| 释义 |
▪ I. † scope, n.1 Obs. rare.
In 4 scoppe.
[Related to scope v.1]
A leap or skip.
13..K. Alis. 5777 Tho hy seighe that folk, I wys, Hy plumten doune, as a doppe, In the water at on scoppe. 1688Holme Armoury iii. xix. (Roxb.) 184/1 Scop of an horse, is the distance of his treat vpon the ground from the fore⁓feete to the hinder feete, in his full speed.
▪ II. scope, n.2|skəʊp|
Also 6 scoope, skoape, 6–7 skope, Sc. scop.
[ad. It. scopo aim, purpose, ad. Gr. σκοπός mark for shooting at, aim, f. σκοπ- ablaut-variant of σκεπ-, σκέπτεσθαι to look out.]
†1.
a. A mark for shooting or aiming at. Chiefly in figurative context, and tending to coincide with sense 2 or 3. Obs.
1562Aberd. Kirk Sess. Rec. (Spalding Club) 4 Seing also the haill scripture of God to tend and shote at this scope and mark. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Nov. 155 O!..slipper hope Of mortal men, that swincke and sweate for nought, And, shooting wide, doe misse the marked scope. a1602W. Perkins Cases Consc. (1619) 24 The sinner makes an abberration from the scope or marke that is set before him. 1670Milton Hist. Eng. v. Wks. 1851 V. 223 The Saxon Annalist,..runs on a sudden into such extravagant fansies and metaphors, as bare him quite beside the scope of being understood. 1673O. Walker Educ. i. vi. 49 From want of such a scope or marke it comes that most men shoot under, employ their minds in little by-businesses. 1677Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 170 This is the primary end of our life, unto which al our actions ought to collime, as arrows to their scope. 1683D. A. Art Converse 54 He shall be a scope to envy in all future times.
†b. The goal or terminal point of a race, a journey, etc. Obs. rare.
c1611Chapman Iliad xxiii. 301 He better skild, that rules worse horse, will all obseruance bend Right on the scope still of a Race [323 αἰεὶ τέρµ' ὁρόων]. a1628Preston New Covt. (1634) 182 Every step a man takes tends to some scope or other East or West or North or South.
2. a. Something aimed at or desired; something which one wishes to effect or attain; an end in view; an object, purpose, aim. Now rare.
c1555Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 229 The seventh Counsell of Carthage and the Milevitane Counsell, which both tend to one end and scope, that there should be no appellations made out of Affricke. 1559tr. Geminus' Anat. 4/1 If there be 300 scopes or endes of the vse of the partes of the bodie. 1584Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 645 His Majestie hes thocht it maist convenient to mak manifest the cours and scope of the dangerous and indirect dealing pretendit. 1606Warner Alb. Eng. xv. xcvi. (1612) 383 A mortall Man, sinfull as ye, or worser is the Pope, Your Coyne of all his Practises and Pedlaries the scope. 1622Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 60 Gaine being the scope of all merchants. 1669Boyle Contn. New Exp. i. (1682) 95 One of the scopes I propos'd to my self in this experiment was to discover [etc.]. 1671Milton P.R. i. 494 Thy coming hither, though I know thy scope, I bid not or forbid. 1731Swift On Death of Swift 499 Alas, poor Dean! his only Scope Was to be held a Misanthrope. 1736Berkeley Disc. Wks. 1871 III. 422 Plato..even maintains religion..to be the chief aim and scope of human life. 1774J. Bryant Mythol. I. 171 Truth was the scope, at which they aimed. 1853M. Arnold Scholar Gipsy xvii, O Life unlike to ours! Who fluctuate idly without term or scope. 1869Mozley Univ. Serm. i. (1876) 8 These societies have two distinct scopes and ends.
†b. A person who is an object of desire or pursuit. Obs.
1590Spenser F.Q. iii. iv. 52 He..cursed night, that reft from him so goodly scope. 1594T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. 10 God, who is the scope, which we desire & shal one day attaine vnto. 1624Sir J. Davies Ps. xxxix, Of my desires Thou art the only scope. 1707tr. Wks. C'tess D'Anois (1715) 646 Being impatient to see the Princess, who was the only Scope of his hopes and desires.
