fry v. trans. to fry (food) in a small amount of cooking oil or fat (contrasted with deep-fry); also intr.
1941Zanesville (Ohio) Times Recorder 24 Oct. 11 b/4 Fritters may be *shallow-fried, turning to brown on both sides. 1985R. Fernandez Malaysian Cookery 20 Because of the wok's shape the heat is spread evenly, and you can stir-fry, shallow-fry, steam and by using a lid, braise, simmer or boil. 2004Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 20 Jan. 11 Stuff zucchini flowers with breadcrumbs,..dust with flour and shallow-fry in olive oil.
▪ IV. ˈshallow, a.2 slang.
[Perh. suggested by shall-I-go-naked, used dial. as adj. applied to scanty clothing.]
Used in shallow cove, shallow dodge, shallow mort, shallow screever: see quots.
1839H. Brandon in W. A. Miles Poverty, Mendicity & Crime 165/1 Shallow Coves, or Shallow Fellows,—fellows who go about the country, half-naked, with a Guernsey jacket, but no hat, shoes, nor stockings. 1842Edin. Rev. July 484 ‘Shallow Coves’ are impostors begging through the country as shipwrecked sailors. They generally choose winter, and always go nearly naked. Ibid., ‘Shallow Motts’ are females who, like the Shallow Coves, go nearly naked. 1859Hotten's Slang Dict., Shallow screever, a man who sketches and draws on the pavement. 1869Greenwood Seven Curses of Lond. 245 The ‘shaller’ or more properly ‘shallow’ dodge, is for a beggar to make capital of his rags and a disgusting condition of semi-nudity.
▪ V. shallow, v.|ˈʃæləʊ|
[f. shallow a.1]
1. trans. To make shallow.
1510Sel. Cases Star Chamb. (Selden Soc.) I. 74 The seid Priour..by subtill and crafty meanes by his Fisshe⁓garthes so ebbeth and shalloweth the same porte. a1682Sir. T. Browne Misc. Tracts (1684) 190 The Silt and Sands shall so choak and shallow the Sea in and about it. 1870Orton Andes & Amazon ii. xli. (1876) 563 The great equatorial lake, already shallowed by sediment, was drained. 1879J. W. Boddam-Whetham Roraima 141 The long drought had shallowed the river.
b. fig.
1742Young Nt. Th. ix. 785 That thought alone thy state impairs, Thy lofty sinks, and shallows thy profound. 1821R. Pollok in D. Pollok Life 117 This, instead of shallowing or enfeebling the current of language, deepens and invigorates it. 1872Bushnell Serm. Liv. Subj. 16 These sayings..are not vaporized and shallowed by much talk.
c. transf. To pass from a greater to a less depth of.
1793Rennell in Phil. Trans. LXXXIII. 189 In effect, in running 120 miles, we shallowed the water only nine fathoms.
2. intr. To become shallow, to diminish in depth.
1770Cook 1st Voy. iii. iv. in Hawkesw. Voy. (1773) III. 504 The deepest water on that side is seven fathom, shallowing to five a good way up. 1823W. Scoresby Jrnl. Whale Fishery 342 The sea shallows considerably on approaching the West Land. 1883Fenn Middy & Ensign xli. 247 The water,..as the river shallowed, came only to his waist. |