| 释义 |
▪ I. scold, n.|skəʊld|
Forms: α. north. (now north. dial. and Sc.) 3–4, 8–9 scald, 4–6 skald, 5 skawde, scawde, skalde, scalde, 9 scauld, scaad. β. 3–7 scolde, 4–6 skolde, 5–7 skold, 6 schold, skould, 6–7 scould, 7 scowld, 3– scold. γ. north. 6 scolle, skol, scaule, scoule, 8 scaul, scawl.
[App. a. ON. skáld neut. (see skald), originally meaning a poet; the sense-development postulated is strange, but the probability of a sense ‘lampooner’ as an intermediate stage seems to be indicated by the fact that the derivative skáldskapr, lit. ‘skaldship’, poetry, has in the Icel. law-books the specific sense of libel in verse.]
1. In early use, a person (esp. a woman) of ribald speech; later, a woman (rarely a man) addicted to abusive language.
In the example from Ormin, the sense may be ‘minstrel’.
αc1200Ormin 2192 Full wel birrþ ure maȝȝdenn ben Forrshamedd, ȝiff mann brinngeþ Biforenn hire unnþæwfull word & wælinng word þurrh scaldess. a1300Cursor M. 22030 [Anticrist] sal be born..of bismer brem and bald And geten of a glotun scald [Gött. of glotun and skald] Þat þar may be na fuler tuin. Ibid. 29342 Womman commun and alsua scald, Alle ar suilk for cursd tald. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 69 He was of his tong a skalde, And for to boste was he ful balde. c1460Towneley Myst. xiii. 596 Lett bren this bawde and bind her fast. A fals skawde hang at the last; so shall thou. 1483Cath. Angl. 322/1 A Scawde, barda, vt supra vbi scalde. 1508Kennedie Flyting w. Dunbar 322 And knaw, kene skald, I hald of Alathya. 1825Jamieson, Scald, 1. A scold; applied to a person.
βc1275Prov. ælfred 412 in O.E. Misc. 127 Be þu neuere to bold, to chiden agen oni scold. Ibid. 705 He is cocker, þef, and horeling, scolde, of wrechedome he is king. c1325Poem temp. Edw. II (Percy) li, As wel wol a knyȝt chide As eny scold in a toun. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. xii. 34 And when scripture þe skolde hadde þus wyt y-sheued, Clergie in-to a caban crepte anon after. 1377Ibid. B. xix. 279 Ne sholde no scorner ne scolde oute of skyl hym brynge. c1450Mirk's Festial 229 A claterer, a ianguler, a flyter, a curser, a swerer, and a skold of hur mowþe. a1529Skelton Agst. Venemous Tongues Wks. 1843 I. 132 A sclaunderous tunge, a tunge of a skolde, Worketh more mischiefe than can be tolde. 1565Child-Marriages 127 She takes her for no schold, nor an vnhonest woman. 1577Harrison England iii. vi. 108/1 Scoldes are ducked vpon cuckingstooles in the water. a1586Sidney Arcadia iii. (1598) 345 Miso interrupted his tale, with rayling at Damætas, with all those exquisite termes, which I was neuer good skold inough to imagine. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. ii. 188, I know she is an irkesome brawling scold. 1611Bible Ecclus. xxvi. 27 A loude crying woman, and a scolde, shall be sought out to driue away the enemies. 1611Cotgr., Causeresse, a scowld, a brabling woman. 1640in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. iv. 433 For leading scoldes bridled along the Town at Mr. Bayliffes commaund, 6d. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. xxiii. 218 Fame hath much of the scold in her; the best way to silence her is to be silent. 1713Shaftesbury Judgm. Hercules iii. Charac. (1723) III. 368 The Painter..will doubtless beware of representing his Heroine as a mere Scold. 1782H. Cowley Bold Stroke for Husband i. ii, Every body supposes my lady an arrant scold. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. xxiii. (1907) II. 206 The Prior was one of the many instances of a youthful sinner metamorphosed into an old scold. 1842Mrs. Gore Fascination 15 ‘If you only manage to drink the wine I send to fetch for you,’ said the scold of a wife, ‘you won't be much the worse for it.’ 1863P. Barry Dockyard Econ. 67 Too often he is under the dominion of a forbidding scold, who, in addition to her other bad qualities, is slovenly and unthrifty.
