| 释义 |
settlement|ˈsɛt(ə)lmənt|
[f. settle v. + -ment.]
I. The placing of persons or things in a fixed or permanent position.
1. The act of fixing (a thing, material or immaterial) in a secure or steady position; the state of being so fixed; a fixed or steady position.
1648Bp. Hall Breath. Devout Soul §3. 3 Can ye hope to finde rest in any of these sublunary contentments. Alas? how can they yeeld any stay to you, that have no settlement in themselves? 1677A. Yarranton Engl. Improv. 5 The Winds and Tide trouls them [sc. the Sands], and give them a settlement along the Shores. 1825Scott Talism. xii, Bring, if thou canst, thy wavering understanding to a right settlement for a minute or two. 1837Disraeli Venetia i. xii, A vast trunk uprooted from its ancient settlement. 1902Allbutt in Encycl. Brit. (ed. 10) XXX. 611/2 Even more set diseases began to lose their settlements, and were recognized as terms of series, as transitory or culminating phases.
2. Establishment of a person in life, in marriage, in an office or employment.
1651Walton Life Wotton in Reliq. Wotton. c 4 b, This [sc. the Provostship of Eton Coll.] was a faire setlement for his minde. 1660R. Coke Justice Vind. 21 A magistrate of an hour's settlement is as much a magistrate as if he had been one never so long. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables ccxci. 254 Every Man..Applies himself..toward the Attaining of his End; whether it be Honour, Wealth, Power, or any other sort of Advantage, or Settlement in the World. 1749Smollett Gil Blas iii. i. (1782) I. 212, I shall find no difficulty in procuring for you a good settlement. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. lii. V. 445 Thirty thousand Persians, who had obtained service and settlement in the Byzantine empire. 1861Mrs. H. Wood East Lynne xii, That Mr. Carlyle was not of rank equal to her own she scarcely remembered: East Lynne seemed a very fair settlement in life,..superior to the home she was now in. 1861Two Cosmos I. 294 Contrary to all that Mr. Caird had ever dreamed or planned for a settlement of his daughter in the married state.
3. Legal residence or establishment in a particular parish, entitling a person to relief from the poor rates; the right to relief acquired by such residence.
1662Act 14 Chas. II, c 12 §3 If the person..shall not returne to the place aforesaid when his..worke is finished..it shall not bee accounted a Setlement in the cases above⁓said. 1689in G. T. Lawley Hist. Bilston (1893) 59 Forasmuch as some persons by sculking wtin this Constablewick, have surreptitiously gain'd a settlement here. 1704J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. i. iii. x. (ed. 21) 425 There is a Workhouse in Bishopsgate-Street, for employing..all such as have no Settlement. 1722De Foe Plague (1754) 113 Many of them were without what we call legal Settlements, and so could not claim of the Parishes. 1791‘G. Gambado’ Ann. Horsem. (1809) xvii. 138 But I soon convinced 'em he had not staid long enough in the parish to gain a settlement. 1857A. Mayhew Paved with Gold Introd. iii, At one Union..they had told her that she must go back to where she had been born, for her settlement was there. 1898Daily News 20 July 8/4 The appeal involved a question as to the settlement of a pauper..who was born at Plymouth, but had done no act to gain a settlement.
4. The act of settling oneself, or state of being settled, in a fixed place or position, in a permanent abode, etc.
a1700Evelyn Diary 9 Mar. 1652, I went to Deptford, where I made preparation for my settlement, no more intending to go out of England. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 112 This little wandring Journey, without settled Place of Abode, had been so unpleasant to me, that my own House, as I call'd it to my self, was a perfect Settlement to me, compar'd to that. 1791Ld. Auckland Corr. 12 Dec. Jrnl. & Corr. (1861) II. 396 Nothing can be known till the settlement in the new house and in society is completed. 1882Besant Revolt of Man iv. 85 She began..with a comfortable settlement in the chair, which meant a good long talk.