†c. to scope: to the purpose. Obs.
1607Shakes. Timon i. i. 72 'Tis conceyu'd, to scope.
†d. Degree of excellence to be aimed at. Obs.
1674Playford Skill Mus. Introd. A 4 b, Musick..hath been the study of Millions of Men for many thousand years, yet none ever attained the full scope and perfection thereof.
3. a. The object which a writer or speaker has in view, that which he wishes to express or enforce; the main purpose, intention, or drift of a writer, a book, etc.; † the subject, theme, argument chosen for treatment. Now rare: cf. sense 6 b.
1536Cranmer in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. III. 24 The scope and effecte of both my sermons stode in three thyngs. 1549Latimer 5th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 134 marg., The scope or state of the boke, tendes to dysuade the kinge from hys supremycye. 1552― Serm. Septuag. Sunday (1584) 323 Euery parable hath certum statum, a certayne scope,..it is enough for vs when we haue the meaning of the principall scope, and more needeth not. 1581R. Goade in Confer. ii. (1584) I iiij, Out of the whole scope and drift of the place, it is euident to be spoken onely of the Apostles. a1591H. Smith Serm. (1594) 127 The scope of the Euangelist is this: First, that Christ would not hinder his doctrine for mother, or brethren, or any kinsman. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. x. (1627) 157 To consider well the scope and drift of the Author. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 5 This is the scope of all I say: That by this course the good become best, the bad prove worst. a1703Burkitt On N.T. Mark xii. 8 The design and scope of the parable, is to discover to the Jews..their obstinate impenitency under all the means of grace. 1709–11Pope Ess. Crit. 120 Know well each Ancient's proper character; His fable, subject, scope in ev'ry page. 1776Sir J. Reynolds Disc. Roy. Acad. vii. (1778) 322 It has been the main scope and principal end of this discourse to demonstrate [etc.]. 1866Felton Anc. & Mod. Gr. II. i. xii. 227 In its scope and substance the argument of Demosthenes may be compared [etc.].
b. The intention or tendency of a law; the drift or meaning of a proposal.
1647Sprigge Anglia Rediv. iii. vi. 155 No sooner did the General satisfie himself in the scope of these Overtures from the Prince and the Lord Goring; but [etc.]. 1674Allen Danger Enthus. 32 According to those plain Precepts of the Gospel which answer the Spirit and Scope of the Law. 1696Bentley Serm. Of Rev. & Messias 14 The scope and tendency of the Law it self is always mine and every man's advantage.
†c. A person who is a subject or theme of discourse. (Cf. 2 b.) Obs.
1659Pearson Creed (1839) 134 All which had respect unto the Messias, as the scope of all the prophets, and the complement of their prophecies.
†4. Med. A plan or method of treatment; = intention 10, 10 b. Obs.
1590P. Barrough Meth. Physick v. xvii. (1596) 312 By this cataplasme you shall very well accomplish the second intention or scope of curing herpes. 1625Hart Anat. Ur. Pref. A iv b, Afterwards also were set downe diuerse scopes and indications requisite for the cure of the disease. 1634T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xviii. xiv. (1678) 422 The Palliative cure of that Gout..is performed by four scopes. 1690Blancard Lex. Med. 234 Endeixis est morborum indicatio, qua demonstratur, quid sit faciendum... A[ngl.] A scope.
5.
†a. ? Skill in aiming. Obs. rare.
b. The range of a missile weapon; also fig. Cf. 8.
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. V, 65 He knewe that he was nether free from disdain nor yet deliuered from the scope of malice. 15942nd Rept. Dr. Faustus in Thoms E. Eng. Prose Rom. (1858) III. 397 With great scope throwing his launce forwards just upon the Turks face. 1830Galt Lawrie T. i. i, My infirmity..led me to ettle at butts far beyond the scope of the spring that was thought to be in my bow.
