| 释义 |
▪ I. pan, n.1|pæn|
Forms: 1–7 panne, (1 pǫnne, 4–5 ponne), 4– pan, (5 pon, 6 pane).
[OE. panne, pǫnne wk. fem. = OLG. panna (OFris., MLG., LG., MDu. panne, Du. pan), OHG. phanna, pfanna (MHG., Ger. pfanne); cf. Icel. panna (late 14th c.), Sw. panna, Da. pande, prob. from LG.; not found in Gothic. From its occurrence in OE. as well as in Continental WGer., and its having in OHG. pf for p, the word was evidently Com. WGer. in 4th or 5th c., but its ulterior history and origin are uncertain.
Some think it a (prehistoric) adaptation of L. patina, patena, in same sense (as *pat'na, *padna, panna), but there are obvious difficulties. A med. (Ger.) L. panna occurs in 12th c. (Du Cange), but this may be the German word, or the result of associating it with L. patina. The Ir. panna was from med.L. or Eng. The Lith. pana and Slavonic forms are admittedly from Ger.]
1. A vessel, of metal or earthenware, for domestic uses, usually broad and shallow, and often open. (Often in pl. in conjunction with pots.)
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. C. xxi. 165 Mid ðisse pannan hierstinge wæs Paulus onbærned. c1000ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 123/6 Patella, panne. a1100Gerefa in Anglia IX. 264 Pannan, crocca, brandiren. 13..K. Alis. 4939 Hy nymeth the fyssh, and eteth it thanne, Withouten fyre, withouten panne. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxxii. (Justin) 731 A gret pane gert brocht be sowne. Ibid. xlvi. (Anastace) 181 Pottis or pannis vald he hynt in armys & kise. c1386Chaucer Reeve's T. 24 With hire he yaf ful many a panne of bras. c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 909 So hit be thicke and pourid in a ponne. a1529Skelton Elynour Rummynge 317 A good brasse pan. 1543Nottingham Rec. III. 398, ij. sawcers, one pane, one candylstyke. 1552Huloet, Panne for coales, larcus. Panne to bake in, testus. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 94 To karie pottis, panis, and vthir kitchine veshels. 1646B. Ryves Mercur. Rust. 164 They steale his Pots, Pannes and Kettles. 1718M. Eales Receipts 3 Lay a thin Strainer in a flat earthen Pan. c1802M. Edgeworth Ennui xv, Let him get home and to bed: I'll run and warm it with the pan myself. 1871M. Legrand Cambr. Freshm. iii. 47 They sent a porter off for the hot-water pans—so often forgotten until applied for.
b. With defining words, indicating purpose, etc., e.g. bed-pan, bread-pan, frying-pan, milk-pan, saucepan, stew-pan, warming-pan: see these.
c. As part of any apparatus esp. a lavatory.
1611Cotgr., Bassin à selle percée, the pan of a close stoole. Ibid., Le bassinet d'un reschaut, the pan of a chafing dish. a1693Urquhart's Rabelais iii. xxii. 183. 1842 Parnell Chem. Anal. (1845) 15 With the weights in the opposite pan of the balance. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 4 More water must be used for thoroughly flushing the pan and soil-pipe. 1919R. Fry Let. May (1972) II. 451 A real Victorian W.C. with a pull up plug... But..there's no sham Chinese landscape in the pan. 1961Partridge Dict. Slang. Suppl. 1212/2 Down the pan... A Cockney equivalent of down the drain, ruined with no chances left. 1972J. Wainwright Requiem for Loser iv. 75 A race from one shithouse to the next. A lifetime of sitting on the pan. 1974Listener 14 Mar. 347/3 ‘It's just money down the pan,’ said one pensioner.
d. ‘Originally the pan or bowl for the oil-lights in a church: afterwards applied to the frame for candles’ (Gloss.). Sc.
1554Burgh Rec. Edinb. (Rec. Soc.) II. 345 Item, for xiiij faddome of corde to hing the pan in the meids of the kirk, iiijs. iiijd. 1556Ibid. 247 The sowme of xxs. for x half pund wecht candill furnist be tham to the pane on the hie altar.
e. Phrases. (to leap, fall) out of the pan into the fire, to escape from one evil only to fall into a greater one: cf. frying-pan 1 b; to savour of the pan, to betray its origin; to turn the cat in the pan: see cat n. 12; on the pan (U.S.), under reprimand or adverse criticism (said of a person).
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 332 Many men of lawe..bi here suteltes turnen þe cat in þe panne. 1554Ridley in Bradford's Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 160 A work of æneas Sylvius,..In the which..there be many things that savoureth of the pan. 1596Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 659/1 This..were but to leape out of the pann into the fire. 1645Quarles Sol. Recant. ii. 60 Those Bellowes mount the blaze the higher, Thou leap'st but from the Pan into the fire. 1923H. C. Witwer Fighting Blood v. 140 Even when the newspapers puts him on the pan..the safe-playing, money-grabbing middleweight king just laughs at us. 1937C. Boothe Women i. i. 9 Edith. I'll bet you had me on the pan. Sylvia. I never say behind my friends' backs what I won't say to their faces. I said you ought to diet. 1939A. Aylesworth in Better English May 13/1 Five college professors sitting around a table... A sixth professor who wasn't there because he had snagged a job at a better institution, was on the pan. MacSnuft leaned across at the rest of us and contributed: ‘He's an ignoramus!’ 1941J. Smiley Hash House Lingo 41 On the pan, being reprimanded.
f. A metal drum in a West Indian steel band. Also, steel-band music and the way of life associated with it.