5. In Presbyterian churches: The placing or installing of a minister in a pastoral charge.
1723Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 14 Our settlements are turning extremely vexatious. 1825Jamieson Suppl. s.v. Settle v., A congregation is said to get a settlement, when the Pastor is introduced to the discharge of the pastoral office among them, S. 1842W. M. Hetherington Hist. Ch. Scot. 666 Great opposition was made to the settlement by the pious parishioners. 1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. ii. 31 Gillespie had been deposed..for refusing to assist in the disputed settlement of Inverkeithing.
6. The act of settling as colonists or new-comers; the act of peopling or colonizing a new country, or of planting a colony. (Cf. sense 14.)
Phrase, to effect a settlement.
1827P. Cunningham N.S. Wales II. 83 It would be well, also, to attempt the cultivation of tea in some part of our colony, by a settlement of Chinese. 1850W. Mure Lit. Greece i. v. §1. 89 The settlement of Oriental colonies in Greece produced no sensible effect on the character either of the language or the nation. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. i. 170 A band of pioneers effected a settlement on the southern part of Argyleshire. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §2 We have traced the rudiments of our Constitution to the first moment of the English settlement in Britain. 1884Pall Mall Gaz. 8 Sept. 5/1 That region is now divided into four distinct provinces—Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca—in all of which, except the last, settlement is rapidly progressing.
transf.1896Newton Dict. Birds 897 Being a great wanderer, it [sc. the Tree-Sparrow] has effected settlements even in such remote islands as the Færoes.
II. Arrangement or regulation (of affairs, etc.).
7. a. The act or process of regulating or putting on a permanent footing; the act of establishing (public affairs, etc.) in security or tranquillity; the state of being settled and established; a settled arrangement, an established order of things.
1645J. Dury Israel's Call (1646) 47 Then look to the further settlement of the civill state. Ibid. 48 With the settlement of the Church, as a body compact together. 1661Cowley College Ess. etc. (1906) 254 That every third year (after the full settlement of the Foundation) the Colledge shall give an account..of the fruits of their triennial Industry. 1681H. Nevile Plato Rediv. 23 People..who think that the growth of Popery is our only Evil, and that if we were secure against that, our Peace and Settlement were obtain'd. 1696Evelyn Let. Wotton 30 Mar. Diary (1879) III. 484 In religious matters..I could not but discover in him the same free thoughts which he had of philosophy... For the rest always conformable to the present settlement. 1716Addison Freeholder No. 50 ⁋6 A sufficient force for the reformation of such disorders, and the settlement of the publick peace. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 197 These [sc. manufactures and commerce] are the offspring of peace and settlement. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 555 A settlement such as Argyle would have made..seemed to them not worth a struggle. 1900Sat. Rev. 24 Mar. 350 The settlement that should be made after the war.
b. Determination or decision of a question, dispute, etc.; the establishing of an opinion, the text of a document, etc.
1777Priestley Matt. & Spir. (1782) I. xx. 249 The opinion..does not seem to have tended to a settlement before the fifth century. 1855Paley æschylus (1861) Pref. p. xi, The settlement of the text of Aeschylus..has been a gradual process of restoration and recovery. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 159 The settlement of the question..could not long be delayed. 1866Lowell Study Wind., Swinburne's Trag., That is an affair of taste, which does not admit of any authoritative settlement.
8. Law. The act of settling property upon a person or persons; the particular terms of such an arrangement; the deed or instrument by which it is effected. Often spec. = marriage settlement: see marriage 8.
1677A. Yarranton Engl. Improv. 9, I have been a Commissioner in the Third part of the greatest Estates in the County, wherein I have seen the Settlements two ways. 1685Dryden tr. Idylls of Theocritus xxvii. Misc. Wks. 1727 II. 68 My Flocks, my Fields, my Wood, my Pastures take, With Settlement as good as Law can make. a1700Evelyn Diary 30 Dec. 1679, I went to meete Sir John Stonehouse, and give him a particular of the settlement on my sonn, who now made his addresses to..his daughter-in-law. 1731Swift Strephon & Chloe 40 But, Strephon sigh'd so loud and strong, He blew a Settlement along. 1782F. Burney Cecilia ii. vii, All the world..would approve the connection, and the settlement made upon her should be dictated by herself. 1848Dickens Dombey xxx, The deed of settlement, the professional gentlemen inform me, is now ready. 1858Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk. Prop. Law xi. 69 Your wife..may..claim a settlement out of it for herself and her children. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1869) I. 36 The splendid settlement which Rudolf was ready to make upon his son.
attrib.1879W. S. Champness Insur. Dict. (1883) 302 Settlement policies, life policies in which are introduced clauses giving them all the effect of marriage settlements so far as the moneys assured are concerned.
b. The settling the succession to the Crown.
