| 释义 |
▪ I. purl, n.1|pɜːl|
Forms: 6 pyrl(e, 6–9 purle, 7– purl (9, in senses 2, 5, also pearl: see pearl n.4).
[In sense 1, app. orig. pyrl(e, f. pyrl(e, pirl v. to twist (‘I pyrle wyer of golde or syluer’ Palsgr.). As to the other senses see Note below.]
I.
1. Thread or cord made of twisted gold or silver wire, used for bordering and embroidering. pearl purl: see quot. 1882. silk purl: see quot. 1899.
1535Rep. Dk. Rutland's Papers (Hist. MSS. Comm.) IV. 277 For vj plightes of fyne lawne for sleves for the Quene with bandes of pyrles of golde, besides workinge the same by my Lady. a1586Sidney (Webster), A triumphant chariot made of carnation velvet, enriched with purl and pearl. 1600in Nichols Progr. Q. Eliz. (1823) III. 502 One Frenche gowne of blacke vellat, with an edge of purle, and pipes of gold. 1611Cotgr., Canetille, (Gold, or siluer) Purle. [Cf. mod.F. cannetille,ribbon-wire, gold or silver thread, ‘petite lame très-fine d'or ou d'argent tortillé’ Littré.] 1621in Elsing Debates Ho. Lords App. (1870) 141 They granted I should make purle upon condicion to be bound in 100li to give up an accompt of every parcell of gould and silver purle I should sell..; that through feare I was forced to condescend to seale the bond for not making any gold thread for this 2 yeares. 1797Boyer's Fr. Dict., Cannetille,..purl or purfled gold or silver embroidery. 1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlew., Pearl-purl is a gold cord of twisted wire, resembling a small row of beads strung closely together. Used for the edging of Bullion Embroidery. 1899W. G. P. Townsend Embroidery v. 82 (Gold Threads, etc.) Bullion.—The largest size of ‘purl’... Purl may be either in gold or silver. It is made in a series of continuous rings rather like a corkscrew. Ibid. vi. 106 Purl is made of the finest gold wire twisted to form a round tube. Ibid., Silk purl in a variety of colours is made (over wire)... It is worked in the same way as the gold. 1900Day & Buckle Art Needlework xxix. (1901) 245 Flat gold wire is known by the name of ‘plate’, and various twisted threads by the name of ‘purl’. [See esp. the two works last quoted here.]
attrib.1620in Naworth Househ. Bks. (Surtees) 145 Two ounseis of gould and silver purle for making a perle drissing for Mrs. Marie. 1899W. G. P. Townsend Embroidery vi. 108 Horse-tail silk for purl embroidery should be well waxed.
2. Each of the minute loops or twists with a row of which the edges of lace, braid, ribbon, and the like, are ornamented (in Fr. picot); hence, collectively, a series or chain of such loops. In the machine-made lace trade, a twisted loop on the edge of a piece of lace, net, or braid; also, a similar twisted loop in the fabric (not on the edge) of lace. Hence laces and braids characterized by such loops are known as purl laces, purl braids, and elliptically as ‘purls’. (Cf. also pearl n.4)
1611Cotgr., Canetille, (Gold, or siluer) Purle; also, a small purle of needle-worke; or, a small edging (bone) lace. Ibid., Canetillé, set, wrought, or inriched, with purle; also, edged with a small (needleworke) purle, or bone lace. 1688Miege Fr. Dict. 11, Purl, engrêlure petite bande à jour au bout de la dentelle. 1706Phillips (ed. 6), Purl, a kind of edging for Bone-lace. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Purle, a narrow list, border, fringe, or edging. 1865Patent Specif. No. 801 These extra warp threads thereby become warp weft threads, and they also form the purls... Intermediate weft threads..are caused to twist with the warp weft threads to produce combined twisted purl. To which the warp lacing threads attach the purls formed by the warp weft threads. 1867W. Felkin Machine-Wrought Hosiery 393 [A machine] producing, if wished, pearls either on one or both sides of the weaving edges. 1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework 386/2 The loops that decorate the edges of Pillow Lace are called Pearls or Purls, and are made to any parts of the design that are disconnected in any way from the main body of the work. 1886Daily News 13 Oct. 2/6 Market Repts... Business in Honiton braids and purls is far from being in a satisfactory condition. 1891Patent Specif. No. 9483 A ‘curl purl’ is produced by the ordinary ‘lap and press’ process.
attrib.1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework, Pearl-edge, otherwise written Purl-edge. A narrow kind of thread edging made to be sewn upon lace as a finish to the edge; or projecting loops of silk at the sides of ribbons formed by making some of the threads of the weft protrude beyond the selvedge.