1955New Commonwealth 28 Nov. (Suppl.) p. xix/1 To make a ‘pan’ the end of a metal oil drum is cut off and the bottom of the circular pan so formed is shaped into sections by beating and chiselling. 1958J. P. Hickerton Caribbean Kallaloo i. 15 The steel bands have reached a high pitch of virtuosity... ‘Beating the pan’ is a West Indian passion, and we once discovered an old man sitting outside our back gate beating out a rhythm on our up⁓turned rubbish bin. 1960Times 17 Sept. 7/7 In Trinidad a steelband is known as a ‘pan-side’ and the word ‘pan’ has two connotations. The first refers to the instrument, the second to a way of musical life. Pan, the instrument, is..a tuned gong, made from the top of a 44-gallon steel barrel. Ibid., The intermarriage of musical cultures—the offspring of which is pan. Pan is the core of national culture and the first expression of a truly West-Indian art-form. 1973Trinidad Guardian 1 Feb. 8/5 The question of having tuners specialise in particular pans.
2. In many technical uses, applied to pan-like vessels in which substances are exposed to heat, or to mechanical processes: e.g.
a. An open vessel used for boiling, evaporating, etc.; also in Chem. a closed vessel for evaporation, a vacuum-pan. See also salt-pan, sugar-pan, etc. b. Metallurgy. A pan-shaped vessel, usually of cast-iron, in which ores are ground and amalgamated; also, a vessel in which ore is smelted. c. Soap-making. A broad shallow iron vessel, usually forming the bottom of a large frame into which the tallows or oils are poured to be treated with soda lyes, etc., and from which the spent lyes are drained off: see soap-pan. d. Tinplate Manuf. The fourth in a series of five cast-iron rectangular pots used in tinning, having a grated bottom, in which the tinned plates are placed on edge to drain and cool. e. A circular sheet-iron dish in which gold is separated from gravel, crushed quartz, etc., by agitation and washing.
a.1674–91Ray Coll. Words, Making Salt (E.D.S.), They..leave about a pottle or gallon of brine in the pan, lest the salt should burn, and stick to the sides of the pan. 1721Lond. Gaz. No. 6006/4 A Moiety of Salt-works, containing 12 Pans. 1818Marshall Review II. 91 (E.D.D.) The pans used in Cheshire for the evaporating of the salt brine, are now made of wrought iron. 1823Ure Dict. Chem. 436/1 The evaporating pan, or still, is a hemispherical dish of cast-iron..furnished with an air-tight flat lid. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 280 Open pans..are heated by the waste heat of the pan-furnace. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1600/2 Overflow furnace-pans are used in concentrating sulphuric acid.
b.1839Ure Dict. Arts 1133 (s.v. Silver) The crystallization refinery of Mr. Pattinson is an extremely simple smelting-house... Each pan has a discharge-pipe, proceeding laterally from one side of its bottom, by which the melted metal may be run out when a plug is withdrawn. 1881Raymond Gloss. Mining, Pan,..a cylindrical vat of iron, stone, or wood, or these combined, in which ore is ground with mullers and amalgamated.
c.1839Ure Dict. Arts 1142 The spent lyes, which are not at all alkaline, are run off by a spigot below, or pumped off above, by a pump set into the pan. Ibid. 1149 The apparatus employed for making these soaps is a copper pan heated by a water-bath; in the bottom of the pan there is a step, to receive the lower end of a vertical shaft, to which arms or paddles are attached, for producing constant agitation.
d.1839Ure Dict. Arts 1253 A range of rectangular cast-iron pots is set over a fire-flue in an apartment called the stow... The first rectangle in the range is the tin-pot; the second is the wash-pot, with a partition in it; the third is the grease-pot; the fourth is the pan, grated at bottom; the fifth is the list-pot.
e.1875Knight Dict. Mech. 994/1 (Gold-mining) The operator dips his pan..and then imparts to it a rotary and oscillatory motion [etc.]. 1879Encycl. Brit. X. 745 The most characteristic [appliance] being the ‘pan’, a circular dish of sheet-iron with sloping sides about 13 or 14 inches in diameter.
3. The contents of a pan, a panful.
[1674–91Ray Coll. Words, Making Salt (E.D.S.), Out of two pans of forty-eight gallons they expect seven pecks of salt.] 1762Goldsm. Cit. W. lxx, He..had found a pan of money under ground. 1800Vince Hydrostat. xi. (1806) 116 By means of a pan of coals, we brought the water to the same degree of heat. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 1142 Six or seven days are required to complete the formation of a pan of hard soap.
4. A more or less pan-shaped depression or concavity of any vessel, or part of any structure.
1764Museum Rusticum III. lvii. 240 A spade made about four inches broad, and eighteen inches long in the bit, or pan. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 406 At the end of the table, nearest to the copper, a box, called the Pan, is adapted. 1852Seidel Organ 38 Where the pedal comes in contact with the beam, the latter has a deepening in the form of a half-circle (called the pan). 1869Eng. Mechanic 24 Dec. 352/3 On the top [of a harmonium] is the ‘pan’ containing the reeds. 1869Boutell Arms and Arm. vi. (1874) 89 This boss, a kind of deep, circular pan made of iron, was fixed to the front of the shield, where it had a considerable projection.
b. spec. In various obs. types of guns and pistols: That part of the lock which holds the priming. flash in the pan: see flash n.2 to shut one's pan (slang), to hold one's tongue, keep silent.
1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 21 b, Because the same doth..wett the powder in their pannes and touch holes. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xiv. 101 Most of our attempts to fire the Gun-powder in the Pan of the Pistol succeeded not. 1662W. Gurnall Chr. in Arm. verse 18. lvi. §2 (1669) 427/2 Like false fire in the pan of an uncharged gun, it gives a crack but hurts not. 1761Brit. Mag. II. 110 The pistol flash'd in the pan, and a spark flew into the cask. 1809Malkin Gil Blas vii. x. ⁋9, I was not remiss in composing a fine compliment..with which I meant to launch out on her part; but it was just so much flash in the pan. 1833Marryat P. Simple xx, Shut your pan. 1864A. Lincoln in Century Mag. (1889) Sept. 704/1, I shall be very ‘shut pan’ about this matter. 1871W. H. G. Kingston On banks of Amazon (1876) 368 If I had tinder I could get [a light] with the help of the pan of my gun.
c. A socket, as of the thigh bone (obs.), or for a hinge, etc.