γ1569scolle, 1572 skol [see scold-cart, below]. 1570Levins Manip. 43/45 A Scaule, rixosa mulier. Ibid. 218/15 A Scoule. 1718Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. iii. xvi, Ye's thole for this, ye scaul. 1785Burns Addr. Deil xviii, His ill-tongu'd, wicked Scawl [sc. Job's wife].
b. common scold: a woman who disturbs the peace of the neighbourhood by her constant scolding.
1467Crt. Rolls Maldon, Essex (Bundle 43 no. 1), Eadem Katerina est communis scolde. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 500 Lyke a common skold in a Cage. 1769Blackstone Comm. iv. xiii. 169 A common scold, communis rixatrix, (for our law-latin confines it to the feminine gender,) is a public nusance to her neighbourhood. 1858J. P. Bishop Comm. Crim. Law II. §147 A common scold is one, who, by the practice of frequent scolding, disturbs the repose of the neighborhood.
c. Comb.: scold's bit, bridle = branks1 1; † scold-cart, a cart used for the public exposure of common scolds.
1569Nottingham Rec. IV. 135 Mendyng of the scolle kart. 1572Ibid. IV. 145 Mendyng the skolcart. 1604Ibid. IV. 265 Wee desire we may haue a scould carte for scoulds, and to carye criples in. 1858,1869Scold's bridle [see branks1 1]. 1884Chr. World 4 Sept. 661/5 Then came Walton, where the famous scold's bit is preserved in the church.
2. [From the verb.] An act of scolding; a scolding rebuke. ? Obs. exc. Sc.
α1773Fergusson Farmer's Ingle 54 The waefu' scald o' our Mess-John to bide. 1831R. Shennan Tales, Songs, etc. 65 (E.D.D.) Whiles they got a skelp or scauld. 1871W. Alexander Johnny Gibb iv. 33 Aw doot Gushetneuk cam' in for a bit scaad yon'er.
β1726Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Mar Apr. (1893) I. 495 Mamma and I were in an actual scold when my poor father expired. a1774Goldsm. tr. Scarron's Com. Romance (1775) II. 133 The Lady Abbess had already put him in an ill humour by the scold she gave him for overturning her. 1778Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 31 Oct., To-day Mrs. Williams and Mrs. Desmoulins had a scold. 1807Williams Let. to Parr 28 Dec. in Parr's Wks. (1828) VIII. 293, I should not have been so long in answering your sharp scold and soothing invitation had I not [etc.]. 1847Mrs. Carlyle Let. Dec. in New Lett. (1903) I. 237, I have not had to transact one scold since this girl came to me. 1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 91 His scold died out good naturedly enough in the end, and I saw him laugh as he turned away. 1891‘L. Keith’ My Bonnie Lady ix. 93 Now that I have given you your scolds we'll say no more about it.
▪ II. scold, v.|skəʊld|
Forms: α. 4–6 scolde, 5 scoolde, 5–6 skolde, 6 scoulde, skowlde, scowde, skoolde, 6–7 scould, 7 scowlde, (9 dial. scoud), 6– scold. β. north. and dial. 6 scaule, scoule, 9 scall. γ. Sc. 8 scald, scauld.
[f. scold n.
Notwithstanding the close resemblance in form and meaning with the WGer. str. vb. OFris. skelda, OS. sceldan (in a gloss), Du., MLG. schelden, OHG. sceltan (MHG., mod.G. schelten), there appears to be no etymological connexion.]
1. intr.
†a. Originally, to behave as a scold; to quarrel noisily, to brawl; to rail at or wrangle with some one; to use violent or unseemly language in vituperation; said chiefly of women. Obs.
b. Now with milder sense (partly as absol. use of sense 3): To use undignifed vehemence or persistence in reproof or fault-finding; colloq. often merely, to utter continuous reproof.