II.
†3. ‘The pleat or fold of a ruff or band’ (Fairholt), as worn about 1600; a frill. Obs.
1593Nashe Christ's T. 72 Your pinches, your purles, your floury iaggings. 1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. iv. iv, It graz'd on my shoulder, takes me away sixe purles of an Italian cut-worke band I wore. 1604Middleton Father Hubburd's T. in Bullen O. Pl. VIII. 91 Many puffs and purls lay in a miserable case for want of stiffening. 1631T. Powell Tom All Trades (1876) 173 For working in curious Italian purles, or French borders, it is not worth the while. 1632Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry ii. ii, My lord, one of the purls of your band is, without all discipline, fallen out of his rank. 1663Davenant Siege of Rhodes i. Wks. (1672) 9 Our Powders and our Purls Are now out of fashion.
4. transf.
a. A minute ‘frilling’ on the edge of a petal or leaf.
b. A frill of feathers on the breast of some fancy varieties of pigeon.
1626Bacon Sylva §590 The jagging of pinks and gilly⁓flowers [is] like the inequality of oak leaves or vine leaves,..but they seldom or never have any small purls. 1765Treat. Dom. Pigeons 126 The feathers on the breast open, and reflect both ways, expanding itself something like a rose, which is called the purle by some, and by others the frill. Ibid. 127 The feathers on the breast (like that of the owl) open, and reflect both ways, standing out almost like a fringe, or the frill of a shirt; and the Bird is valued in proportion to the goodness of the frill or purle.
III. 5. Knitting. (Often pearl.) An inversion of the stitches, producing a ribbed appearance of the surface. (See purl v.1 4.) Chiefly in Comb., as purl-knitting, purl-stitch.
purl-edge, an edge made by ‘taking off’ the end stitches purl-wise; i.e. by turning the wires as in purl-stitch.
1825Jamieson, Pearl, the seam-stitch in a knitted stocking. To cast up a pearl, to cast up a stitch on the right side in place of the wrong; Purl, Teviotd[ale]. Ibid., Purl, the seamstitch in a knitted stocking. Ettr. For. 1885Misses Brietzcke & Rooper Needlew. & Knitting ii. 99 In purl knitting the needle is put through the upper part of the stitch towards the lower... Purl knitting is also called seamed knitting. Ribbed knitting is when plain and purl knitting is worked alternately. Ibid., Let them knit alternately 2 stitches plain and 2 purl. Ibid., The purl stitches. [Note. The various senses above have been treated together rather for convenience, as all relating to the decoration of apparel, than from any certainty that they are all uses of the same word. The derivation of sense 1 seems clear. That sense 2 had the same origin is possible, if the twist given to the minute loops was the characteristic. Or it may be that, as the purl edging of lace, etc. had a similar ornamental use to that of gold and silver purl, the name was extended from the one to the other; the possibility of this appears to be shown by Cotgrave's inclusion of both as meanings of F. canetille, in quot. 1611. The connexion of branches II. and III. is much more difficult to explain, and their inclusion must be considered as merely provisional; the latter may very well be a distinct word, and perhaps better spelt (as it often is) pearl. Minsheu in his Ductor suggested that purle was the same word as purfle, but this is historically as well as phonetically unlikely.] ▪ II. purl, n.2|pɜːrl|
Forms: 6–7 pirle, purle, 7 perle, 7– purl. See also prill n.2
[In earliest form pirle, mod. dial. prill: possibly connected with pirl v. to whirl, twist; but certainly akin to purl v.2, and the Norse vb. there mentioned.]
†1. A small rill in which the particles of water are in a whirl of agitation. Obs.
αa1522Leland Itin. (1744–5) II. 79 Ther is a litle pirle of water. Ibid., Thorowgh this wood rennith a pirle of water cumming out of an hil therby. 1584N. Riding Rec. (1894) 231 They came nere a little becke or pirle of water called Slabecke. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. i. 666 Receiving sundry pirles to it and many a running rill.