Act of Settlement, the Act passed in 1701 (12 & 13 Will. III, c. 2) by which the succession to the British crown was settled upon Princess Sophia of Hanover and her descendants.
1714R. Steele (title) The Crisis, or, a Discourse Representing..The several Settlements of the Crowns of England and Scotland on Her Majesty. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. i. i. 124 These liberties were again asserted..in the act of settlement, whereby the crown is limited to his present majesty's illustrious house. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xv. 179 The immediate settlement of the crown at the Revolution extended only to the descendants of Anne and William.
c. Scots Law. The disposition of property or heritage by will; also, the document by which this is effected. disposition and settlement, a deed by which a person provides for the disposal of his property, heritable and movable, after his death.
1815Scott Guy M. xxxv, This lady..made a general settlement of her affairs in Miss Lucy Bertram's favour. Ibid. xxxviii, Mr. Protocol..began to read the settlement aloud in a slow, steady, business-like tone. 1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. s.v. Testament, Testament or Will disposing of Moveables only... Disposition and Settlement or Will disposing of Heritage as well as Moveables.
d. The amount settled upon a person.
1811T. C. Morgan in Lady Morgan's Mem. (1862) I. 525 My wife's settlement is vested in the Three per Cents.
e. U.S. A sum of money or other property formerly granted to a minister on his ordination, in addition to his salary.
1828–32in Webster. a1840Nath. Emmons Autobiog. in Bartlett Dict. Amer. (Cent.), Before the war began, my people punctually paid my salary, and advanced one hundred pounds of my settlement a year before it was due by contract.
9. a. The settling or payment of an account; the act of satisfying a claim or demand, of coming to terms (with a person).
1729Act 2 Geo. II, c. 23 §23 Upon the Taxation and Settlement of such Bill and Demand. 1818Scott Br. Lamm. ix, Ye might say..that the carline awed ye rent, and that ye wad allow it in the settlement. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. II. ii. v, From the Townhall he..emits..fresh plans of settlement with Château-Vieux. 1873Mrs. H. Wood Mast. Greylands I. x. 172 In an incredibly short..time..the affairs of the bank were in a way of settlement. 1878Mrs. J. H. Riddell Mother's Darling I. vii. 197 No heavy bills were sent to Dilfield for settlement.
b. spec. The fortnightly (or, for government securities, monthly) settling of accounts on the Stock Exchange.
1772Foote Nabob ii. (1778) 41 For de next settlement, would your honour be de bull or de bear? 1897Westm. Gaz. 23 Dec. 8/2 With regard to Mining markets preparations are now in full progress for the settlement.
10. In India: The process of assessing the government land-tax over a specific area.
1789Earl Cornwallis Let. 2 Nov. Corr. (1859) I. 443 The Board continued..to form and issue the necessary instructions for making a settlement of the land revenues of the province of Bahar. 1849Direct. Revenue Off. N.W. Prov. Bengal (1850) 7 There are evidently two distinct operations in the formation of a Settlement. The one is fiscal—the determination of the Government Demand—the other is judicial, the formation of the record of rights.
attrib.1849Direct. Revenue Off. N.W. Prov. Bengal (1850) 27 Directions for Settlement Officers.
III. The act of becoming set or still, sinking, subsiding, etc.
11. a. The act of settling and clarifying after agitation or fermentation.
1626Bacon Sylva §302 First for Separation; It is wrought by Weight; As in the ordinary Residence or Settlement of Liquors. 1662Charleton Myst. Vintners (1675) 156 The too frequent or violent motion of Wines after their settlement in their vessels. Ibid. 179 They counsel to rack it from the Milky bottom, after a weeks settlement.
fig.1881Jowett Thucyd. I. 9 In the age which followed the Trojan War, Hellas was still in process of ferment and settlement.
b. The deposition of grosser particles or solid matter. Also concr., a deposit or sediment. Obs. exc. dial.
