| 释义 |
▪ I. carcass, carcase, n.|ˈkɑːkəs|
Forms: α. 4 carcays, karkeis, 4–6 carcas, 5 carkoys, 5–6 carkes, 5–7 carkeis, -keys, -kas. β. 6 carkace, carckesse, karkaise, 6–7 karcasse, carcasse, -kasse, -kesse, -keise, 7 -caise, -kase, karcase, 7–8 carkass, 8 carkess, 6– carcase, 7– carcass.
[Of this we have two types: α. ME. carkoys, -cays, -keis (which survived to 16th c. and even to 1611 as carkeis, -eys), a. Anglo F. carcois, carcas (in Central OF. charcos, charcois, charchois, charquois, still dial. in W. of France) answering to med.L. carcosium (see Du Cange and quot. 1450 in sense 1); β. 16th c. carcasse, later carcase, carcass, a. 16th c. Fr. carcasse, ad. It. carcassa (Pg. carcassa, Sp. carcasa) ‘carcass’. The 16–17th c. forms carkaise, -keise, -kesse, are app. a mixture of α and β. In mod. spelling carcass and carcase are almost equally common: the Dictionaries from Bailey and Johnson downward give carcass alone or by preference.
(The ulterior etymology presents many difficulties: see Diez, Littré, Scheler, Skeat. It is to be noted however that OF. carcois, med.L. carcosium, must app. be separated from OF. tarquais quiver (repr. med.Gr. ταρκάσιον, evidently ad. Pers. (Arab., Turk. tarkash quiver, arrow-case), although some confusion of the two words may be suspected in mod.F. carquois (since 15th c.), It. carcasso and turcasso, Pg. carcaz quiver. M. Paul Meyer thinks it must also be separated from the 17th c. F. carquois in sense ‘mast-head’, repr. L. carchēsium. But the actual derivation of carcosium, carcassa, and their mutual relation remains quite uncertain. Diez's suggestion of L. caro flesh, and It. casso chest, breast, or cassa case, trunk, is untenable for carcosium, and not very likely for carcassa.]
1. a. The dead body of man or beast; but no longer (since c 1750) used, in ordinary language, of the human corpse, exc. in contempt (see 3). With butchers, it means the whole trunk of a slaughtered animal, after removal of the head, limbs, and offal.
α [1299Lib. Custum. I. 192 (Godef.) Le carcois de boef. 1321Ibid. 304 Le carcas de porke. 1314Sir R. Clifford in Hist. Lett, &c. (Rolls 1873) 228 Carcois de beef sale, xx. carcois de moton.]
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 874 Wormes..sal..gnaw on þat stynkand carcays. 1388Wyclif Ex. xxi. 35 The karkeis [1382 careyn] of the deed oxe. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 470 A Karcas of Saynt Martyne. c1440Promp. Parv. 62 Carkeys, corpus, cadaver. c1450Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 570 Carcosium, a carkoys. 1530Palsgr. 203/1 Carkes of a foule, granche. a1535More Wks. 190 (R.) Setting hys carcas in a gay shrine, & then kissing his bare scalpe. 1555Eden Decades W. Ind. (Arb.) 56 Lefte theyr carkeses in the wildernesse. 1575Brieff Disc. Troubl. Franckford (1846) 195 No skermishe, where some..left not their karkaises in the felde. 1611Bible Judg. xiv. 8 A swarme of Bees, and honie in the carkeis of the Lion. ― 2 Kings ix. 37 The carkeise of Iezebel. 1630Lord Banians 11 That he might strowe..the earth with dead carkeyses.
β1528Roy Satire (1845) A dedde stynkynge carkace. 1583Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 19 His carcasse on rockish pinnacle hanged. 1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. ii. 64 I'de rather giue his carkasse to my hounds. 1650Milton Lett. State Wks. 1738 II. 160 That the breathless Carcass may be deliver'd to his Friends. 1663Flagellum or O. Cromwell (1672) 120 On the 17th December his Carcasse was landed at Bristol. 1727Swift Gulliver i. viii. 90 The carcasses of an hundred oxen. 1750Johnson Rambl. No. 33 ⁋4 Famine who scattered the ground everywhere with carcases. 1835W. Irving Tour Prairies 124 To bring home the carcass of the doe. a1849H. Coleridge Poems (1850) II. 162 She wept O'er the new-ransom'd carcase of her..Hector. 1875Jevons Money (1878) 6 A carcase of meat.