βa1624Bp. M. Smith Serm. (1632) 137 If the water at the well-head be corrupted, the streame, or perle running from the same, will not be wholesome.
γ1596Drayton Mortimer. Q, Whose streame..Which on the sparkling grauell runns in purles, As though the waues had been of siluer curles. 1650Jer. Taylor Funeral Serm. C'tess of Carbery 2 Watered with the purles flowing from the fountain of life. 1651― Serm. for Year xvi. 204 So have I seen the little purles of a spring sweat thorow the bottom of a bank, and intenerate the stubborn pavement.
2. The action or sound of purling as a rill.
1650H. Vaughan Silex Scint., Idle Verse, The Purles of youthful blood. 1850J. Struthers Poet. Wks. II. 251 How fraught with life the gentle purl is Of her sweet breath. 1876T. Hardy Ethelberta (1890) 180 The pleasant lake, the purl of the weir, the rudimentary lawns, shrubberies, and avenue, had changed their character quite. 1886― Mayor Casterbr. xxxviii, The purl of waters through the weirs.
▪ III. purl, n.3 ? Obs. exc. Hist.|pɜːl|
Also 7 purle.
[Origin unascertained (? related to prec.).]
a. Formerly, A liquor made by infusing wormwood or other bitter herbs in ale or beer. purl-royal, a similar infusion of wormwood in wine.
b. Later, A mixture of hot beer with gin (also called dog's nose), sometimes also with ginger and sugar: in repute as a morning draught.
1659–60Pepys Diary 19 Feb, To Mr. Harper's to drink a draft of Purle. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 341 As grateful to the Stomach as the best Purl-Royal, or Worm⁓wood Wine. 1712Addison Spect. No. 317 Friday..Twelve a-Clock... Drank a Glass of Purl to recover Appetite. a1764Lloyd Fam. Epist., O Purl! all hail... Mum, Porter, Stingo, Mild and Stale. 1833Marryat P. Simple x. The landlady made us some purl. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. i. vi, For, it would seem that Purl must always be taken early. 1903Licensed Traders' Dict., Purl, hot beer with a glass of gin in it, re-christened ‘dog nose’ in later days.
c. Comb.: purl-house, a public house at which purl is sold and drunk (so purl-boat); purl-man, a man who sells purl.
1801Sporting Mag. XIX. 126 The ‘Jolly Gardeners’ was stuck up at a Purl-house. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 93/2 The river beer-sellers, or purl-men, as they are more commonly called. 1902A. Morrison Hole in Wall 70 The men were purlmen..selling liquor—hot beer chiefly, in the cold mornings—to the men on the colliers. Ibid. 102 The purl-boat swung round and shot off.
▪ IV. purl, n.4 slang. or colloq.
[Goes with purl v.4, sense 3, of which (notwithstanding the want of earlier instances of the verb) it is prob. the derivative n. naming the act.]
An act of whirling, hurling, or pitching head-over-heels or head-foremost; a header or cropper in the hunting-field; a spill, a heavy fall; an overturn, upset, capsize.
1825Sporting Mag. XV. 387 The purl was tremendous. 1829Ibid. XXIV. 52 Mr. Tollemarsh got an awful purl over a gate. 1849E. E. Napier Excurs. S. Africa II. 248 Spite of numerous tumbles..I still kept ahead; but Piggy..was soon close at my heels; and, at every purl I got, I fancied I felt his tusks. 1856Reade Never too late xxxviii, They [canoes] went a tremendous pace—with occasional stoppages when a purl occurred. 1861G. Meredith E. Harrington xx, There's a purl: somebody's down.
▪ V. purl, n.5 Sc.
Also purle.
A hard nodule of the dung of an animal, esp. of horse or sheep; also, ‘dried cow-dung used for fuel’ (Jam.).
1704A. Pitcairne in Graham Soc. Life Scot. in 18th C. (1901) I. vi. 51 A handful of sheep's purles. 1799Prize Ess. Highl. Soc. Scot. II. 218 (Jam.) The dung of the animal is excreted in small quantities, and in the form of small hard purls. 1825Jamieson s.v., The auld woman was gathering horse-purls.
▪ VI. purl, n.6
[Echoic, from the bird's cry; cf. pirr n.2, purre n.1]
A local name of the tern.