1598Florio, Accettabolo,..Also the hollownes or pan wherein the huckle bone turneth. 1605Willet Hexapla in Gen. 335 We may name it acetabulum, the panne of the hucklebone. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1601/1 Pan,..the socket or sole for a hinge.
5. A hollow or depression in the ground, esp. one in which water stands; spec. a basin, natural or artificial, in which salt is obtained by evaporation of sea-water; a salt-pan. So oyster pan.
1573Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 286 It being menit be the awnaris and pan maisteris of certane pannis on the coist sydes. Ibid., The awnaris and panmaisteris of the salt pannis. 1594Plat Jewell-ho. i. 32 Of all Channels, Pondes, Pooles, Riuers, and Ditches, and of all other pannes and bottomes whatsoeuer. 1706Phil. Trans. XXV. 2265 The Sea-Water being in hot Countries grained in Pans called Salt-Marshes. 1790Trans. Soc. Arts VIII. 88 Frequent pools of sea-water in the middle of the Saltings. These are not improperly called the Pans. 1836Bray Tamar & Tavy I. 57 (E.D.D.) Mis-tor, a height of whose..rocks there is found so large and perfect a rock-basin as to be called by the peasantry ‘Mis-tor Pan’. 1852J. Wiggins Embanking 96 Fill up the nearest of such hollows or ‘pans’, as they are called, with the stuff out of the circular dyke. 1884Jefferies Red Deer x. 199 Another kind of hollow in the hills is called a pan.
b. spec. in South Africa, A shallow depression containing water or mud, at least in the rainy season; a dried-up salt-marsh or pool-bed.
1850R. G. Cumming Hunter's Life S. Afr. (1902) 33/2 Heavy rains fill the pan or basin with water, and, the dry season succeeding, the water disappears, and large deposits of salt are found. These pans or salt-licks are met with in several parts of South Africa. 1889Rider Haggard Allan's Wife, etc. 321 A dry pan, or water-hole, which..was densely covered with reeds. 1900Daily News 26 Apr. 5/6 The Boers,..surrounding the pan, opened a murderous fire.
c. = skid-pan.
1966T. Wisdom High-Performance Driving ii. 30 The first skid pan was introduced at Chiswick [in 1922]. On this ‘pan’ solid-tyred K and D buses were put through their paces. Ibid. 31 ‘Pans’—circular areas covered with a mixture of grease or oil and water—were by now out of date.
6. The skull, especially its upper part; = brain-pan, harn-pan. Obs. or dial.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 10899 In þe forehed Arþur he smot, Þorow þe flesche, vnto þe pan. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. iv. 64 Pees putte forþ his hed and his ponne blodi. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 307 Loue is a gretter lawe, by my pan, Than may be yeue of any erthely man. c1440Promp. Parv. 381/1 Panne of an heed, craneum. 1548–77Vicary Anat. iii. (1888) 27 They be numbred seuen bones in the pan or skul of the head. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. vi. 62 All Wounds in the head are dangerous..especially..when the pan or scull is broken. 1839Moir Mansie Wauch (ed. 2) xxiv. 306, I feared the fall had produced some crack in his pan, and that his seven senses had gone a wool-gathering.
†b. The patella or knee-pan. Obs.
1657Rumsey Org. Salutis xi. (1659) 63 The said Pitch⁓plaister, applyed to cover the pans of both knees. 1753A. Murphy Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 53 Manifest Danger of..hurting the Pan of the Knee, or some such Disaster.
c. A face. (Perh. influenced by to shut one's pan s.v. sense 4 b. Cf. also dead-pan a., n., adv., and v.) slang (orig. U.S.).
1923[see heebie-jeebies]. 1931E. Linklater Juan in Amer. iii. viii. 262, I never want to see that pan of yours again! 1943Hunt & Pringle Service Slang 50 Pan, slang for face. 1944E. B. White Let. 8 Oct. (1976) 260 He starts toward her bearing a bouquet of American Beauty roses, and falls on his pan before he gets there. 1972Jazz & Blues Nov. 11/4 This must have been funny enough when it happened; relayed through the medium of Rich's sourly contemptuous pickled-walnut pan. 1977Rolling Stone 13 Jan. 41/2 As Belushi filled out the registration card, the manager remarked with a deadly pan: ‘Write down the name of the person you're staying with.’
†7. A steel cap. Obs.
1638W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 282 A pan for the head, back and breast piece, and gaunts.
8. A hard substratum of the soil, usually more or less impervious to moisture: see hard-pan.
[1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 372 The soile barren:..being onely a flat Rocke with a pan of earth a foot or two thicke.] 1784J. Belknap in B. Papers (1877) II. 180 It [the water] descends to the hard stratum, commonly called the pan. 1786Young Ann. Agric. V. 133 What Norfolk farmers call the pan, or that subsidence of the marle or clay which always forms immediately under the path of the plough. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 413 Upon all light soils it is necessary to preserve, at six or eight inches below the surface, what farmers call a pan; that is, the staple, at that depth, should be kept unbroken. a1817T. Dwight Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) I. 374 The stratum, lying immediately under the soil;..what is here called the hard pan, a very stiff loam, so closely combined, as wholly to prevent the water from passing through it. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 303 The pan, or old plough-floor, of this field. 1875Lyell's Princ. Geol. II. iii. xliv. 508 At the bottom of peat mosses there is sometimes found a cake, or ‘pan’, as it is termed, of oxide of iron.
9. A small ice-floe.
1863A. C. Ramsay Phys. Geog. xxiv. (1878) 396 The pans rise over all the low-lying parts of the islands, grinding and polishing exposed shores. 1883Fish. Exhib. Catal. (ed. 4) 175 Running across Channel over small pans of ice. 1892W. Pike North. Canada 240 Ice was running in large pans, and steering was difficult.