6. a. The distance to which the mind reaches in its workings or purpose; reach or range of mental activity; extent of view, outlook, or survey.
c1600Shakes. Sonn. xxix. 7 Desiring this mans art, and that mans skope. 1775Mason Mem. Gray 5 These papers..will ascertain, not only the scope and turn of their genius, but of their temper. 1807–8Wordsw. White Doe iii. 57 With wishes of still bolder scope On you we look, with dearest hope. 1836Random Recoll. Ho. Lords xvi. 404 He is..a man of very limited scope of mind. 1850H. Martineau Hist. Peace v. ii. (1877) III. 205 No one doubted his patriotism: the question was of its scope and enlightenment. 1861Buckle Civiliz. II. i. 46 In the progress of civilization, the scope of the intellect is widened; its horizon is enlarged. 1862M. E. Braddon Lady Audley xxxix, Her intellect was rather limited in its scope.
b. The sphere or area over which any activity operates or is effective; range of application or of subjects embraced; the reach or tendency of an argument, etc.; the field covered by a branch of knowledge, an inquiry, concept, etc.
1830Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. 305 Like particular theorems in geometry, which..have..their several scopes and ranges of extensive application. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India iii. vi. III. 247 An arrangement of a more deliberate and comprehensive scope was at the same time adopted. 1855Lynch Rivulet lxxx. iv, And teach how great our treasure, How great salvation's scope. 1857Gladstone Glean. VI. i. 47 He may accuse us of incapacity even to measure the scope of our own arguments. 1874Green Short Hist. vi. §4 (1882) 304 Art, if it lost much in purity and propriety, gained in scope. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 53 The deliberations of the parliament almost immediately took a much wider scope. 1895Bookman Oct. 25/2 This history..is not dissimilar in scope to Bright's well-known History of England.
c. In phrases, as within, beyond (one's) scope.
1661Glanvill Van. Dogm. xii. 107 Every thing that falls within the scope of our enquiry. 1789Burke Corr. (1844) III. 105 Things, indeed, have already happened so much beyond the scope of all speculation. 1808Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1835) IV. 169 They did not come regularly within the scope of a military dispatch. 1854‘C. Bede’ Verdant Green ii. xi, [He] soon saw that the questions were within his scope, and that he could answer most of them. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-bks. (1871) II. 240 We were above the scope of many of the showery clouds that haunt a hill-country. 1868M. Pattison Acad. Org. v. 121 An historical enquiry into what Oxford was is beyond the scope of this memoir. 1884Law Times Rep. L. 367/2 At the time of the accident, Moore clearly was not acting within the scope of his employment.
†d. to have the right scope of: ? to take the right view of. Obs.
1563–83Foxe A. & M. II. 1861/1 Well sayde the king, I well perceiue that you haue the right scope of this matter.
7. a. Room for exercise, opportunity or liberty to act; free course or play. Often in phrases, to give scope (to a person or thing); to have scope or take scope. Also followed by defining inf., or by for.
1534Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 13 (§1) To great a scope of vnreasonable libertie should be giuen to all cankarde and traiterous hartes. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. 17 Wherein we might take a large scope if we would fully speake of all thynges that are comprehended vnder honestie. 1567Fenton Trag. Disc. 139 b, The dames of Myllan haue a more skoape of libertie then the reste of the Ladies in any part in Italie. 1576E. Waterhouse Let. to Sir H. Sidney in Collins Lett. State (1746) I. 147 Because I wold give free Scope to all Men to utter their Opinions concerning my Behaviour. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. iv. iii. 108 Be angry when you will, it shall haue scope. 1602W. S. Cromwell i. iii. 99 Giue not such cruell scope vnto your hart. 1610J. Robinson Justif. Separat. 171 With their transcendent jurisdiction in their..Diocesan Churches [they] take their scope without orb, or order. 1625Bacon Ess., Simulation (Arb.) 509 So that no man can be secret, except he giue himselfe a little Scope of Dissimulation. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §129 As his person and parts were such as are before mentioned, so he gave them full scope, without restraint. 1678Sir G. Mackenzie Crim. Laws Scot. i. xix. §viii. (1669) 101 Which is much safer than that they should be allowed Scop, to break out into the Extreams of either Cruelty or Cowardliness. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. 43 Here the inferior legislature has scope and opportunity to interpose. 1768Sterne Sent. Journ., The Captive, I gave full scope to my imagination. 1809Med. Jrnl. XXI. 188 On this, he pitched on Bristol, where..there appeared to be full scope for an honourable and successful career. 1855Prescott Philip II, i. i, The more adventurous found a scope for their prowess in European wars. 1876M. E. Braddon J. Haggard's Dau. II. 72 Perhaps you have too much common sense, Naomi. You will not give your fancies scope.
