| 释义 |
▪ I. brood, n.|bruːd|
Forms: 1 bród, 3–5 brod, 4–5 brode, 5–6 broode, Sc. brude, 4– brood.
[OE. bród, cogn. with Du. broed neut., MDu. broet -d-; also with OHG., MHG. bruot fem., ‘heat, warmth, hatching, that which is hatched, brood’, mod.G. brut ‘hatching, brood’, from Teutonic verb-root bro- to warm, to heat.]
1. Progeny, offspring, young.
a. esp. of animals that lay eggs, as birds, serpents, insects, etc. a brood: a family of young hatched at once, a hatch.
c1000ælfric Hom. II. 10 Þæt sind beon..of ðam huniᵹe hi bredað heora brod. a1250Owl & Night. 1634 Ich not to hwan þu bredst þi brod. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 133 The foulere that..distroyed hadde hire brod. 1486Bk. St. Albans F vj, A Brode of hennys. 1530Palsgr. 201/2 Brood of byrdes, covuee doiseaux. 1611Bible Luke xiii. 34 As a henne doeth gather her brood vnder her wings. 1697Dryden Virg. Eclog. iv. 28 The Serpents Brood shall die. 1711Addison Spect. No. 121 ⁋1 A Hen followed by a Brood of Ducks. 1760tr. Keysler's Trav. I. 356 Before the violent heats set in the first brood of [silk-] worms have finished their work. 1805A. Mackintosh Driffield Angler 294 Brood of black game, or heath fowl. 1873G. C. Davies Mount. & Mere ii. 9 A wild duck leads her brood by the rushes.
†b. of cattle or large animals. Obs.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3712 Ful of erf and of netes brod. 1387Trevisa Higden (1865) II. 201 (Mätz.) Among hem [bestes] al þe brood is liche to þe same kynde.
c. Of human beings: family, children. (Now generally somewhat contemptuous.)
a1300Cursor M. 1507 Þar he wond ai wit his brode. c1460Towneley Myst. 104 A house fulle of brude. 1480Caxton Descr. Brit. 40 They prayse fast troian blode For therof come all her brode. c1590J. Burel Queens Entry Edinb., Thair infants sang, & bairnly brudis Quho had but new begun thair mudis. 1598Drayton Heroic. Ep. xv. 38 Make this a meane to rayse the Nevils Brood. 1610Shakes. Temp. iii. ii. 113 She will become thy bed..And bring thee forth braue brood. 1642Rogers Naaman 25 The most poore, despised..silly wench among all thy brood. 1680Otway Hist. C. Marius 8 There's a Resemblance tells whose Brood she came of. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. 129 A widow with a brood of daughters.
†d. The young of fish; fry. Obs.
1389Act 13 Rich. II, xix. §1 Le frie ou brood des salmons. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xiii. xxvi. (1495) 458 Smale fysshes brynge forthe theyr brood in place wherin is but lytyll water. 1531–2Act 23 Hen. VIII, xviii, Broode and frie of fisshe in the saide riuer. 1558Act 1 Eliz. xvii. §1 Any young Brood, Spawn or Fry of Eels.
e. fig. Of things inanimate.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iii. i. 86 Such things become the Hatch and Brood of Time. 1632Milton Penseroso 96 The brood of Folly without father bred. 1798Frere New Morality in Anti-Jacobin 9 July, To drive and scatter all the brood of lies. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola i. ix. (1880) I. 136 A brood of guilty wishes.
f. Of bees and wasps: the larvæ while in the brood-cells; foul brood: see foul a. 1 b.
1754P. Templeman Remarks Physics II. 82 Till all the brood have sallied forth in the form of bees. 1806J. G. Dalyell tr. Huber's Nat. Hist. Bees v. 102 Another piece of comb, containing the brood of workers. 1869Good Words for Young 1 Sept. 515/1 At length the first brood [of wasps] is hatched.
2.
†a. The cherishing of the fœtus in the egg or the womb; hatching, breeding. to sit on brood or a-brood: as a hen on her eggs, fig. to sit brooding. Cf. abrood. Obs. or arch.
1250–1398 [see abrood]. a1300Seven Sins in E.E.P. (1862) 19 A-pan is muk he sit a-brode. c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 575 What woman cannot sette an hen on broode And bryng her briddes forth? c1440Promp. Parv. 53 Brode of byrdys, pullificacio. c1534tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (1846) I. 182 Verie commodius for the broode and feeding of cattayle. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. i. 173 There's something in his soule O're which his Melancholly sits on brood. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Countr. Farm 80 To fat their Feasant Cockes and Hennes for Feastiuall dayes..and not for brood. 1872Browning Fifine lix. 12 You still blew a spark at brood I' the greyest embers.