10. The broad posterior end of the lower jaw of a whale.
1887Fisheries of U.S. Sect. v. II. 232 note, Canes made full length from the ivory of the ‘pan’ of the sperm whale, turned and polished, with a hand-piece of the same material.
11. Severe or dismissive criticism. orig. U.S. colloq.
1936Esquire Sept. 160/3 A pan on a show is a damp blanket. 1958Spectator 24 Oct. 543/1 ‘Is it a pan?’ asked the reporter from Time hopefully... ‘No, bigod, it's a smashin' crit.’ 1960P. Tompkins To a Young Actress 60 The notice in Punch appeared next to a long pan of Back to Methuselah. 1972N.Y. Times 3 Nov. 24/5 This Hunanese restaurant... Appraisals..included the whole possible spectrum of opinion from rave to pan. 1977Zigzag Apr. 34/1 Afterwards they wrote a pan and then had a huge article criticising the pan.
12. attrib. and Comb.
a. gen., as pan hand, pan process, pan system; pan-dish, pan-furnace, pan-house, pan-lid, pan-load, pan-metal, pan-sherd, etc.; (sense 1 f) pan music.
1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. I. 280 The open pans..are heated by the waste heat of the *pan-furnace.
1818Marshall Review II. 92 (E.D.D.) There is a separate *pan-house to each pan.
1902M. Barnes-Grundy Thames Camp 72 Jane polishes the *pan-lids and scours the kitchen tables.
1939J. Steinbeck Grapes of Wrath xxii. 414 Ma had taken up a *panload of brown pone. 1963Which? 6 Feb. 48/2 Each [dish-washing machine] had to deal..with three separate assortments of dishes, which we call standard, capacity and pan loads respectively.
1552Inv. Ch. Goods York, etc. (Surtees) 65 One crosse of *pane mettall, one challes of pane mettell gilt. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag., Penalties & Forfeit. 6 Bell-mettle, Pan-mettle, Gun-mettle, or Shroof-mettle.
1960Times 17 Sept. 7/7 Pan music casts a spell of enchantment on the Trinidadian... The essential feature of pan music is that the melody is carried by one instrument at a time while the others play more or less ‘free’ variations on the theme. 1977Times 14 May 12/4 ‘Pan’ music, as the drums are called, originated in Trinidad.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 328 The Del Norte has yielded exceedingly rich *pan-prospects.
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 284 The potsherds and *pansherds, as the rubbish-carters call them. 1880Jefferies Gt. Estate 194 The hives..were all in a row, each protected by large ‘pansherds’ from heavy rain.
1882Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 609 The introduction of the Comstock *pan system.
b. Special comb.: pan-amalgamator, an amalgamating pan: see 2 b; pan-broiling vbl. n. (hence, as a back-formation, pan-broil vb.) (see quot. 1970); pan-charge, the contents of an amalgamating pan during the metallurgical pan process; pan-closet, a water-closet having a pan; pan-cover, the piece covering the priming pan in old fire-arms; pan-head, a form of rivet-head used in shipbuilding; pan-ice, loose ice in blocks which form on the shores of Labrador and break away; pan-latrine = pan-closet; † pan-licker, a parasite; pan-maker, one whose business it is to make pans; pan-man, (a) a man in charge of a pan in a manufacturing process; (b) one who plays the pan (sense 1 f) in a steelband; † pan-master, the owner of a salt-pan: see sense 5, quot. 1573; † pan-meat, cooked food; pan-mill, a miner's apparatus used in separating gold from the alloy of earth, with which it is found mingled (Farmer); pan-mug (local), a large earthenware vessel; pan-pie = pandowdy; pan-pulp (Metallurgy), the ground ores and other materials in the amalgamating-pan; pan-rock, the rock-fish, Roccus lineatus, when fit for frying; pan-sand, the sand-bottom of an oyster-park or oyster-bed; pan-scale, -scratch, the scale that forms on the bottom of a pan; pan-scourer, -scrubber, a scourer, often in the form of a wire pad, for cleaning pans; pan-side West Indian (see quot.).; pan-washing, the separating of gold from gravel, etc., by stirring it in water in a pan; pan-wood (see quot.). Also pancake, pantile, etc.
1874Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 429 Dodge's *pan-amalgamator and settler.
1950L. H. Gross Meats, Poultry & Game 14 Rib steaks—Broil, or *pan-broil. 1970Simon & Howe Dict. Gastron. 287/2 Pan-broil. An American cooking term meaning to cook meat in a hot pan with almost no fat, pouring off fat as it accumulates.
1896F. M. Farmer Boston Cooking-School Cook Bk. ii. 22 When coal is not used, or a fire is not in condition for broiling, a plan for *pan broiling has been adopted. This is done by placing food to be cooked in a hissing hot frying-pan, turning often as in broiling.
1882Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 651 The *pan-charge is drawn into the settlers and thinned down.
1884Century Mag. Dec. 262/2 The absolute inadmissibility of the almost universal *pan-closet.
1869Boutell Arms & Arm. (1874) 246 This [flint of a flintlock] is made to strike against a movable steel *pan-cover.
1869E. J. Reed Shipbuild. xvii. 328 The common form of rivet head employed for shipbuilding is that known as a *pan head. 1874Thearle Naval Archit. 127 The pan-head rivet..is slightly conical under the head, [to] fill the hole made by the punching tool.
1878H. Y. Hind in Can. Naturalist N.S. VIII. 277 The gradual rise of the land..brings the successively rising surfaces under the influence not only of *pan-ice, but of snow-drifts. 1898Westm. Gaz. 2 Mar. 4/3 No heavy vessels..could have withstood the terrible pan ice, which was frequently twenty to thirty feet thick.