†b. An instance of liberty or licence. Obs.
1603Shakes. Meas. for M. i. ii. 131 As surfet is the father of much fast, So euery Scope by the immoderate vse Turnes to restraint.
8. a. (With more reference to literal space or motion). Room to move in; space or range for free movement or activity. (Phrases as in prec. sense.)
1555Eden Decades iii. vi. (Arb.) 163 The sea is here very large, so the waters haue their full scoope. 1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions Pref. 7 Walking at free skope emong the wanderyng beastes of the fielde. 1591Savile Tacitus, Hist. iii. xxiii. 128 To haue an open passage and free scope to shoote out. 1600Fairfax Tasso xx. xii, Then through his hoast, that tooke so large a scope, He road. 1600Surflet Country Farm i. xxi. 119 They be very fierce, and in that respect they are not accustomed to haue either so much scope or light as other birdes. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 184 In no place plants may take larger scope to spread their branches..then in this countrie. 1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. i. §9. 229 Amraphel who held Babylonia it selfe, seemeth at this time to haue had no great scope or large dominion. 1615Crooke Body of Man 368 The heat when it hath too much scope or roomth..is easily dissipated and vanisheth. a1616B. Jonson Hymenæi, Barriers Wks. I. 930 And to their wiues men giue such narrow scopes, As if they meant to make them walke on ropes. 1653Urquhart Rabelais i. xlviii, To give the ordnance leave to play and range with the larger scope [orig. pour mieux donner lieu à l'artillerie]. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 403 Publick virtue..requires abundant scope and room, and cannot spread and grow under confinement. 1809Campbell Gertrude ii. ii, Yet wanted not the eye far scope to muse, Nor vistas open'd by the wand'ring stream. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxviii. 67 He in a closed field gave scope of liberal entry.
b. The ability of a horse to extend its stride or jump.
The semantic resemblance to scope v.1 must be coincidental in view of the chronologies of the words.
1970A. Fielder Vibart & Friends xiv. 115 Britain has got to produce horses of scope over big courses..if we want to bring home more Olympic medals. 1971Broome & Murphy Jump-Off x. 79 Sunsherpa..had a big jump in him..but, unfortunately, he was nothing like his half-brother as far as style and scope were concerned. 1975B. Froud Better Show Jumping viii. 63 The average horse with reasonable scope can clear a low fence of say three feet high from two feet or twelve feet away from the base. 1980Times 11 July 11/1 The final Liverpool fence of sloping poles at 6ft required more scope than most of the contenders possessed.
9. Extent in space, spaciousness; a (large) space, extent, tract, or area.
1590Spenser F.Q. iii. ix. 46 So huge a scope at first him seemed best, To be the compasse of his kingdomes seat. 1600Sir F. Vere Comm. 93 They would the rather attend the growing of the tide..that the scope of the sands might be less spacious and serviceable for horsmen. 1601Bacon Let. in Spedding Life (1862) II. 369 The land is good land, and well countenanced by scope of acres, woods and royalties. 1834Disraeli Rev. Epick ii. v. 63 Of adamant That mighty reservoir: its scope secure Might screen a navy. 1904A. L. Salmon Pop. Guide to Devonsh. 59 The moormen may fish and dig turf, and use the infinite scope for pasturing their cattle.
†10. A tract (of land); esp. a piece of land belonging to an individual owner. ? Anglo-Irish. Obs.