†b. Hence: parentage, extraction, nativity.
1596Spenser F.Q. i. iii. 8 At last..Arose the virgin borne of heauenly brood. Ibid. v. vii. 21 They doe thy linage, and thy Lordly brood..They doe thy love forlorne in womens thraldome see.
c. attrib. with sense ‘breeding’; as in brood class; brood hen, brood mare, brood sow, and the like, where however the words are often hyphened: see 6.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (1531) 13 He..cheryssheth vs, as..the broode henne her chekyns. 1814Scott Diary in Lockhart (1839) IV. 234 The brood sow making a distinguished inhabitant of the mansion. 1883Birmingham Weekly Post 11 Aug. 6/3 Mares and foals shown in the brood class. 1886Sat. Rev. 6 Mar. 327/2 A brood mare, one of the blue-blooded matrons of the Stud-book.
d. A state of brooding or mental contemplation, esp. in a brood.
1895Hardy Jude vi. vi. 469 You seem all in a brood, old man. 1941N. Marsh Surfeit of Lampreys xvi. 251 We'll all have a brood over the beastly thing. 1959Guardian 16 Oct. 9/1 Bill Mortlock is apt to go into a sudden brood about ethics or the rightness of Proust.
3. A race, a kind; a species of men, animals, or things, having common qualities. Now usually contemptuous; = ‘swarm, crew, crowd’.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 213 b, The secrett whisperings of Pelagius brood. 1602Carew Cornwall 22 a, Cornish houses are most pestred with Rats, a brood very hurtful. 1706Hearne Coll. (1885) I. 208 Presbyterians and the rest of yt Brood. a1719Addison (J.) Its tainted air and all its broods of poisons. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iii. 96 A brood of petty despots. 1884Pall Mall G. 28 June 1/1 The unclean brood of pashas and beys at present infesting London.
4. spec. The spat of oysters in its second year.
1862Macm. Mag. Oct. 504 This brood is carefully laid down in the oyster-beds of Whitstable. 1865Pall Mall G. 5 Dec. 5 The free fishermen buy not only ‘brood’, as the spawn is called when two years old, but oysters much nearer maturity. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 154/1 Spat in the second year is denominated ‘brood’.
5. Min. ‘The heavier kinds of waste in tin and copper ores (Cornwall).’ Raymond Mining Gloss.
1880W. Cornw. Gloss. Brood, impurities mixed with ore.
6. Comb., frequently with sense ‘breeding, hatching’, as brood-basket, brood-bed, brood-capsule, brood-comb (of bees), brood-goose, brood-mare, brood-oven, brood-oyster, brood-pouch, brood-song, brood-sow; brood-box = body-box (body n. 30); brood-cell, (a) a cell in a honeycomb, made for the reception of a larva, as distinguished from a honey-cell; (b) Bot., an asexually produced reproductive cell (Funk's Stand. Dict. 1893); brood-chamber, (a) a chamber for holding the eggs or brood of an animal, etc.; (b) a chamber folded off from the uterus and closed around the embryo in some species of Peripatus (Cent. Dict. Suppl.); brood-food, a prepared food for young bees; a substance derived from pollen by digestion, and serving as a pap for a brood of bees; brood-hen, a breeding-hen; also an old name for the constellation of the Pleiades; brood-lamella, ‘in crustaceans, a part of an appendage modified to form a protective cover for the eggs or young’ (Cent. Dict. Suppl.); † brood-man (L. proletarius), a Roman citizen of the lowest class who served the republic only with his children; brood nest, the space inside a hive occupied by the queen and brood; brood-space Anat., a cavity in the body of an animal, in which eggs or young are received and remain for a time; brood spot (see quot.).
1848Sketches Rur. Affairs 236 A hen and her chickens are sometimes carried..to the turnip-field, in a sort of basket, called a *brood-basket.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas i. v. (1641) 45/2 The rich Merchant resolutely ventures, So soon as th' Halcyon in her *brood-bed enters.
1888F. R. Cheshire Bees & Bee-Keeping II. 99 The section-racks..are constructed on the general plan of the brood-chambers..; their edges..abut accurately upon the *brood-boxes.
1870Nicholson Zool. (1880) 235 Instead of producing simple ‘Echinococci’, it [the tape-worm] may bud off numerous ‘*brood-capsules’.
1884T. W. Cowan Brit. Bee-Keeper's Guide Book (ed. 4) ii. 11 A small portion [of pollen] is used by the mature bees..for..capping *brood-cells.