1897Hughes Medit. Fever ii. 58 An inspection..disclosed a leaking *pan-latrine.
1641Bull from Rome A iij, *Panlickers are those who are Flatterers of Kings, Princes.
1483Cath. Angl. 267/2 A *Panne maker, patinarius. 1635–6Canterb. Marriage Licences (MS.), Thomas Lashfeild of S. Mary Northgate,..panmaker.
1832A. Davis in P. D. Curtin Two Jamaicas (1955) 234 One stocker-man, one *pan-man, three boiler-men... These were all slaves. 1879Spons' Encycl. Manuf. I. 108 This communication..is closed..by a sliding damper..under the ready control of the pan-man. 1892Labour Commission Gloss., Pan-men, men in the chemical industry engaged in boiling down the liquor obtained from black ash. 1959W. A. Simmonds ‘Pan’—Story of Steelband 15 In order to understand fully the story of the Pan, one must understand the Panmen, who drew their music from every source that is Trinidadian. 1960Times 17 Sept. 7/7 Some people say that the ‘pan-men’ take themselves too seriously. 1974Trinidad Guardian 2 Nov. 9/2 Pan men would be trained to become teaching assistants.
c1000Ags. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 281/7 Uiuertitum, *ponmete. c1050Ibid. 409/9 Ferculum, ælces cynnes panmete.
1888Daily Inter-Ocean (U.S.) 8 Mar., On their way to inspect the California *pan mill.
1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 173/1 Cream, the top of Milk standing in a pot or *pan-mug. 1901N. & Q. 9th Ser. VIII. 406/2 A thick glazed earthenware vessel..called a pancheon in the Midland counties,..a pan-mug in Cheshire, and a kneading-pan in most cookery books.
1882Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 651 This is found entirely sufficient to heat the *pan-pulp.
1898Westm. Gaz. 25 Nov. 2/1 Oyster culturists and connoisseurs would..find..giants from the ‘*pan sands’.
1959‘A. Gilbert’ Death takes Wife ix. 112 ‘Packet of *pan-scourers,’ she said. 1960Guardian 19 Sept. 6/4 The very first electric pan scourer. 1971C. Bonington Annapurna South Face App. B. 252 Pan⁓scourers..24.
1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 338/1 The carbonate and sulphate of lime..gradually accumulates on the bottom of the pan... This *pan-scratch has therefore to be removed periodically.
1926–7Army & Navy Stores Catal. 118/3 *Pan scrubber. A Metal Sponge for cleaning pots, pans, etc. 1960John o' London's 14 Apr. 440/2 The sound of a wire pan-scrubber chasing grease round a frying pan. 1960Pan-side [see sense 1 f above].
1874Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 21 [It] will yield, under *pan-washing..very often a notable quantity of gold. 1880Sutherland Tales of Goldfields 4 They got a lesson in pan-washing.
1805Forsyth Beauties Scotl. (1806) III. 511 The small coal used in [the salt-works] has,..from time immemorial, received the singular appellation of *panwood,..which has suggested..a suspicion that wood was formerly used as fuel in these works. 1808Ball Coal-Trade 52 (E.D.D.) Great coals, chews, lime-coal, and pan-wood or dross.
▪ II. pan, n.3|pæn|
Also 5 panne.
[= F. panne, med.L. panna (Du Cange); of uncertain origin.
The med.L. word is very frequent in the 13th c. Close Rolls, in the forms (as printed) pauna and palna, which are difficult to reconcile with panna and F. panne. An OF. penne (Godef.) raises further difficulty.]
In a timber-framed house, the beam which rests upon and is fixed to the posts, and which supports the rafters, etc. See also quots. 1611, 1813.
Hence app. the phrase post and pan, which however is now taken in a different sense: see next.[1225Rot. Litt. Claus. II. (1884) 65/2 Habere faciat..duos postes et duos paunas in bosco nostro. Ibid., viii postes, viii trabes, viii palnas, et c cheuerones. Ibid. II. 104, c cheuerones, x postes, xii paunas. Ibid. 137, xx cheuerones, iiii trabes et iiii palnas. So passim.] 1420Searchers Verdicts in Surtees Misc. (1888) 15 In hys tenement in Coppergate in York walles even uppe thurgh fra the grunde uppe to the panne. 1483Cath. Angl. 267/2 A Panne of a howse, panna. 1501Searchers Verdicts in Surtees Misc. (1888) 22 The sparrez & tymbre of ye said William, which is shot & hyngeth over ye ground of y⊇ same Ric' ther by viijth ynchez & more anenst y⊇ pan of his house. 1600Burgh Rec. Glasgow (Rec. Soc.) I. 206 Sic as biggis with poist and pan and layes with blak morter. [1611Cotgr., Panne de bois (is particularly) the peece of timber that sustaines a gutter between the roofes of two fronts, or houses.] 1674–91Ray N.-C. Words s.v. Pan v., It seems to come from pan in buildings, which in our stone houses is that piece of wood that lies upon the top of the stone wall, and must close with it, to which the bottom of the spars are fastned. 1813Leslie Agric. Surv. Nairn & Moray Gloss., Pan,..the great timbers of a cottage laid across the couples parallel to the walls, to support the laths or kebbers laid above the pans and parallel to the couples.
▪ III. pan, n.4
Also pane.
[a. F. pan pane, compartment, etc.: see pane n.1]
1. In a timber-framed or half-timbered house, a square or compartment of timber framework, filled in with bricks or plaster.
1842–76Gwilt Archit. (ed. 7) Gloss., Pan, a square of framing in half-timbered houses, the uprights being filled in with work. It is called post and pan, or post and petrail work, in the north of England. 1855Robinson Whitby Gloss. s.v. Post and Pan, The posts being the framing, and the pan the flat surface or plastering with which the framing is filled up. 1886Chesh. Gloss., Pane, a panel of doab or of bricks between the wooden framework of the old black-and-white buildings.