1569Irish Act Eliz. (1621) 313 The whole North of Ireland..wherein he had a scope of a hundred and twentie miles long, and a hundred and odd miles broade to runne and roome himself. 1577Stanyhurst Descr. Irel. iii. 11 in Holinshed, The paroche was meared from the Crane castle, to the fishambles, called the cockehil with Preston hys Innes, and the lane thereto adioyning, which scope is now vnited to S. Iohn hys paroche. 1612Davies Why Ireland, etc. 133 The Scopes of Land which were graunted to the first Aduenturers were too Large. 1659Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 470, 3. That he had gotten vast sums of money and scopes of land, by fraud. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. i. (1690) 11 Shall not much more time be spared if they [1000 men] lived all upon a Thousand Acres, then if they were forced to live upon ten times as large a Scope of Land. a1691Boyle Hist. Air (1692) 164 The Czar's chief physician confirmed to me..that in the year 1664, or 65, extraordinary dry and great scopes of land were set on fire, and miserably wasted by the great heat of the sun.
11. Naut. The length of cable at which a ship rides when at anchor. Also riding-scope.
1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 437 This obliged us to let go our Sheet Anchor, veering out a good scope of Cable. 1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World 265 Having our yaul in tow, and having but a short scope of boat rope for her. 1841Riding scope [see riding vbl. n. 7]. 1868Nat. Encycl. I. 691 At long scope, Rodgers' [anchor] dragged 7 feet 8½ inches. 1885Law Times Rep. LIII. 53/2 A tow which is being towed with a long scope of hawser by night. 1893Clark Russell Ida Noble 98 We'll..ride to a short scope.
▪ III. scope, n.3 colloq.|skəʊp|
Also 'scope.
a. A shortened form of many words terminating in -scope, as cystoscope, horoscope, microscope, periscope, telescope, etc.
1603B. Jonson Sejanus iv. v, Casting the Scope of mens Natiuities. 1872O. W. Holmes Poet Breakf.-t. v. 123, I hope you won't lose any patients by my making a little fun of your meters and scopes. 1914Dialect Notes IV. 131 Scope, from microscope. Student slang. ‘Have you a slide in your scope?’ 1933Partridge Slang To-day & Yesterday iii. iii. 190 Scope, the cystoscope, an instrument used for examining the bladder. 1937V. Woolf Let. 17 Aug. (1980) VI. 159 Now I must..have out the scope and see if I can pry into your bedroom. 1968C. Helmericks Down Wild River North i. ii. 32, I selected a good four-power scope and a carrying sling. 1976J. F. Panish in G. Berci Endoscopy xxi. 296/2 We lubricate the scope with mineral oil. If examination is going to include the right side of the colon, we begin with the longer colonoscope. 1978W. F. Buckley Stained Glass xxi. 206 They can peer into the bowels of the scope all they want to.
b. Also scope sight. A telescopic sight for a gun.
1934in Webster. 1966‘A. Hall’ 9th Directive x. 96 The dealer had sent it [sc. a rifle]..with the scope-sight already mounted. 1968K. Weatherly Roo Shooter 93 All he had to do was put on the 'scope off the ·303. 1976Shooting Times & Country Mag. 16–22 Dec. 7 (Advt.), The BSA Scorpion is a super accurate air pistol even without its 'scope sight. 1978R. Ludlum Holcroft Covenant xxxi. 366 Automatic repeating rifle and scope are sewn into the mattress of the bed nearest the window.
c. An oscilloscope or visual display unit; spec. a radar screen.
1945Army & Navy Jrnl. 18 Aug. 1534/1 In using the PPI, the operator knows that the plane is the center of the circular scope and that the map which forms shows by the intensity of its light the terrain below and buildings or other targets. 1948M. H. Nicolson Voyages to Moon 3 Two and one-half seconds later a returning pulse was clearly detected on a radar scope. 1958P. Bryant Two Hours to Doom 106 Goldsmith peered closely at his scope. 1960Practical Wireless XXXVI. 401/1 (Advt.), Compact portable 'scope ideal for servicing and general work. 1964Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. CXV. 659 There are two distinct display channels which may be connected either to the display scope..or else to remote standard oscilloscopes. 1965Wireless World July 359/1 The oscilloscope (or ‘scope’ as it is now commonly called) is an instrument that lets you see what is going on inside an electrical circuit. 1968Amer. Documentation Jan. 72/1 Editing will be done on-line with a display scope and keyboard. Information from the central file will be retrieved, displayed on the scope, edited, and then stored in a new file which will go directly to a printer for publication. 1970Times Lit. Suppl. 23 July 821/3 With his text stored on magnetic tape, the linguist can..have printed out on paper or displayed on a visual display unit (a ‘scope’), the parts of the text that he wants to inspect. 1971R. Sale Man who raised Hell i. i. 16 A big fat green carnation popped up on the scope where the blip had been. 1974Sci. Amer. Sept. 18/2 (Advt.), Its flexible controls allow the cardiologist to keep a waveform on the scope for as long as 40 seconds.
