| 释义 |
quaker|ˈkweɪkə(r)|
[f. quake v.1 + -er1.]
One who, or that which, quakes.
1. pl. = quaking-grass. Midl. dial.
1597Gerarde Herbal i. lvii. 81 Phalaris pratensis is called in Cheshire about Namptwich, Quakers and Shakers. 1611Cotgr., Amourettes, the grasse tearmed, Quakers, and Shakers, or quaking grasse. 1617Minsheu Ductor, Quackers, or quaking grasse. 1882W. Worc. Gloss. 1890Glouc. Gloss.
2. With capital Q: A member of the Religious Society of Friends, founded by George Fox in 1648–50, distinguished by its stress on the ‘Inner Light’ and rejection of sacraments, ordained ministry and set forms of worship; noted also for pacifist principles and simplicity of life, formerly in particular for plainness of dress and speech.
Acc. to Fox (Jrnl. I. 38) the name was first given to himself and his followers by Justice Bennet at Derby in 1650, ‘because I bid them, Tremble at the Word of the Lord’. It appears, however, from a letter of intelligence, written at London on Oct. 14, 1647, that the name had previously been applied to the members of some foreign religious sect: ‘I heare of a Sect of woemen (they are at Southworke) come from beyond Sea, called Quakers, and these swell, shiver, and shake, and when they come to themselves (for in all this fitt Mahomett's holy-ghost hath bin conversing with them) they begin to preache what hath bin delivered to them by the Spiritt’ (Clarendon MSS. No. 2624). It thus seems probable that Bennet merely employed a term already familiar, and quite appropriate as descriptive of Fox's earlier adherents (cf. quots. 1654, 1694, and see quaking vbl. n. and ppl. a. 2). The name has never been adopted by the Friends themselves, but is not now regarded as a term of reproach.
1651T. Hall Pulpit Guarded 15 We have many Sects now abroad; Ranters, Seekers, Shakers, Quakers, and now Creepers. Ibid. 29 A Bastard-brood of Arrians, Arminians,..Quakers, Ranters. 1653H. R. (title) A Brief Relation of the Irreligion of the Northern Quakers. 1654E. Terrill in R. Barclay Inner Life (1876) 317 Thus, they coming as foretold, they were not known, but afterwards they were called by the name of ‘Quakers’, from people's shaking and quaking that received them and their doctrine. 1656Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 332, I had the curiosity to visit some Quakers here in prison: a new fanatic sect, of dangerous principles, who shew no respect to any man, magistrate, or other. 1679Trial of Langhorn 53 He is no Quaker, for he hath got a Perriwig on. 1694De la Pryme Diary (Surtees) 53 The Quakers..do not now quake, and howl, and foam with their mouths, as they did formerly. 1731Gentl. Mag. I. 60 The practice of the people called Quakers, who maintain none of their poor in idleness that are able to work. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 26 June, By his garb, one would have taken him for a quaker, but he had none of the stiffness of that sect. 1837W. Irving Capt. Bonneville I. 183 In one respect, their religion partakes of the pacific doctrines of the Quakers. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. I. x. 363 The early Quakers in New England displayed little of the mild philosophy..of Penn. 1924G. B. Shaw Saint Joan p. xlvi, In war, for instance, we suppress the gospels and put Quakers in prison, muzzle the newspapers, [etc.]. 1930― You never can Tell in Wks. VIII. 208 She is too militant an Agnostic to care to be mistaken for a Quaker. She therefore dresses in as business⁓like a way as she can. 1941A. Huxley Let. 17 Nov. (1969) 470 England and America owe an incalculable debt to the Quakers for the way in which they have educated successive generations of rulers to realize that a theocentric opposition is a thing of enormous value to the society containing it. 1972J. G. Davies Dict. Liturgy & Worship 329/1 For Quakers the difference between cleric and layman is irrelevant. 1978J. A. Michener Chesapeake 380 In the name of God and Jesus Christ they must be set free, and no man dare call himself a Quaker and a slave⁓holder, too.
b. transf. Applied to various plain-coloured birds and moths, with allusion to the colour of the dress usually worn by Quakers.
(a) A small bird of the Falkland Islands. (b) The sooty albatross. (c) The nankeen-bird, or Australian night-heron. (d) One of several European, grey or brown, noctuid moths belonging to the genera Orthosia or Agrochola, esp. O. stabilis, the common quaker, or O. cruda, the small quaker.