†2. The space between the flanked or salient and shoulder angles of a bastion, a face of a bastion.
1742Bailey, Pan of a Bastion, see Face of a Bastion. 1823in Crabb Technol. Dict.
▪ IV. ‖ pan, pán, n.5|pɑːn|
Also pawn, paun, paan.
[a. Hind. pān betel-leaf:—Skr. parṇa feather, leaf.]
1. The leaf of the betel pepper, Piper betle, used to enclose slices of betel nut (Areca catechu) mixed with lime; hence, the masticatory formed by this mixture.
1616Sir T. Roe in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) i. iv. xvi. 576 The King giuing mee..two pieces of his Pawne out of his dish. 1809Visct. Valentia Voy. & Trav. I. 101 On our departure, paun and roses were presented. 1885Macm. Mag. Nov. 78/2 All..chew pan as a sailor chews his quid. 1891R. Kipling City Dreadf. Nt. 39 They grin and jabber and chew pan and spit. 1964New Statesman 3 Apr. 517/3 Eating the green leaf called paan..and the nut of the betel palm..is common in India, in Malaya and in Ceylon... The best paan leaf comes from Banaras. 1967Singha & Massey Indian Dances vi. 68 The betel or paan as it is called, is covered with silver leaf and sprinkled with rose water. 1971Illustr. Weekly India 4 Apr. 51/2 The Mughal rulers were great connoisseurs of paan. 1974Times 7 Dec. 10/8 Paans, those leaf-wrapped chews.
2. attrib. and Comb., as pan-box, pan-chewing, pan-garden, pan-juice; panwala, -wallah [see wallah], a person who sells pans.
1922E. M. Forster Abinger Harvest (1936) 314 Bidar..has produced beautiful pan-boxes of a lead alloy inlaid with silver. 1939R. Godden Black Narcissus v. 53 A peon..who carried the General's pan-box.
1892Chambers's Jrnl. 14 May 320 After a long course of pawn⁓chewing, the utterance becomes thick and indistinct, and the teeth black. 1971Illustr. Weekly India 4 Apr. 48/1 Paan chewing is an ancient Indian habit.
1923Blackw. Mag. Dec. 769/1 In one of these pan-gardens, as they are called, a boar had taken up his quarters.
1901Kipling Kim ii. 47 He spat red pan⁓juice on the floor. 1955R. P. Jhabvala To whom she Will xxvi. 186 He stopped at a pānwala's and..asked for a pān with cardamons and aniseed. Ibid. 294 The stalls of pānwalas are found everywhere, and they sell not only pāns but also cigarettes, matches, mineral drinks, biscuits, hard-boiled eggs and anything else suitable for a quick cheap snack. 1969Hindusthan Stand. (Calcutta) 5 Aug. 2/4 As one waits..for the panwallah to stuff a betel leaf with hot or sweet masallah..and roll it into a shapely pan. 1975O. Sela Bengali Inheritance xix. 166 That bloody pan-wallah..lied to you.
▪ V. ‖ pan, n.6|ban|
[Chinese bǎn slab.]
A Chinese percussion instrument (see quots.).
1872Catal. Special Exhib. Anc. Mus. Instr. S. Kensington Museum viii. 39 Pan. A piece of wood, with a groove cut nearly through its substance, and bamboo sticks for percussion. Used principally by Chinese beggars. 1954Grove's Dict. Mus. (ed. 5) II. 234/1 P'ai-pan (or pan), percussion clapper. A popular instrument consisting of two slabs of the red wood huai, attached by a silk cord, on which a third slab is struck to beat time. 1975C. P. Mackerras Chinese Theatre in Mod. Times viii. 131 (caption) The pan (clapper) consists of three pieces of wood, two of them fastened together (patterned surface visible), the other behind.
▪ VI. pan, n.7 Cinemat.
[Abbrev. panorama or panoramic. a.]
1. The action of panning a camera (see pan v.3); a panoramic sequence.
1922Opportunities Motion Pict. Industry 111 Pan.., moving the camera up and down or from side to side to follow the action from one place to another. 1931J. H. Reyner Cine-Photogr. for Amateurs viii. 92 Rapid pan. An exception to this slow movement is the case of the rapid panoram which is sometimes necessary in order to keep a moving object within the field of vision. 1937H. B. Abbott Compl. 9·5-mm. Cinematographer vi. 88 A satisfactory ‘pan’ can sometimes be effected by slowly turning the camera on its tripod screw. 1942Amer. Cinematographer May 235/2 The layout-man..figures out all of the camera moves such as..pans (following a character along). 1960C. Morris Unloved in D. Wilson Television Playwright 447 Camera panning, moves round a stone seat... As the car circles, the pan reveals a boy on the stone seat apparently sketching the front façade. 1962Listener 5 Apr. 596/2 The opening shot of Exodus is a huge 200-degree pan across the landscape and coastline of Cyprus. 1970Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 3 July 23 A tripod's a bit of a bind to lug around but it does give a rock steadiness and a touch of professionalism, especially on pans and telephoto shots. 1977Spare Rib June 42/2 A story unfolded in a series of 360° camera pans.
2. attrib. and Comb., as pan shot, pan-tilt; pan-and-tilt a., used with reference to a tripod or other unit that allows the camera to move in both horizontal and vertical planes; pan head (see quot.).
[1937H. B. Abbott Compl. 9·5-mm. Cinematographer v. 69 The metal top has both pan and tilt movements with locking device for each.] 1938G. H. Sewell Amateur Film-Making iii. 34 The ideal tripod..should also incorporate a ‘pan-and-tilt’ head. 1962M. Bardwell Amateur Cinematogr. ii. 32 A tripod must not only give firm support—it must also allow controlled horizontal and vertical movement. This is achieved by means of a ‘pan-and-tilt’ head, which also enables you to lock the camera in position at almost any angle. 1977Offshore Engineer May 97/2 It occupies only a fraction of the space normally dedicated to a camera mounted on a pan and tilt unit.
