| 释义 |
▪ I. calver, n.1|ˈkɑːvə(r)|
[f. calve v. + -er1.]
A cow that calves, or bears young.
1785Worfat Bran New Wark 322 (E.D.S.) He that sell'd me tother day a barren cow and a calf, for a calver. 1808J. C. Curwen Hints on Feeding Stock 177 The milk of the sixth, a winter calver, was reserved for the family. 1884York Herald 26 Aug. 7/1 Calvers made up to {pstlg}23 each, and half-breds and calving heifers up to {pstlg}16 each.
▪ II. † calver, n.2 Obs. rare—1.
[See calver a.]
Only in Palsgrave, and it is difficult to determine what he intended by ‘salmon scum’. Perh. the treatment as a n. was some error.
1530Palsgr. 202/2 Calver of saulmon, escume de saulmon.
[The following OE. passages possibly belong to these words. Unfortunately the OE. and Latin are alike uncertain in meaning:
a700Epinal Gloss. 471 galmaria, caluuær (Erf. caluuer). ― 476 galbalacrum, caluær (Erf. caluuer). a 800Corpus Gl. 952 galmaria, caluuer. ― 956 gabalacrum, calwer. ― 954 galmilla, liimcaluuer. ― 427 calvarium, caluuerclim. a 1000OE. Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 280 (Incipit de mensa) calmaria, cealfre. ― 281 Caluiale, calwerbriw. a 1100Alphabet. Gloss. ibid. 369 calmaria, cealre, Caluiale, cealerbriw. Ibid. 413 Galmaria, calwere, Gabalacrum, calwer. Cf. also Ags. Leechd. 98 I. xxxviii. 2 Nim sur molcen, wyrc to cealre, and beþ mid þy cealre.]
▪ III. † calver, a. Obs.
In 4 calwar, 5 calvur.
[Of this and its connected words, the origin and original sense are unknown: cf. prec. It may be the earlier form of Sc. caller (cf. silver, siller).]
An epithet applied to salmon or other fish. E. Müller thinks ‘fresh’; Way (Promp. Parv.) ‘fish freshly taken, when its substance appears interspersed with white flakes like curd’. See also calvered.
A good deal of evidence points to the condition of a fish, the dressing or cooking of which has begun while it is yet alive, instead of after it is dead. (Cf. also1536Bellenden Descr. Alb. (1821) I. xliii, Quhen the fish faillis thair loup, thay fall callour in the said [boiling] caldrounis, and ar than maist delitius to the mouth. )
a1403Forme of Cury in Warner Antiq. Culin. 19 Take calwar samon, and seeth it in lewe water. c1440Promp. Parv. 59 Calvur, as samoon or oþyr fysshe. 1526Ord. Hen. VIII, ibid. 175 Calver Salmon 1 mess..2s. 6d. 1719D'Urfey Pills V. 145 Your Pheasant, Pout, and Culver Salmon. 1865Way Promp. Parv. (note s.v.) In Lancashire, the fish dressed as soon as caught are called calver salmon.
▪ IV. † ˈcalver, v. ? Obs.
Also 7 calvor.
[app. f. calver a.: cf. calvered, which is in form the pa. pple. of this vb., though earlier in our quots.]
1. trans. To treat or cook as a ‘calver’ fish. (The mode apparently differed at different times.) Nares says ‘To prepare salmon, or other fish, in a peculiar way, which can only be done when they are fresh and firm’. Some identify it with to crimp. Some explain it To cut salmon into thin slices while ‘fresh’ (or ‘alive’) and then pickle these.
1651Barker Art of Angling (1653) 13 Trouts calvored hot with antchovaes sauce. Ibid. (1820) 33 A dish of close boyled Trouts buttered with eggs..Every scullion dresseth that dish against his will, because he cannot calvor them. 1660R. May Accompl. Cook 354 To calver salmon to eat hot or cold. 1663Killigrew Parson's Wed. in Dodsley (1780) XI. 445 The chines fry'd, and the salmon calver'd.
2. intr. Of fish: To behave when cooked as a ‘calver’ fish. Some recent writers conjecture ‘To shrink by cutting and not fall to pieces’ (Craig), some ‘to bear being sliced and pickled’.
1651Barker Art of Angling (1653) 13 So the fierce boyling will make the fish to calvor. Ibid. (1820) 21 You shall see whether he calvors or no. 1676Cotton Angler ii. 310 A Grayling is a winter fish..his flesh even in his worst season is so firm and will so easily calver that..he is very good meat at all times. 1681J. Chetham Angler's Vade-m. xii. §1 His flesh..is firm, white, will easily calver.
Hence ˈcalvering vbl. n.
1651–7Barker Art of Angling (1820) 12 When it [vinegar] boyles take it off the fire and pour it upon your fish, you shall see your fish rise presently, if they be new, and there is no doubt of calvoring.
▪ V. calver
obs. form of claver, clover n.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 18 b, Great calver, sperie, chick, and the other pulses. |