α1377Langl. P. Pl. B. ii. 81 To scorne and to scolde sclaundere to make. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. xiii. (1495) 197 Noo man hath more woo than he that hath an euyll wyfe, cryenge and janglynge, chydynge and skoldynge. 1526Tindale N.T. Prol. A ij b, Lest we..fall from meke lernynge into ydle despiciouns, braulinge and scoldynge aboute wordes. 1530Palsgr. 706/2, I scoulde, as a man or woman dothe that chyde, je tence... They scolde togyther lyke two women. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 160 b, Every day almost they would bryng them furth openly and scolde and chyde with them, and make them beleve that they woulde hang them if they were not payed. 1584in D. Fenner Def. Ministers (1587) 43 Let him goe home and skoolde with his wife. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. i. 177 Mark'd you not how hir sister Began to scold, and raise vp such a storme, That mortal eares might hardly indure the din. 1607― Cor. v. vi. 106 Pardon me Lords, 'tis the first time that euer I was forc'd to scoul'd. c1618Moryson Itin. iv. (1903) 239 Some runn out to braule and scowlde like women with the next enemyes. 1673Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 265, I told her I came to be merry and not to be scolded at. 1675Alsop Anti-Sozzo iii. ii. 193 Therefore go scold with the Apostle: that which will bring him off will bring off the Doctor. 1713Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 287 For Gods, we are by Homer told, Can in Celestial Language scold. 1722De Foe Col. Jack vii, I scolded heartily at him when he came back. 1764Wesley Jrnl. 21 June, A woman had ‘scolded with her neighbour’. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 24 Apr. (1815) 37 He might harp as long as he pleased upon her scolding; but she never scolded, except for his advantage. 1822A. Cunningham Tradit. Tales, Death of Laird of Warlsworm (1887) 273 All women love to be married, were it only for the sake of having somebody to scold at. 1833T. Hook Parson's Dau. ii. iii, I have no doubt that Lady Frances will, at first, look grave, and even perhaps scold, but it will wear off. 1847C. Brontë J. Eyre iv, I just put my two arms round her, and said, ‘Come, Bessie! don't scold.’
β1570Levins Manip. 44/2 To Scaule, rixari. Ibid. 218/24 To Scoule. 1820J. Johnstone Poems 127 (E.D.D.) I'm sure that ye a' got a part o't, And needna scall oft sae at me.
2. quasi-trans. with complementary adj., adv., or phrase expressing the result of scolding. Also † to scold it out: to continue wrangling to the end.
c1590Greene Fr. Bacon xiii. 48 Stand on thy guard, I cannot scold it out. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, v. i. 173 Lady. An hundred Marks? By this light, Ile ha more... I will haue more, or scold it out of him. c1645Howell Lett. (1655) IV. vii. 18 She had scolded her Husband one day out of doores. 1650B. Discolliminium 10 Meer morall prudence might suffer wise men to stand still.., and such shallow heads as I am, to scould themselves quiet. 1754Warburton View Bolingbr. Philos. i. 34 My Master is not a man to be scratched and scolded out of his Kingdom. 1783Cowper Let. 17 June, No man was ever scolded out of his sins. 1887R. N. Carey Uncle Max v. 42, I scolded back the foolish thoughts, and felt ashamed of myself for entertaining them.
3. trans. To address (esp. an inferior or a child) with continuous and more or less angry reproach; to chide.
This construction is prob. of late introduction from northern dialects. Johnson does not mention it in his Dictionary (1755), though Boswell reports him as having used it orally in 1763. In the 19th c. the use was still colloquial rather than literary, and its associations were somewhat undignified; but it is now quite free from the discreditable implications which the intransitive use (sense 1) has not yet wholly lost.
1715Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. ii. xxiii, Auld nick Should tempt their wifes to scald Them for't. 1763Johnson in Boswell (1831) I. 418 You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 2 June (1815) 120 She has left off scolding the servants. 1781Cowper On Madan's Answ. Newton 12 But the strife is the strangest that ever was known, If a man must be scolded for loving his own [wife]. 1832Lytton Eugene A. i. v, Well, Walter, I feel, for the first time these ten years, that I have a right to scold you. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair lxi, She scolds the servants from morning till night. 1865Livingstone Zambesi xix. 398 The headman scolded the fellow for his meanness. 1889Mrs. Oliphant Poor Gentl. xlii. III. 173 She scolded Anne,..but so softly that Anne fell asleep in the middle of the little lecture. |