1888*Brood chamber [see brood-box above]. 1914Geddes & Thomson Sex iv. 90 A unique shell..which is used as a brood-chamber for the developing ova.
1776Debraw in Phil. Trans. LXVII. 27 The other piece of *brood-comb.
a1626Fletcher Hum. Lieut. ii. i, They have no more burden than a *brood-goose, brother.
1526*Broode henne [see 2 c]. 1551Recorde Cast. Knowl. 265 In Greek Pleiades, and also Atlantides: they are named in englysh the brood Henne, and the Seuen starres. 1601Holland Pliny I. 298 There should not be put vnder a brood-hen aboue 25 egs at one time to sit vpon. Ibid. II. 30 The occultation or setting of the Brood-hen.
1610Healey St. Aug. City of God iii. xvii. 133 A..*Broodman was..euer forborne from all offices and vses in the Cittie, beeing reserued onely to begette children.
1792Sporting Mag. I. 153/2 Stallions... *Brood mares. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 29 Flocks and herds, and broodmares abounded in their pastures. 1875Encycl. Brit. III. 494/1 In the early spring, if a clean empty piece of drone comb be put into the centre of the *brood nest, the queen will usually fill it with drone eggs.
1737G. Smith Cur. Relations I. iv. 490 *Brood-Ovens, contriv'd to breed and hatch all Sorts of Eggs.
1864Daily Tel. 18 May, From *brood-oysters, whelks, shell-fish and the rest, the villages..derive {pstlg}30,000 a year.
1869Nicholson Zool. (1880) 522 In the curious American Tree-frogs..the females have a dorsal *brood-pouch. 1881F. M. Balfour Embryol. II. 55 In Syngnathus the eggs are carried in a brood-pouch of the male situated behind the anus.
1840Browning Sordello i. 279 He..sends his soul along, With the cloud's thunder, or a dove's *brood-song.
1815Scott Guy M. Introd. 9 Her sons..stole a *brood-sow from their kind entertainer.
1878Bell & Lankester tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 268 An Egg in the *brood-space formed between the body and the mantle.
1896Kirkaldy & Pollard tr. Boas' Text Bk. Zool. 450 Usually the sitting Bird is provided with *brood spots, regions from which the feathers have fallen off, so that the eggs may come into direct contact with the warm skin.
▸ brood parasite n. Biol. an animal that lays its eggs in the nest of another animal (of the same or a different species), leaving the host to care for them and the eventual young, to the detriment of the host's young.
1937R. Hesse Ecol. Animal Geogr. xxii. 461 Burrowing wasps likewise play large part in steppe regions... Their *brood parasites are found with these Hymenoptera, such as the multillid wasps. 1999National Trust Mag. Autumn 35/2 Mike discovered..a rare bee which is a brood parasite, laying its eggs in the food store of another bee which nests in old mouse holes.
▸ brood parasitism n. Biol. the mode of life characteristic of brood parasites.
1914Science 9 Jan. 70/1 Reuter's conception of parasitism is too narrow, because it includes only food parasitism and excludes phoresy..and *brood parasitism. 1953Q. Rev. Biol. 28 226/1 In species with brood parasitism,..the entire care of eggs and young is foisted onto other species. 1995Audubon Nov.–Dec. 84/4 Added to predation in these fragmented woodlands is brood parasitism—particularly that of brown-headed cowbirds, which lay their eggs in the nests of other birds.
▪ II. brood, v.|bruːd|
[f. brood n.]
I. trans. (mostly arch. or poet.)
1. To sit on (eggs) so as to hatch them; to incubate.
c1440Promp. Parv. 53 Brodyn, as byrdys, foveo, fetifico. 1626T. H. Caussin's Holy Crt. 166 If the hen brood not her eggs, she hath no desire to make them disclose. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 179 Gods Spirit..must incubate, and brood both, to make them fruitfull. 1816Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1843) II. 41 note, That the eggs..are deposited in heaps and that the neuters brood them. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. (1869) 88 To breed a fresh Soul, is it not like brooding a fresh (celestial) Egg?
†b. To produce by brooding upon; to breed. (Cf. Gen. i. 2.) Obs.
1649Selden Laws Eng. ii. i. (1739) 8 A Chaos capable of any form that the next daring spirit shall brood upon it.
2. To cherish (young brood) under the wings, as a hen does; often fig.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. lvii. 2 To gather in our hope unto God, that he may broode us under his winges. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1338/1 A hen a brooding hir chickens. 1639Horn & Robotham Gate Lang. Unl. xiv. §147 They brood their broode under the covering of their wings. 1640Bp. Hall Episc. Ep. Ded. 3 This strange bird thus hatched by Farell..was afterwards brooded by two more famous successors. 1675J. Smith Chr. Relig. Appeal i. 35 Those Gods, under whose wings I have been brooded.
b. to brood up: = breed up, to rear.