1775Clayton Falkland Islands in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 105 Of small birds there are several sorts; the red breast,..the white throat; the quaker, from its plumage being of the colour those people wear. 1775M. Harris Eng. Lepidoptera 41 Quaker... Of a plain brown colour, having a small ring in the middle, and a whitish line near the edge. 1894Newton Dict. Birds, Quaker, a sailor's name for the Dusky Albatross, Phœbetria fuliginosa. 1907R. South Moths. Brit. Isles 1st Ser. 328 The Small Quaker... Most specimens of this species have the fore wings pale greyish ochreous. Ibid., (heading) The Common Quaker. 1948W. J. Stokoe Caterpillars Brit. Moths I. 312 The Small Quaker..appears to be common throughout England and Wales. Ibid. 313 The Common Quaker..is on the wing during March and April. 1968Oxf. Bk. Insects 74/2 Small Quaker... Dingy, undistinguished little moths, usually with a dusky spot on each forewing. Ibid., Common Quakers visit sallow blossoms. Ibid. 78/2 Red-line Quaker (Agrochola lota). All four wings of this moth are a dingy blackish-grey colour.
c. ellipt. for quaker-colour, -gun, -hat, etc.
c1754Garrick Epil. to Fielding's Fathers, The high-cocked, half-cocked quaker, and the slouch, Have at ye all! 1829J. Shipp Mem. ix. (1890) 139 The man of authority in size not much larger than a quaker. 1840R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxvii. 88 A Russian government bark,..mounting eight guns (four of which we found to be quakers). 1923Daily Mail 21 Feb. 14 (Advt.), In Black, Nigger, Putty, Fawn, Quaker.
3. attrib. and Comb. (from sense 2).
a. simple attrib.: Of or pertaining to the Society of Friends or its members; as quaker (or Quaker) bonnet, quaker cap, quaker doctrine, quaker dress, quaker meditation, quaker pride, etc.; also designating various subdued colours, as quaker-brown, quaker-green, quaker-grey.
b. similative, as quaker-like adj. and adv., quaker-looking adj.c. special combs.: quaker-bird, the sooty albatross; quaker-buttons (U.S.), the seeds of nux vomica; Quaker City, Philadelphia, U.S.A.; Quaker collar (see quot. 1957); quaker-colour, a drab or grey colour; so quaker-coloured adj.; quaker-grass, quaking-grass (Halliwell); quaker gun (U.S.), a dummy gun in a ship or fort; quaker-ladies (U.S.), the small pale-blue flowers of the American plant Houstonia cærulea; quaker-linen (see quot. 1788); Quaker-meeting (also Quakers'), a religious meeting of the Society of Friends; transf. a silent meeting (alluding to the Friends' custom of remaining silent until moved by the spirit); quaker moth (see 2 b); Quaker Oats, a proprietary brand of oats used esp. for making porridge as a breakfast food; Quaker state, Pennsylvania; quaker string, a form of string for a stair.
1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede iii, Dinah had taken off her little *quaker bonnet again.
1851Mrs. Gaskell Let. c 28 Mar. (1966) 147, I have got a new silk gown, *quaker-brown coloured.
1822M. Edgeworth Let. 16 Mar (1971) 373 Enter Mrs. Fry in drab colored silk cloak and plain borderless *quaker cap. 1851Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) I. xiii. 198 ‘Nicely,’ said Ruth, taking off her little drab bonnet, and..displaying..a round little head, on which the Quaker cap sat with a sort of jaunty air. 1856M. J. Holmes Homestead iv. viii. 220 Grandma, in rich black silk and plain Quaker cap, was hovering near her favorite child.
1836T. Power Impressions Amer. i. 51 It was night before we gained the *Quaker city. 1903Critic Aug. 190 Sketches of Philadelphia life and society by a New York woman who..does not find the Quaker city so ‘slow’ as is generally represented. 1975Country Life 2 Jan. 44/1 The First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry,..celebrated its 200th anniversary on November 15, 1974, the night we flew into the ‘Quaker City’.
1957M. B. Picken Fashion Dict. 267/2 *Quaker collar, broad flat collar, similar to Puritan collar. 1974M. Higgins Changeling ii. 8 Dark dress with wide Quaker collar.
1818Blackw. Mag. III. 406 Solemn suits Of customary snuff or *quaker-colour.
c1770T. Erskine Barber in Poet. Reg. (1810) 331 Simplicity..Waves in the eye of Heav'n her *Quaker-colour'd wings.
1856R. A. Vaughan Mystics (1860) II. xi. ii. 222 The *Quaker doctrine concerning stillness and quiet.
1812Crabbe Tales ix. Wks. (1834) V. 13 Young Zelinda, in her *quaker-dress.
1869Bradshaw's Railway Man. 460/3 (Advt.), Greens. Brunswk. Greens, all shades. *Quaker ditto. Emerald Green.
1880Harper's Mag. Nov. 906/1 The powders are most deceptive in color;..black appears a purplish-gray; Vandyck brown, *Quaker gray. 1922Joyce Ulysses 498 In quakergrey kneebreeches and broadbrimmed hat. 1953‘N. Blake’ Dreadful Hollow 27 The modest Quaker-grey of the house.
1809W. Irving Knickerb. iii. (1820) 240 A formidable battery of *quaker guns.
