| 释义 |
champaign, n. and a.
(ˈtʃæmpeɪn: see below)
Forms: 5 champeyn(e, 5–7 -ayne, -aine, (6 chaumpain, -ayne, champeine, -ant, 6–7 -eigne, 7 champan), 6–9 -aigne, -ain, 7–9 champagne, 7– champaign.
[ME. champayne, champaigne, a. OF. champaigne (= It. campagna, Sp. campaña, Pg. campanha):—L. Campānia ‘plain, level country’, spec. the name of the rich and level province of Italy lying south-west of the Tiber, afterwards specially distinguished as Campagna de Roma; in later Latin (e.g. by Gregory of Tours, c 575) applied to many similar tracts, and as a common noun; f. camp-us level field.
Taken into Eng. not in the Norman or North Fr. form campaigne, but in that of central Fr. The pronunciation with |tʃ-| and stress on first syllable is exemplified already in 14th c. in alliterative verse. The same accentuation is shown by all English poets from Shakespeare to Tennyson and Browning; but occasional instances with the stress on the second syllable appear in the 19th c., and some even identify the word in pronunciation with champagne, as if it were from modern French. Webster and Worcester have this pronunciation only.
In the 16th c. there arose a variant champion, champian, which in the 17th c. was much more frequent than the normal form. In the 17th c. the mod.F. form campagne was introduced, and was at length established in a differentiated military sense: see campaign n.]
A. n.
1. An expanse of level, open country, a plain; a level field; a clearing.
a1400Morte Arth. 1226 To-warde Castelle Blanke he chesez hym the waye, Thurghe a faire champayne, undyr chalke hyllis. 1475Caxton Jason 125 After many journeyes and many wayes and champaynes trauersid. a1500Chaucer's Dreme 2044 A large pleyne Under a wode, in a champeyne. 1605Shakes. Lear i. i. 65 With shadowie Forrests, and with Champains rich'd. 1644Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 105 A plain and pleasant champain. 1814Cary Dante's Inf. xv. 124 Who o'er Verona's champain try their speed For the green mantle. 1820Keats Isabella xliv, Looking round the champaign wide. 1832Tennyson Œnone 112 And riversundered champaign clothed with corn. 1844Emerson Yng. Amer. (1875) II. 302 These rising grounds command the champaign below.
2. (without pl. or article) as a species of land or landscape: Flat, open country, without hills, woods, or other impediments.
c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 241 In champeyne eke, and nygh the sees brynke. 1538Leland Itin. II. 46 Thens 10 Miles al by Chaumpain..to Farington, standing in a stony Ground in the Decline of an Hille. 1671Milton P.R. iii. 257 Fair Champain with less rivers interveind. 1682― Hist. Mosc. i. Wks. (1851) 473 The whole Country is Champain. 1868Gladstone Juv. Mundi (1870) xv. 519 A hill-country is more beautiful to the eye than champaign.
3. the champaign (without pl.):
a. the level, open country, in opposition to the mountains and woods; also,
†b. the country, as opposed to town.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 169/1 She wente thenne into the champeyn to a cyte named Vorulana. 1598Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. 99 As well of the hils..as of the plaine and champain. 1640Sanderson 12 Serm. ad Aul. (1681) II. 172 A Wild beast or a Thief may easily be discried in the open Champain. 1658R. White tr. Digby's Powd. Symp. (1660) 39 [In the town] Bands and Cuffs are fouled more in one day, than in ten in the Champain. 1828Scott F.M. Perth i, Where the mountains sink down upon the champaign, or more level land.
†4. The open unenclosed land, as opposed to that partitioned into fields; the moor, fell, or down, unowned, or held in common possession; the common land; = champian 4. Obs.
1555Fardle Facions Pref. 10 Thei now..conuerted the champeine to tillage, the plaines to pasture, etc. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Rich. II, 180 Mount her hedge, T' enjoy the Champaigne; whilst another mournes In an enclosure. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. ii. 34 The least turfe of hallowed glebe is with God himself of more value than all the Champaigne of Common possession.
