| 释义 |
▪ I. scud, n.1|skʌd|
Also 7 scudde, 8 scudd.
[f. scud v.; in some uses perh. onomatopœic.]
1. a. The action of scudding; hurried movement.
1609B. Jonson Case Altered iv. iv, O how she skudded, O sweet scud, how she tripped, O delicate trip and goe. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Scud, the Course or motion of the Clouds, in Fleeting. 1853Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. i. §54 (1873) 42 The scud of the clouds before the wind. 1880Meredith Tragic Com. xviii. (1892) 241 At times he came flashing through the scud of her thoughts.
b. A certain figure in skating.
1892Gentlew. Bk. Sports I. 145 The hand-in-hand figures, such as the Mercury, the Q scud, the half-double scud [etc.].
2. a. Light clouds driven rapidly before the wind.
1669Dryden & Davenant Tempest i. i, The Scud comes against the Wind, 'twill blow hard. 1762Falconer Shipwr. ii. 128 The black'ning ocean curls; the winds arise; And the dark scud in swift succession flies. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles i. xiii, The darkening scud comes on. 1885H. O. Forbes Nat. Wand. E. Archip. 209 Peaks..along whose flanks the clouds rolled upwards in white humps and scuds.
b. A driving shower (of rain or snow).
1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. ii. 187 With every change [of wind] we had a scud of Wind and Rain. a1722Lisle Husb. (1752) 3 After such a scudd of rain cool cloudy weather ensues. 1825Cobbett Rur. Rides 207, I had but one little scud during the day; just enough for St. Swithin to swear by. 1879Gd. Words Jan. 48 The rain blowing in drizzling scuds.
c. A sudden gust of wind.
1694Motteux Rabelais v. xviii. (1737) 76 Some Gusts, or Scuds of Wind..arose. 1863‘C. Bede’ Tour in Tartan-land 293, I beheld my wife..borne in a wild scud immediately in front of the three-abreast horses. 1893‘Q.’ (Quiller-Couch) Delect. Duchy 193 A sullen pond, over which the wind drove in scuds.
d. Ocean foam or spray driven by the wind; also transf. of ice or snow.
1850B. Taylor Eldorado xxi. I. 143 Bailing out the scud thrown over the gunwale by every surge. 1894N. Brooks Tales of Maine Coast 218 The air was drenched with spume and flying scud.
transf.1884Howells Silas Lapham (1891) I. 63 She..was..shielding her face from the scud of ice flung from the mare's heels. 1969N. W. Parsons Upon Sagebrush Harp xv. 85 Usually, at dawn the wind died and a knee-high scud sharp as glass would skitter sullenly along the surface of the hard-packed snow.
e. attrib. Also Comb., as scud-like a.
1860Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 342 Light scud clouds driving across heavy masses show wind and rain. 1866G. M. Hopkins Jrnls. & Papers (1959) 138 A ‘dirty’ looking kind of clouds, scud-like, rising. 1897Daily News 4 Mar. 7/1 The boat disappeared in a yeast of scud rain and spindrift.
3. School slang. A swift runner.
1857Hughes Tom Brown i. v, You ain't a bad scud, not by no means. Ibid. i. vii, Unless you're a first-rate scud.
▪ II. scud, n.2|skʌd|
†1. Dirt, refuse. Obs.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 95 For now the scudde and scumme passed away, and the dyke was as cleare and fresh att the last as att the first.
2. Coal-mining. (See quot. 1883.)
1829Glover's Hist. Derby I. 59 Scud or ming coal. 1883Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining, Scud, iron pyrites embedded in coal seams. Ibid., Scud (Leicester), very thin layers of soft matter, such as clay, sooty coal, &c.
3. Tanning. Dirt, lime, fat, and fragments of hair which must be removed from a hide. Cf. scud v.3 2.
1885A. Watt Art of Leather Manufacture xxvi. 324 The ‘scud’ is removed by working the pelt upon the beam with the blunt knife. 1969T. C. Thorstensen Pract. Leather Technol. vi. 96 The hair-destruction system may result in uneven swelling and in the formation of scud (surface dirt) on the hides. Ibid. 98 The strong oxidizing action of the chlorine dioxide and chlorine results in the bleaching of the hair, and there is no dark scud left on the hide.