1940Amer. Speech XV. 359/2 Pan head, the mechanism at the top of a tripod which permits the camera to be moved in both horizontal and vertical planes.
1941Steinbeck & Ricketts Sea of Cortez xxiii. 223 We made jerky little pan shots back and forth. 1956L. Mallory Ciné Camera Secrets 20 Pan shots must be slow and even. 1975New Yorker 26 May 113/3 An ‘atmospheric’ tape background such as accompanies pan shots over bleak, windswept headlands.
1970Ibid. 3 Oct. 108/3 Two..spots..could be directed by means of pan-tilt.
▪ VII. pan, v.1|pæn|
[f. pan n.1]
1. trans. To wash (gold-bearing gravel, sand, etc.) in a pan, in order to separate the gold; to separate by washing in a pan. Const. off, out.
1839Amer. Railroad Jrnl. VIII. 99 Old machines are invariably burnt up, and the ashes ‘panned out’ for the fine gold that has lodged in the joints of the wood. 1872‘Mark Twain’ Roughing it lxi, He never could altogether understand that eternal sinkin' of a shaft an' never pannin' out anything. 1879R. J. Atcherley Boërland 143 This [gravel-wash] was panned off in the dish. 1879Encycl. Brit. X. 745 The gold is finally recovered by careful washing or ‘panning out’ in a smaller pan. 1880Daily Tel. 3 Dec., They ‘panned’ the surface dirt for gold.
b. absol. or intr. To search or try for gold with the pan.
1850N. Kingsley Diary 27 May (1914) 123 About 200 Indians & squaws came down and began to pan all around us. 1872‘Mark Twain’ Roughing it lxi, We had panned up and down the hillsides till they looked plowed like a field. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Panning... Washing earth or crushed rock in a pan, by agitation with water. 1896Daily News 9 May 6/4 All tests made by dolly and panning off gave me good results.
2. To separate (salt) by evaporation in a pan.
1877Ouida Puck xxxv. 462 We might perhaps get our salt panned, and our cotton carded.
3. transf. and fig. (U.S. and Colonial.) To bring forth, yield (with out).
1884Melbourne Punch 4 Sept. 91/2 The department on being searched only panned out a few copper coins. 1891Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. Nov., Their queer bee tree will pan out a good day's work after all.
b. To get by any process, capture, catch. colloq.
1887Fisheries of U.S. Sect. v. II. 477 The crew ‘panned’ about 10,000 seals.
4. intr. (usually with out.) To yield gold, as gravel, etc. when washed in a pan; hence transf. of the vein or mine, to yield precious metal.
1849J. D. Dana Mineral. (ed. 2) 317 Gravel or soil..is said to pan well or pan poorly according to the result. 1866‘Mark Twain’ Lett. from Hawaii (1967) 85 In the mining camps of California..it is etiquette to say, ‘Here's hoping your dirt'll pan out gay.’ 1874Aldrich Prud. Palfrey vii. (1884) 152 Though it did not yield so bounteously as the silver lode, it panned out handsomely. 1893Times 24 May 5 The new find..proves the reef to be 6 ft. wide, and it pans well right through. 1898Daily News 8 Aug. 2/1 Assuming that all the land located on these creeks would pan out as well as the few claims that were opened.
b. fig. To yield good results, show to advantage, succeed; also, to work out, to have a result (not necessarily something favourable).
1868F. Whymper Trav. Alaska 282 ‘It panned out well’ means that ‘it gave good returns’. 1870‘Mark Twain’ Lett. to Publishers (1967) 31 January and November didn't pan out as well as December. 1884Brandon (Manitoba) Blade 24 Jan. 4/3 If the domineering Attorney-General ‘pans out’ well during the coming session he will probably be the man. 1890Athenæum 2 Aug. 166/3 How disappointingly the product of antiquarian digging will ‘pan out’. 1892Pall Mall G. 21 Nov. 2/3 Unfortunately this business did not ‘pan out’, to use the American phrase. 1923Wodehouse Adv. Sally xiv. 177 He was hoping all along that this fight would pan out big and that he'd be able to pay you back what you had loaned him. 1925A. Huxley Let. 16 Sept. (1969) 253 However, I shall see how things pan out when I get there. 1947‘N. Shute’ Chequer Board vii. 191, I think it may pan out all right. 1956S. Bellow Seize Day (1957) i. 23 If I don't pan out as an actor I can still go back to school. 1967Electronics 6 Mar. 316/2 Machines that automatically feed and place flatpacks on printed circuit boards haven't panned out, largely because girls with tweezers excel at gently handling the fragile IC packages. 1972Daily Tel. 14 Dec. 5 But Dr Brett cautioned that what sounds exciting from the Moon does not always pan out in the laboratory. 1977P. Dickinson Walking Dead i. v. 69 They decided to give it a year and see how it all panned out.
c. To speak freely or at length; to expatiate.
1871J. Hay Little Breeches, I don't pan out on the prophets And free-will and that sort of thing. 1915W. J. Locke Jaffery xxi. 291 I'm panning out about this, because it seems so deuced interesting. 1917― Red Planet xv. 182, I had..made up my mind to pan out to you like this. 1928Observer 18 Mar. 9/3 Mr. Lewis..resists even the temptation to ‘pan out’ about that obviously born temptress.
5. trans. To cook or dress in a pan.
1871G. H. Napheys Prev. & Cure Dis. i. ii. 64 Shellfish are preferable either raw, roasted, or panned. 1883A. Thomas Mod. Housewife 75 Panned Oysters.
6. Agric. and dial. intr. Of soil: To cake on the surface. Cf. pan n.1 8.
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Pan, to be hardened, as the surface of some soil is, by strong sunshine suddenly succeeding heavy rain.
7. trans. To criticize severely; to judge (a performance) to be unsuccessful or inadequate. orig. U.S. colloq.