†5. The level open country as the chief scene of military operations; ‘the field’. Obs.
1600Holland Livy iii. viii. 93 b, The armie of the robbers..came downe into the champaine [campos], and spoyled the territories of Preneste and Gabes. 1628Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 86 Not to haue come down all the time of his invasion into the champagne. 1665Manley Grotius' Low-C. Warrs 391 Philip, as soon as ever he was come out of the narrow wayes, into the open Champayne, was presently inclosed. 1875Merivale Gen. Hist. Rome xx. (1877) 130 Once arrived on the Italian champain, all his trials would be recompensed.
†b. Hence, A field of battle; a battle-field.
1614Raleigh Hist. World II. v. iii. 457 To wish any second Victory, in the naked Champans about Cannæ. 1615Heywood 4 Prentises i. Wks. 1874 II. 221 Your bloods these champaines shall embrue. 1715–20Pope Iliad xvi. 959 His bounding helmet on the champain rung. 1790Cowper Iliad x. 58 The bloody champain strew'd with arms. a1845Barham Ingol. Leg. (1877) 357 The shrill tones of a trumpet were heard to sound thrice from the champaign.
†c. A military expedition into the field; = campaign n. 3. Obs.
1684Scanderbeg Rediv. vi. 142 Attended his Father this Champaign, to instruct himself..in the Rudiments of War.
6. transf.
a. Open or level expanse; cf. field.
1656H. More Antid. Ath. ii. iv. 50 To view those Campos natantes..that vast Champain of Water, the Ocean. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 2 All night the dreadless Angel..Through Heav'ns wide champain held his way. 1679Confinement 8 The wide Champain, of the milky way. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxii. (1856) 281 A broad champaigne of undulating ice.
b. Even unruffled surface.
1836Random Recoll. Ho. Lords xiii. 288 The tranquil champaign of his face is seldom troubled by anything in the shape of undue warmth or excitement.
7. fig. ‘Field’ (of view, observation, research, etc.); expanse.
[1596–1631: see champian 6.] 1641Milton Animadv. (1851) 202 To bid you the base through the wide and dusty Champaine of the Councels. 1838–9Hallam Hist. Lit. III. iii. iii. §33 Sweeping round the champaign of universal science. 1863Mrs. C. Clarke Shaks. Char. xvi. 379 Indicating the poet's comprehension of the whole champaign, as it were, of a character. Ibid. xvi. 392 Slowly spreading in an inert ooze over the social champaign.
B. adj. (or attrib. use of n.)
†1. Of the open unenclosed country; of the common land. Obs. See champian B. 3.
c1430Lydg. Bochas v. xxvi. (1554) 139 a, In departing of chaumpayne heritages Atwene the worthy and poore.
2. Of the nature of a champaign; level and open; free from hills, woods, enclosures, etc.
[1523–1736: see champian B. 1.] 1575Turberv. Venerie 118 Then he breaketh over the champaigne countries. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 185 b, You see..howe champaine a plaine lyeth open for me. 1635N. Carpenter Geog. Del. ii. x. 178 A Champain Region is a space of land either altogether voide, or scarce furnished with trees. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Surveying, To take the Plot of..a large Champain Field. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. II. xxxvii. 59 The Temple stands on an high champain Ground. 1867Rawlinson Anc. Mon. IV. i. 33 This tract..was, compared with Armenia, champaign and level.
3. a. Of the field or open country, field-. b. Of champaign land.
1599Minsheu Sp. Dict. s.v. Campál, Batálla campál, a champaine warre. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. V, cxciii, Not as they had fought A well-fram'd Champaigne Battle. 1725Pope Odyss. iv. 821 The coursers for the champaign sports. 1847Disraeli Tancred i. iv. (1871) 22 The land..presents..a champaign view. 1863Hawthorne Old Home, Recoll. Gifted Wom. (1879) 104 Glimpses of champaign scenery. |