▪ III. scud, n.3 dial.|skʌd|
[Belongs to scud v.4]
A wisp of twisted straw, used for stopping a drain.
1843Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IV. i. 26 We fill up either with haulm.., or ling,..or a scud of straw, or turf. 1847Ibid. VIII. ii. 279 The materials..are ‘haulm’ (stubble), straw, ‘scuds’ (twisted straw), ling, or bushes.
▪ IV. scud, v.1|skʌd|
Also 6 scudde, skude, squdde, 6–7 scudd, 6–8 skud, 7 scude. pa. tense 7 scud; pa. pple. 6 scudde.
[Of obscure etymology.
First recorded in the 16th c., but prob. much older in colloquial use. The initial sc shows that the word cannot descend from OE.: if not formed onomatopœically or by phonetic symbolism, it was presumably adopted either from Scandinavian or from LG. or Du. Formally, a possible origin would be MLG., MDu. schudden to shake (:—OS. scuddian), whence Sw. skudda, Da. skudde; but the sense seems not sufficiently near. The ON. skunda, to hasten, agrees in sense but not in form. It has been usual to refer the word to Da. skyde (with long vowel) to shoot (= ON. skióta), skud shot (= ON. skot), but the Da. change of t into d is a late development, and is not represented in Eng. words of Anglo-Danish origin. It may be noted that several dialects have a synonymous scut vb., of which scud may be an altered form. As the earliest instance of scud refers to the movement of a hare, and this has always been a prominent application of the vb., it seems possible that it may be connected with scut n., the tail of a hare, sometimes applied to the animal itself.]
1. a. intr. To run or move briskly or hurriedly; to dart nimbly from place to place.
1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 721/2 Tindall hath, as ye haue hearde, scudded in & out lyke an hare yt had .xx. brace of greyhoundes after her. 1553Respublica 1632, I have trodde & scudde tyll my winde is almost paste. 1567Drant Horace, Epist. i. i. B viij, Sumtymes I skude abowt the towne in ciuyll matters drounde. 1602Marston Ant. & Mel. iv. H 1, My sinewes tremble, and my panting heart Scuds round about my bosome to goe out. 1613–16W. Browne Brit. Past. i. ii. 25 The Trout within the weeds did scud. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 344 Animals..bounding over the Hills, and skudding along the Plains. 1812Byron Ch. Har. i. lxx, Some Richmond-hill ascend, some scud to Ware. 1822Lady Granville Lett. 10 Mar. (1894) I. 223, I never saw him so slim and active, and he scuds into dinner [etc.]. 1830Tennyson ‘How’ & ‘Why’ 30 The black owl scuds down the mellow twilight. 1866J. H. Newman Gerontius iv. 30 They scud away as cowards from the fight. 1894Mrs. Ritchie Chapters fr. Mem. ix. 131 He stood looking at us fixedly,..and the train scudded off.
b. In the imperative: Be off! Make haste!
1602Middleton Blurt iv. i. 68 Nay, scud:..begone and mum. 1649Dk. Newcastle Country Capt. iii. 51 Scud and bringe wine you varletts. c1854Thackeray Wolves & Lamb i. Wks. 1869 XXII. 353 There's the outer bell. Scud, you vagabond!
2. To sail or move swiftly on the water. Now chiefly (and in technical nautical use exclusively), to run before a gale with little or no sail.