1911G. Ade in Chicago Daily News 16 Dec. 28/2 They would open up on Rufus and Pan him to a Whisper. 1914Sat. Even. Post 7 Mar. 7/3 Kelly got nasty and begun to pan me for quitting and for the way I played. 1926S. Lewis Mantrap xii. 150 I've never done one single thing to give her any excuse for panning me. 1927Vanity Fair XXIX. 134/3 Will Shakespeare..was panned by the critics because he delved into the argot of his day to put it over. 1935Hot News Apr. 14/3 Don't mistake me. I am not panning ‘Hawk’ as a player. 1938G. Heyer Blunt Instrument iii. 52 ‘I have no dealings with actresses.’ ‘Well, then, stop panning them.’ 1939‘N. Blake’ Smiler with Knife v. 78 The lurid headline, ‘Famous Woman Explorer Pans Domesticity.’ 1947R. Chandler Let. 8 Mar. in R. Chandler Speaking (1966) 137 MacCarthy panned me, said the toughness was largely bluff. 1960Daily Mail 27 Apr. 8/8 The idea that critics like panning shows is a myth. 1971Sunday Times (Johannesburg) News Mag. 28 Mar. 6/1 Dirk de Villiers' latest South African film drama..is being panned by the critics. 1974Times 2 Oct. 14/5 The play was roundly panned by many of our correspondents. 1977Time 26 Dec. 36/2 Colleagues are quick to pan Simon in return: ‘The Count Dracula of critics!’
Add:8. To hit or strike (a person), to punch; also, to knock (sense) into. slang.
1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §322/5 Beat; thrash,..pan. 1943Hunt & Pringle Service Slang 50 Pan, slang for face. Also used instead of ‘hit’, i.e. to ‘pan’ a man is to strike him. 1959I. & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolch. x. 198 If a person does something which doesn't please us we cry ‘scrag him’, or ‘pan him’, or ‘floor him’. 1963New Society 22 Aug. 5/2 ‘To pan’ is to punch just once. 1977Transatlantic Rev. lx. 149, I start going down the steps to meet them, and maybe pan some sense into their skulls.
▪ VIII. pan, v.2 Sc. and north. dial.|pæn|
[Derivation unascertained.]
intr. To fit, tally, correspond, agree.
1572Satir. Poems Reform. xxxiv. 30 Say and promeis quhat thay can, Thair wordes and deidis will neuer pan. 1674–91Ray N.-C. Words, Pan, to close, joyn together, agree. Prov. ‘Weal and Women cannot pan, but Wo and Women can’. 1825Brockett N.C. Gloss., Pan, to match, to agree, to assimilate. 1877Holderness Gloss. s.v., Jack an his wife didn't seem to pan togither at fost, but noo they get alang pratty weel. 1883Almondbury & Huddersf. Gloss. s.v., Boards pan when they lie close together.
b. trans. To fit, join, or unite together.
1884Leeds Mercury Suppl. 31 May (E.D.D.), Pan it down—press an article into its proper place. 1888Sheffield Gloss. s.v., To pan boards together.
▪ IX. pan
obs. form of pane; obs. Sc. form of pain.
▪ X. pan, v.3 Cinemat.|pæn|
[Abbrev. panorama or panoramic a.]
1. trans.
a. To follow or pass along (a person or object) with a camera.
1913Sat. Even. Post 1 Nov. 64/3 We'll ‘pan’ you right down the middle of the picture to the raft. 1960N. Kneale Mrs. Wickens in Fall in D. Wilson Television Playwright 167 The Camera pans him away. He calls to the two Englishwomen.
b. To turn (a cine or television camera) in a horizontal plane, esp. in order to keep a moving object in view.
1930Electronics Nov. 373/2 With the advent of sound, the operation of ‘panning’ the camera to afford a changing point of view became a more complicated process. 1956Railway Mag. Nov. 779/1 Taking up a stance broadside to his target, he ‘panned’ his camera—that is, swung the camera round with the train—so that the engine remained in the same portion of the viewfinder throughout. 1973P. L. Cave Speed Freaks v. 43 Gerry panned the camera slowly over the remnants of the once-beautiful TR6. 1977Film & Television Technician Feb. 4/2 The camera is supported by a counterweighted arm, and the arm is attached to a harness worn by the operator. The camera floats in space and the operator can pan, tilt, or crane it with one hand.
2. intr. Of a camera: to swing from one scene to another, or along objects or a place; to give a panoramic view in closing up to an object or a place.
1931R. Dykes Amateur Cinematographer's Handbk. iii. 31 The tilting handle..is used to panoram down into valleys... It is also used to ‘pan’ up cathedral spires. 1932A. Buchanan Films vi. 174 The camera ‘pans’ around the room, bringing to view the shabby furniture. 1936Words Oct. 6/1 One of those inserts in which the camera seems to swing, or ‘pan’ dizzily from action going on in one place to what is going on in another. 1960N. Kneale Quatermass & Pit i. 11 The camera pans, to take in all that remains of a little working-class street. 1963Listener 14 Feb. 300/3 The camera pans over photographs of tribesmen. 1971Daily Tel. 21 Aug. 7/2 A camera panned dramatically in on a manorial notice. 1975New Yorker 19 May 81/1 Then the camera moves to a worker with a cart, and pans with him to the end of the assembly line.
▪ XI. pan, a.|pæn|
Abbrev. of panchromatic a. Also ellipt. for panchromatic film.
1940Amer. Speech XV. 357 ‘Going to use pan or N.C.?’ ‘Neither. Ortho.’ 1940‘C. I. Jacobson’ Developing 106 On no account must the dark green safelight provided for pan materials be used. 1954C. Wallace Enjoy your Photogr. iv. 44 Pan films photograph reds well. 1969J. Elliot Duel i. iv. 82, I brought ten thousand feet of pan but only three of high speed for interiors. |