1871Scribner's Monthly II. 102 In yonder woods, where hepatica, and May⁓blossoms, and *Quaker-ladies twinkle into life. 1946D. C. Peattie Road of Naturalist v. 58 There are bluets around Stonybrook in Jersey..called also ‘innocence’ and ‘Quaker ladies’. 1954Quaker-ladies [see innocence 6].
1680R. Ware Foxes & Firebrands ii. (1682) 103 He..*Quaker-like, thou'd and thee'd Oliver. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xxvii, Her love of and veneration for truth was almost quaker-like. 1838Lytton Alice i. i, A stiff cap of quaker-like simplicity.
1788Wesley Wks. (1872) VII. 24 Let there be no *Quaker-linen,—proverbially so called, for their exquisite fineness.
1792Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ode to Irony Wks. 1812 III. 39 Who laughest not, thou *Quaker-looking wight.
1835Willis Pencillings II. l. 95 After sitting awhile in *quaker meditation.
1659in Compact with Charter & Laws of Colony of New Plymouth (1836) II. 125 Others thinke it meet to p[er]mitt some p[er]sons to frequent the *Quaker meetings to endeavor to reduce them form [sic] the error of theire wayes. 1704S. Sewall Diary 23 May (1879) II. 102 Convers'd with Mr. Noyes, told him of the Quaker Meeting at Sam. Sawyers. 1751J. Brown Shaftesb. Charac. 32 The finest speaker..would in vain point the thunder of his eloquence on a quaker-meeting. 1821[see Quakeress]. 1848J. F. Cooper Oak Openings II. i. 9 The silence resembled that of a Quaker meeting. 1861Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xxvi, Isn't it very ridiculous..that we four should be standing here in a sort of Quakers' meeting. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia VII. 743/2 Friends were hounded by penal laws for not swearing oaths,..for going to Quaker meetings, and for refusing tithes.
1819G. Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 363 *Quaker moth.
1894Trade Marks Jrnl. 5 Dec. 984 Pure *Quaker Oats... Rolled white oats for use as food. The American Cereal Company,..Chicago, Illinois. 1901B. S. Rowntree Poverty viii. 285/2, 2 lbs. Quaker oats, 5½d. 1921R. Macaulay Dangerous Ages i. 11 The annoyances and disappointments..such as quaker oats because the grape-nuts had come to an end. 1980G. Greene Dr. Fischer iv. 28 Do you happen to know anything about porridge? Real porridge I mean. Not Quaker Oats.
176.Wilkes Corr. (1805) III. 77 That *quaker pride, which is the most disgusting thing in the world.
1896Peterson Mag. Mar. 309/2 It [sc. Pennsylvania] has been long and favorably known as ‘The *Quaker State’, in honor of the Society of Friends. 1934G. E. Shankle State Names ii. 142 Five nicknames are given to the State of Pennsylvania; namely, the Coal State, the Keystone State, the Oil State, the Quaker State, and the Steel State. 1948Mencken Amer. Lang. Suppl. II. 598 State nicknames..of Pennsylvania... Quaker State.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 598 Sometimes the risers are mitred to the brackets, and sometimes mitred with *quaker strings.
Hence ˈQuakerdom, Quakers as a class, Quakerism. Quaˈkerian, Quakeric, † Quakeˈristical adjs., Quakerly, Quakerish. Quakeriˈzation, the action of Quakerizing. ˈQuakerize v., to convert into a Quaker; to affect with qualities characteristic of a Quaker. ˈQuakership, the condition of being a Quaker. † ˈQuakery, Quakerism.
1824R. Southey Let. 3 Apr. in N. & Q. (1975) Sept. 403/2 My designs upon George Fox have, as you may suppose, excited a stir throughout all *Quakerdom. 1839C. Fox Jrnls. (1882) 42 He spoke very civilly of modern Quakerdom. 1855Tait's Mag. XXII. 445 Ellwood was a convert to Quakerdom.
1827Hare Guesses (1867) 132 The Jacobinical metonomatosis of the months..might be lookt upon as a parody of the *Quakerian.
1847Macaulay in Trevelyan Life II. 215 Translate the following passage into the *Quakeric dialect.
1685Answ. Dk. Buckhm. on Lib. Consc. 12, I should suspect the Pensilvanian had Tutor'd him with this *Quakeristical Divinity.
1864Sala in Daily Tel. 5 Dec., No amount of *quakerisation could render the car uncomfortable.
1825Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life (1870) II. 198 She is all over *Quakerized, as you of course know.
1826B. Barton Select., etc. (1849) 6 'Twould be cook-ship versus *Quaker-ship.
1673H. Hallywell Acc. Familism iv. 75 *Quakery, though it pretend high, is mere Sadducism at the Bottom. 1688Bunyan Heavenly Footman (1886) 156 Thou may'st stumble and fall,..both in ranting and quakery. |