1582Stanyhurst æneid iii. (Arb.) 85 Italye see yoonder: thither with nauye be squdding. a1592Greene Opharion (1599) 39 (Song of Arion) Seated vpon the crooked Dolphins back, Scudding amidst the purple coloured waues:..Neptune..Threw forth such stormes as [etc.]. 1600Holland Livy xxxvii. 951 Pausistratus..skudded amaine with his ship to the entrance of the haven. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. i. ii. 17 She scuds before the Sea very well. 1697Dryden æneid v. 1086 They scud before the Wind. a1704T. Brown Walk round Lond., Thames Wks. 1709 III. iii. 60 The next [person] that we met was a jolly Parson, skudding from Lambeth-House in a Skuller. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) s.v. Scudding, A ship either scuds with a sail extended on her foremast, or, if the storm is excessive, without any sail, which..is called scudding under bare poles. 1845Darwin Voy. Nat. vi. 109 Having fairly scudded before the gale, we arrived by the middle of the day at the Sauce posta. 1884A. Brassey in Good Words Mar. 163/1 There was too much wind to scud.
3. Of clouds, foam, etc.: To be driven by the wind.
1699Garth Dispens. v. 93 The rising Mists skud o're the dewy Lawns. 1793Coleridge Songs of Pixies ii, When..scuds the cloud before the gale. 1833Tennyson Dream Fair Women 39 Crisp foam-flakes scud along the level sand, Torn from the fringe of spray. 1853C. Brontë Villette xxxviii, They [the hours] passed like drift cloud—like the rack scudding before a storm.
4. trans. To pass, travel, or sail quickly over.
1632Lithgow Trav. x. 424 Then scud I France, and cross'd the Pyrheneise. c1750Shenstone Ruined Abbey 197 His less'ning flock In snowy groups diffusive scud the vale. 1802Scott Cadyow Castle xiii, The startled red-deer scuds the plain.
transf.1895Meredith Amazing Marr. I. iv. 41 Immense was the range of vision scudding the peaks.
5. dial.
a. To throw (a flat stone) so as to make it skim the surface of a body of water.
b. To shoot or discharge (a load of herrings) into the hold of a vessel.
See Eng. Dial. Dict., and cf. scudding-pole, -stone (scudding vbl. n.1 b).
1874Holdsworth Deep-sea Fishing 110 ‘Scudding the fish’, as it is termed, enables them to be easily shaken out of the net, whence they fall on the deck and then through temporary openings into the well or hold.
6. Sc. To slap, beat, strike, spank; to beat down.
1814W. Nicholson Tales in Verse & Miscellaneous Poems 123 And farmers, keen to cut the crap, Lest win's should scud it. 1866J. Smith Merry Bridal (ed. 2) 23 Lassie, when I get ye I'll scud ye till I'm sair. 1925United Free Church Mission Record Dec. 569/2 The risen wind scudded my cheek—wet, stinging, and with the bite of the sea. 1976Scotsman 24 Dec. (Weekend Suppl.) 1/1 Any more cracks and I'll scud yer hint end for ye.
▪ V. scud, v.2 Sc. ? Obs.
[Of obscure origin: cf. scuds n. pl.]
trans. ‘To quaff, to drink liberally’ (Jamieson, 1808).
a1728Ramsay Monk & Miller's W. 3 You wha laughing scud brown Ale, Leave Jinks a wee, and hear a Tale.
▪ VI. scud, v.3|skʌd|
[? f. scud n.2]
1. dial. (See quot.)
1788W. H. Marshall Yorksh. II. 350 Scud, to clean or scrape with a ‘spittle’ [i.e. a small spade].
2. Tanning. To remove remaining hairs, dirt, etc., from (skins or hides) with a hand-knife.
1880Times 27 Sept. 12/6 The cost of unhairing, fleshing, and scudding all kinds of skins appears to have been reduced. 1883R. Haldane Workshop Receipts Ser. ii. 372/2 The..remaining hairs, and other dirt, can now be very readily scudded out.
▪ VII. scud, v.4 dial.|skʌd|
[Belongs to scud n.3]
trans. To make straw into ‘scuds’.
1803Young Annals Agric. XL. 332 (E.D.S.) Straw twisted together (provincially called skudded) is used [in covering drains]. 1843Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IV. i. 40 The system of shallow parallel drains filled with wood and straw, or straw only, twisted or ‘scudded’, is universally adopted. |