†b. Said of part of a dead body. Obs. rare.
1663Gerbier Counsel B v a, The carcass of his head on a Pole.
c. Cookery. The bones of a cooked bird, esp. as used for making stock, etc.
1883Cassell's Dict. Cookery p. xxvii, In all large establishments..there is much left of cooked meat, bones, carcases of fowls and game, &c., and which materially help to fill up the stock-pot. 1956C. Spry Cookery Bk. 115 Ordinary household stock..may contain cooked meat bones, chicken carcasses, vegetables, [etc.]. 1963Hume & Downes Penguin Cordon Bleu Cookery 35 Use good chicken stock..made from the liquor from a poached chicken and strengthened with the carcass bones after carving the bird.
†2. The living body considered in its material nature. Obs. exc. as in 3.
1406Hoccleve Misrule 350 My carkeis repleet with hevynesse. 1571Digges Pantom. Pref. A iij, This man not⁓withstanding he were imprisoned in a mortall carkasse..yet his diuine minde, etc. a1618Raleigh Mahomet 9 His Trances proceeded through the weaknesse of his earthly Carcase. a1683Oldham Poems (L.), Was ne'er so fair a creature For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature. 16..R. L'Estrange (J.), He that finds himself in any distress, either of carcass or of fortune. 1701Collier tr. M. Aurel. 57 The Declension of your Health, or the Accidents in your Carcass, need not affect you. 1717J. Fox Wanderer No. 12 (1718) 77 The injur'd Animal only sought to secure his little Carcase from farther danger.
3. In later times, in application to the human body, dead or alive, it has gradually come to be a term of contempt, ridicule, or indignity.
[1528Roy Sat. (1845) Fye on his carkes bothe quycke and dead. 1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 115 Laden with a heavier lump of this vile carcase.] 1586Warner Alb. Eng. ii. vii. 27 Hercules did canuase so his carkas. 1692South Serm. IV. ii. (R.) He thinks that Providence fills his purse, and his barnes, only to pamper his own carcass. 1775Adair Amer. Ind. 265 That they might shed blood, like wolves, without hazarding their own carcases. 1827Pollok Course T. vii, The miser drew His carcass forth, and gnashed his teeth, and howled. 1870Bryant Homer I. ii. 47 Cloak and tunic and whatever else Covers thy carcass.
4. fig. Anything from which the ‘life’, ‘soul’, or essence is gone; the lifeless shell or husk, the ‘corpse’, ‘skeleton’.
1612–5Bp. Hall Contempl. v. Quails & Manna (1628) 909 The carkasse of the sacrament cannot giue life; but the soule of it. a1617Hieron Wks. II. 484 Hee is but..almost a Christian. Hee is but the out-side and carkasse and sheath. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. ii. 148 No better than a counterfeit or carcasse of true patience. a1763Shenstone Ess. 19 The mere carcase of nobility. 1883Bright in Edin. Daily Rev. 15 June 3/1 The corrupt carcase of an old commercial body.
attrib.1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. 8 The dead and carkase faith not of a few.
5. transf. The decaying skeleton of a vessel or edifice; a ruin.
1596Shakes. Merch. V. iii. i. 6 The Goodwins..very dangerous flat, and fatall, where the carcasses of many a tall ship, lye buried. 1637Heywood Royal Ship 3 In the very Apex and top thereof [Mt Ararat], there is still to be discerned a blacke Shadow, resembling a Darke Cloud..by the Natives..held, to be the still remaining carkasse of the Arke of Noah. 1662Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 505 The carcass of a castle. 1879J. Hawthorne Laugh. Mill 43 The carcase of a dismantled and deserted house.
6. The naked framework or ‘shell’ of a building before it is plastered, etc., the ‘skeleton’ of a ship; see quots. The framework of a cabinet or other piece of furniture. Also attrib.