1586Warner Alb. Eng. ii. xi. 49 The thriftie Earth that bringeth out and broodeth vp her breed. 1610Healey St. Aug. City of God 94 Not able to restraine them from brooding up such desires.
3. fig. To breed, hatch (products or projects); to produce as it were by incubation.
1613Fletcher Captain ii. i. 52 An ease that broodes Theeves and basterds onely. 1662Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 362 Hell, and not the heavens, brooded that design. 1802Southey Thalaba iii. i, There brood the pestilence, and let The earthquake loose. 1870Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 183 By the natural processes of the creative faculty, to brood those flashes of expression that transcend rhetoric.
†4. To cherish, nurse tenderly. Obs.
1618T. Adams Saints' Meeting Wks. 1861 II. 401 Pleasures, delights, riches, are hatched and brooded by the wicked as their own. a1626Fletcher Woman's Prize i. i. 97 This fellow broods his master.
b. To cherish in the mind, ‘to nurse wrath (or the like) to keep it warm’; to meditate upon, contemplate with feeling. Now usually to brood on or brood over: see sense 7.
1571tr. Buchanan's Detect. Mary, She temperately broodeth good luck. 1589Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxvii. 136 The world thus brooding Vanities. 1646Fuller Wounded Consc. (1841) 316 To sit moping to brood their melancholy. 1675Dryden Aurengz. v. i. 2230 You'll sit and brood your Sorrows on a throne. 1784Johnson in Boswell Life (1826) IV. 337, I have had no long time to brood hope. 1807Crabbe Village ii. 20 Their careful masters brood the painful thought. 1850Blackie æschylus II. 61 Such wedlock even now He blindly broods, as shall uptear his kingdom.
II. intr.
5. To sit as a hen on eggs; to sit or hover with outspread cherishing wings.
1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 933 Birds sit brooding in the snow. 1629Milton Ode Nativity v, Birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed wave. 1667― P.L. i. 21 Thou..with mighty wings outspread Dove-like satst brooding on the vast Abyss, And mad'st it pregnant. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. xviii. (1817) 147 A couple of sparrows..would build their nest, and brood upon their eggs. 1852A. Jameson Leg. Madonna (1857) 183 [The Dove] sometimes seems to brood immediately over the head of the Virgin.
6. fig. To sit on, or hang close over; to hover over; with some figurative reference to the action or attitude of a brooding bird. Said esp. of night, darkness, silence, mist, storm-clouds, and the like.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 339 Perpetual Night..In silence brooding on th' unhappy ground. 1786S. Rogers Ode Superst. i. ii, Night..brooding, gave her shapeless shadows birth. 1810T. Park Confirm. Day in Poet. Register 31 The bishop's blessing broods upon their heads, (As once o'er Jordan did the dove-like form). 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 191 Glencoe signifies the Glen of Weeping..Mists and storms brood over it through the greater part of the finest summer. 1873Black Pr. Thule xiii. 201 Silence brooded over the long undulations of the Park.
7. To meditate moodily, or with strong feeling, on or over; to dwell closely upon in the mind; to nurse or foster the feeling of.
1751Johnson Rambl. No. 185 ⁋6 He who has often brooded over his wrongs. 1759Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 364 From the 21st to the 25th..the governor brooded over the two bills. 1805Southey Madoc in W. iii, I veil'd my head, and brooded on the past. 1808Scott Marm. vi. vi, Sit and deeply brood On dark revenge. 1822Hazlitt Table-t. I. v. 98 A mind for ever brooding over itself. 1876M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma 196 It was on this that..their hopes brooded.
b. To meditate (esp. in a moody or morbid way).
1826Disraeli Viv. Grey v. iii, Their conversation allowed him no pause to brood. 1833Tennyson Poems 151 With down cast eyes we muse and brood. 1873Morley Rousseau I. 277 The egoistic character that loves to brood, and hates to act.
8. transf.
a. To breed (interest).
1678Butler Hud. iii. ii. 861 Sums..That Brooding lie in Bankers Hands.
b. To lie as a cherished nestling, a cherished thought, etc. (Cf. 4 b and 6.)
1679Dryden Tr. & Cr. Pref., The Injury he had receiv'd..had long been brooding in his Mind. 1812J. Wilson Isle of Palms iii. 659 The dovelike rest That broods within her pious breast. 1850Hawthorne Scarlet Let. xvii, The themes that were brooding deepest in their hearts. |