▪ IV. † scope, v.1 Obs.
Also 4, 7 scop, 4 schope.
[a. ON. skopa (in phr. skopa skeið to take a run); cf. MSw., Norw. skopa to skip, leap. Cf. scoup v.]
1. intr. To leap, skip. In later use only of horses.
13..Cursor M. 19080 (Gött.) Þe propheci was þan fild sua, þat said þe halt suld scope [c 1400 Edinb. scop] as ra. Ibid. 23569 Mani thinges mai we do, Þat forto do war littel fro, Als forto schope and forto rin, Quen it war better for to blin. 1483Cath. Angl. 323/2 To Scope, vbi to rynne or lepe. 1567Drant Horace, Ep. i. xiv. E iiij b, Yet thither⁓warde assuredlye my harte, and mynde is bente. And burnes, and burnes to braste the bondes which doe inclose it so, That it ne can goe scope abrode where it woulde gladly goe. 1572Satir. Poems Reform. xxxiii. 140 Wer not thir thingis that maks me leif in hope, At libertie to se this Lyoun scope, One day to Rore and Ramp vpon his fois. 1607Markham Caval. i. 2 That your Mares and Colts may not bee throng'd vp,..wanting libertie to scope and runne vp and downe at pleasure. Ibid. 5 That a Foale may..by scoping or galloping vp and downe the hill, come to a purenes of winde, and a nimblenes of bodie. 1639T. de la Grey Compl. Horsem. 5 Grounds..are very profitable for your colts to scope, run, and play in.
2. trans. To make (a horse) leap for exercise.
1607Markham Caval. vi. 29 Then you shall gallop and scope him gently vp and down to keep him warme. 1688Holme Armoury iii. xix. (Roxb.) 184/2 Termes used about dressing and feeding of horses... Scop or aire him.
▪ V. † scope, v.2 Obs. rare.
[f. scope n.2]
1. intr. To aim at (see quot.). nonce-use.
1668Howe Blessedn. Righteous xv. 267 And the word [σκοπούντων 2 Cor. iv. 18] here rendred (look)..doth not import..a taking notice, or assenting onely, that there is such things, but a designing or scoping at them (which is the very word) with an appropriative eye.
2. trans. ? To calculate the scope or range of.
1807J. Barlow Columb. v. 608 Lincoln..Scoped the whole war and measured well the foes.
Restrict ‘† Obs. rare’ to senses in Dict. and add: 3. to scope out, to investigate or assess (a person or a state of affairs); to examine; to check out. U.S. slang.
1977Amer. Speech 1975 L. 65 Scope out vt, investigate. ‘Let's scope out the situation.’ 1984J. McInerny Bright Lights 33 You have scoped out and fixed a number of colossal blunders. 1986R. B. Parker Taming Sea-Horse (1987) xv. 91, I..leaned against the front wall..and scoped things out. 1988Analog Feb. 74/2 They'd scoped-out their market and created a product that customers wanted to buy at a price they were willing to pay.
▪ VI. scope
obs. form of scalp n.1
1578Banister Hist. Man i. 16 In the head and scope of the scull are yet diuerse and sundry little Perforations.
▪ VII. scope
obs. form of scoop n. and v.
▪ VIII. scope, scopid
obs. pa. tense of scape v.1
a1400–50Alexander 3915 And many scopid in þe scoghe without scath mare. |