1663Gerbier Counsel 67 Oaken Carcasse. 1677Moxon Mech. Exerc. (1703) 159 Carcass is (as it were) the Skeleton of an House, before it is Lath'd and Plastered. 1704Worlidge Dict. Rust. et Urb. s.v. Wind-Mill, The Body or Carcase, or outside of the Mill. 1805Edinb. Cabinet Makers' Bk. of Prices (1821) 10 A Library Book Case. Six feet six inches long, seven feet nine inches high, in six carcases. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 221 Carcase of a Building, the naked walls, and the rough timber-work..before the building is plastered or the floors laid. 1865Daily Tel. 18 Oct. 7/3 They get the land on a ground-rent, and ‘run up’ carcases with money borrowed. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Carcass of a ship, the ribs, with keel, stem, and stern-post, after the planks are stripped off. 1940Burlington Mag. Sept. 93/2 The carcase-work and the doors are of soft pine. 1959G. Savage Antique Coll. Handbk. 113 Veneers are thin sheets of wood..which are used to cover a ‘carcase’ of commoner and cheaper wood.
7. Mil. A spherical iron shell, filled with an inflammable composition, and having three holes through which the flame blazes; fired from a mortar or gun to set fire to buildings, wooden defences, etc. Formerly also of other shape and material; see quot. 1751.
(In this sense regularly spelt carcass.)
1684Lond. Gaz. No. 1980/1 To attack that place with Bombs and Carcasses. 1731J. Gray Gunnery 67 Bombs, granadoes, carcasses, and other shot. 1751Chambers Cycl., Carcasse, or Carcuss, a kind of bomb, usually oblong, or oval, rarely circular; consisting of a shell, or case, sometimes of iron, with holes; but more commonly of a coarse strong canvas, pitched over, and girt with iron hoops; filled with combustible matters. 1790Beatson Nav. & Mil. Mem. I. 322 The carcasses, bombs, and red-hot balls..fired into the town, had little or no effect. 1810Wellington Let. in Gurw. Disp. VI. 577 No opportunity of trying the 24 pound carcasses which you have been so kind as to offer him. 1859F. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1862) 86 Carcasses..the flame from which is..nearly unextinguishable.
8. Comb., as carcass-carrier; carcass-less, carcass-like adj.; carcass-butcher, a butcher who sells meat by the carcass; also fig. (cf. butcher 1 b); carcass-flooring, -roofing (Arch.), the framework of timber which supports the boarding of the floor or roof (see 6); carcass meat, raw meat as distinct from corned or tinned meat; carcass-shell = sense 7.
1773Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 599 The trades of the fell-monger and *carcase-butcher are intolerable. 1835Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) III. 446 An exercise of despotic power such as is not usual among the carcase-butchers of the continent. 1837Whittock Bk. Trades (1842) 81 When the bullock is killed, skinned, and dressed, the carcass butcher sells it to the retail butcher.
1609Davies in Farr S.P. (1848) 182 ‘Cast out your dead!’ the *carcase-carrier cries.
1736H. Walpole Corr. (1837) I. 7 Headless carcases and *carcaseless heads.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark ii. 20 b, The *karkaslyke sicke man.
1948E. Summerskill in Hansard Commons 12 July 821 The dock strike caused us to issue canned corned meat in lieu of..*carcase meat. 1952Meat Trades' Jrnl. 20 Mar. 647/1 In February, 1948, an agreement was reached under which Argentina undertook to send us 400,000 tons of carcase meat and offal.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 582 *Carcase roofing, that which supports the covering by a grated frame of timber-work.
▪ II. ˈcarcass, v.
[f. prec. n., sense 6.]
1. trans. To put up the carcass of (a building). Hence ˈcarcassing vbl. n.
1881Mechanic §163. 56 Battens, deals and planks for carcassing and rough purposes. 1886Standard 18 May 3/5 Buildings which were to be carcassed by the 24th of January.
2. To make a carcass of.
1906Daily Chron. 7 June 5/4 These animals realise only one-third as much as those fit for carcassing. |