1687Miege Gt. Fr. Dict. s.v., This Liquour is not right, there is a Settlement. 1692J. Houghton Coll. Improv. Husb. No. 9 ⁋ 3, I dry'd both the Settlements asunder. 1739W. Montagu Let. 16 Aug. in Lady M. W. Montagu's Lett. (1893) II. 43 They are occasioned by a settlement of humours, which are removed by exercise. 1739C. Labelye Westm. Bridge 64 The Tide of Ebb having so long a Time to deposit its Settlement. 1890Glouc. Gloss., Settlements, sediment.
c. The sinking of floc and other solid particles in liquid sewage. Also attrib., as settlement tank.
1912H. Lemmoin-Cannon Textbk. Sewage Disposal in U.K. xviii. 62 Tanks of the same kind..are used for the purpose of attaining the settlement of the suspended organic solids by sedimentation. 1927T. H. P. Veal Disposal of Sewage v. 54 Quiescent settlement tanks are operated on what is known as the fill-and-draw principle. Ibid. 55 The amount of clarification effected in a given time by quiescent settlement is greater than that effected by the continuous flow method. 1977C. B. Capper in A. G. Callely et al. Treatment Industrial Effluents vi. 90 Probably the oldest method of removing suspended solids was by the use of horizontal-flow settlement tanks.
12. A sinking down or subsidence (of a structure, loose earth, etc.).
1793Smeaton Edystone L. §283 Twelve pieces..of near a ton each,..laid upon the first vaulted floor, without..the least degree of settlement. 1799Kirwan Geol. Ess. 410 After a certain degree of desiccation their masses were capable of a much closer approach to each other, or of what builders commonly call settlement. 1820Tredgold Carpentry §298 By shrinkage, or settlement, the joints will bear only upon the angular points of the joint. 1833H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. (ed. 2) 135 The whole may be explained by the settlement of loose sand..during the violent shocks of an earthquake. 1842Gwilt Archit. Gloss., Settlements, those parts in which failures by sinking in a building have occurred. 1898Watts-Dunton Aylwin i. i, These landslips are sometimes followed, at the return of the tide, by a further fall, called a ‘settlement’.
13. The process of becoming calm or tranquil.
1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. vii. v, It is like the settlement of winds and waters, of seas long tornado-beaten.
IV. An assemblage of persons settled in a locality.
14. a. (Cf. sense 6.) A community of the subjects of a state settled in a new country; a tract of country so settled, a colony, esp. one in its earlier stages.
back settlement: see back a. 1 a. Straits Settlements (now Hist.), the collective name given to the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula.
1697W. Dampier Voy. I. vii. 163 In some River where the Spaniards have neither Settlement nor Trade with the native Indians. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 280 Have the Spaniards no..ports or towns, settlements or colonies in it? 1753Scots Mag. Feb. 65/2 British subjects in the back settlements. 1776A. Smith W.N. i. viii. I. 89 The present state of Bengal, and of some other of the English settlements in the East Indies. 1844Brougham Brit. Const. xvii. (1862) 280 The endless variety of our settlements in all the most remote quarters of the globe! 1874Green Short Hist. i. §4 Offa resolved to create a military border by planting a settlement of Englishmen between the Severn and the huge ‘Offa's Dyke’. 1877Encycl. Brit. VI. 159/1 The English settlements in Virginia, New England, Maryland, and Pennsylvania had..developed into a new nation.
b. Of a religious community.
1708J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. i. iii. i. (ed. 22) 201 According as their [sc. the Quakers'] Settlements are more Numerous and Thick. 1884R. Paton Scott. Ch. viii. 75 St. Finnian had twelve chief disciples, who filled the land with religious settlements. Ibid. 81 There was the earthen rampart enclosing the settlement.
15. In the outlying districts of America and the (former) Colonial territories: A small village or collection of houses. Also, the huts forming the living quarters of the slaves on a plantation.
1827O. W. Roberts Voy. Centr. Amer. 31 The terms settlement and plantation mean the residences of the natives. 1839F. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 18 There are four settlements or villages (or, as the negroes call them, camps) on the island, consisting of from ten to twenty houses. 1856Olmsted Slave States 417 At another plantation..I found the ‘settlement’ arranged in the same way, the cabins only being of a slightly different form. 1884‘C. E. Craddock’ (Miss Murfree) In Tennessee Mts. 81 And certainly the instinct of the eagle built that eyrie called the Settlement..far above the towering pine forest. 1896Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada II. ii. 210 Topographical terms actually used by the people of New Brunswick... Settlement, rarely village.
16. An establishment in the poorer quarters of a large city where educated men or women live in daily personal contact with the working class for co-operation in social reform.
1884Oxf. Mag. 23 Apr. II. 171/2 Oxford and East London. The Executive Committee of the University Settlement have issued a prospectus and appeal for donations towards the initial expenses of the Settlement. Ibid. 172/1 Nine men have undertaken to commence residence in the Settlement. 1892Ch. Times 4 Nov. 1094/1 Those ‘settlements’, or missions, which have become of late such a striking feature in the religious life of London. 1904D. P. Hughes Life H. P. Hughes ix. 207 A site in the City Road, where it was proposed to erect premises containing full accommodation for a Settlement.
V.
17. attrib. and Comb., as (senses 6, 14) settlement area, settlement pattern; (sense 9 b) settlement price, settlement terms; settlement day = settling day s.v. settling vbl. n. 3 b; settlement house U.S., an institution in an inner city area, usu. sponsored by a church or college, that gives educational, recreational, and other social services to the community (cf. sense 16).
1963H. N. Savory in Foster & Alcock Culture & Environment iii. 31 The south Wales seaboard was a primary settlement-area of the continental colonists. 1977Word 1972 XXVIII. 72 Brittany is a dispersed settlement area, and farms are either isolated or in small clusters.
1896W. H. S. Aubrey Stock Exch. Investm. 314/2 (Index), Settlement days. 1901C. Duguid How to read Money Article xvii. 75 Directly one account is ended by the fortnightly settlement, another account begins. It commences at noon on the first settlement day. 1907J. Strong Challenge of City 307 Your letter..was duly received and reply thereto delayed awaiting report from the inspection districts wherein are located the Settlement houses you mentioned. 1959New Statesman 24 Oct. 534/2 In relation to the street gangs, most of these disquisitions regard the conventional ‘agencies’—boys' clubs, mixed clubs, settlement houses, community centres—as ineffectual. 1978G. Vidal Kalki v. 114 Of course, Amelia did work in settlement houses, helping the poor.
1958G. Lienhardt Tribes without Rulers 98 Dinka settlement-patterns differ from each other according to the two broadly different kinds of country.
1928Daily Mail 25 July 19/3 Tin: Standard cash quoted {pstlg}217 10s. to {pstlg}217 12s. 6d.; three months, {pstlg}214 10s. to {pstlg}214 12s. 6d.; settlement price, {pstlg}217 10s. 1931C. Maughan Markets of London 122 Rubber is also sold on ‘settlement terms’, which means that a buyer receives a profit or pays a loss every fortnight, in a similar way to settlements on the Stock Exchange.
▸ The resolution of a lawsuit by private out-of-court agreement between the parties; (the terms of) such an agreement.
1851R. W. Landis Bethlehem Church & its Pastor ii. viii. 112 It was like two men who differ about book account, and get into law—and when in court ask liberty to go out and make a settlement. 1896Argosy Jan. 394/1 There was waged for years a legal battle costing thousands of dollars through its numerous appeals, but which came to a quiet and decisive settlement independent of any court authority. 1913Sat. Evening Post 22 Feb. 5/2 Including cases in which he induced a settlement at an earlier stage, the proportion of compromised cases was decidedly more than half. 1936M. R. Anand Coolie iii. 110 ‘Very good, very good,’ said Sir Todar Mal, seeing the prospect of unpleasantness if he washed his dirty linen in public, and of honourable settlement out of court, as it were, in the way that the Secretary suggested. 1995Virginia Gaz. 15 Feb. a3/1 The settlement is under ‘court seal’, which prohibits the public from finding out specifics of the deal made between the plaintiff and defendant. |