1885Swainson Provinc. Names Birds 202 Common Tern... Great purl (Norfolk). Ibid. 203 Little Tern... Small purl (Norfolk).
▪ VII. purl, v.1
Also 6 pyrl(e, pirl(e.
[f. pyrle purl n.1]
†1. trans. To embroider with gold or silver thread (purl n.1 1); to edge embroidered figures with gold or silver thread. Chiefly in pa. pple. and ppl. a.
1526in Inv. Goods Dk. Richmond in Camden Misc. (1855) 14 Item, ij Copes of clothe of golde of damask paned with crymsen velvet pirled. 1527Inv. T. Cromwell's Goods (Public Rec. Office), A purse of black vellet pyrled with golde threde. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 73 b, Cloth of Tissue..poudered with redde Roses purled with fine gold. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1947/2 The lord maior, recorder, and aldermen,..who had crosses of veluet or satin pirled with gold. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. x, A baldrick, purl'd with silver. a1622Ainsworth Annot. Ps. xlv. 14 Purled workes or grounds, closures of gold, such as precious stones are set in. 1688Holme Armory iv. xii. (Roxb.) 504/1, 4 cushions of cloth of gold Freezed and purled.
fig.1622Fletcher Sea Voy. i. iii, Is thy skin whole? art thou not purl'd with scabs?
2. absol. To border or edge with or as with purls (purl n.1 2). Chiefly in purled pa. pple. and ppl. a., ornamented with or as with an edging of minute twisted loops.
1766W. Gordon Gen. Counting-ho. 430, 10 yards plain purled gauze. 1865Patent Specif. No. 801 The manufacture in twist lace machinery of plain or ornamental fabrics having purled edges obtained from warp threads. Ibid., As I am about to purl on the sides of this weaving, I must suppose that I have six carriages, the two outside ones being for the time being ordinary twisting or fabric carriages to which the warp lacing threads attach the purls formed by the warp weft threads.
†3. To pleat or frill like a ruff; to frill the edge of; also transf. Chiefly in pa. pple. and ppl. a.
1578Lyte Dodoens i. xix. 29 Small, narrow, long and round, ragged or purled leaues. Ibid. xx. 31 The leaues..be..a little cut, or purlde about the edges. 1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. ii. 59 Thy huff'd, puff'd, painted, curl'd purl'd wanton Pride. 1649W. M. Wand. Jew (1857) 16 By his slash'd doublet, high galloshes, and Italian purld band [hee should be] a Frenchman. 1649Lovelace Lucasta 147 (T.) The officious wind her loose hayre curles, The dewe her happy linnen purles. a1653G. Daniel Idyll 116 Wrought Pillow's bring Pownc'd Law, Stitched Common-wealth, and purled King.
4. Knitting. (trans. and intr.) To invert the stitches so as to produce a furrow or ‘seam’. (See purl n.1 5.)
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Purle, a term in knitting. It means an inversion of the stitches. The seams of stockings, the alternate ribs, and what are called the clocks, are purled. 1825Jamieson, To Purl, to form that stitch in knitting, or weaving stockings, which produces the hollow or fur. This is called the Purled or Purlin steek, and the stockings themselves Purled Stockings... It is to be observed, however, that Purl is merely a provincialism, Pearl being the common pronunciation of the S[cotch] term. 1885Misses Brietzcke & Rooper Needlework & Knitting ii. 99 As soon as the children can purl with ease. 1902M. Barnes-Grundy Thames Camp 299 Knitting her ‘primrose edging’, counting ‘knit three, purl three’.
▪ VIII. purl, v.2|pɜːl|
See also pirl v.
[Goes with purl n.2: cf. also Norw. purla (Aasen, Ross) to bubble up, gush out as water, Sw. dial. porla to purl, murmur, ripple, gurgle (Björkeman).]
1. intr. Of water, a brook, etc.: To flow with whirling motion of its particles, or twisting round small obstacles: often with reference to the murmuring sound of a rill.
a1586[see purling ppl. a.]. 1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. 81 From dry Rocks abundant Rivers purld. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. xi, From the rock a spring With streames of Lethe softly murmuring, Purles on the pebbles, and invites repose. 1706Phillips (ed. 6), To Purl, to run with a murmuring Noise, as a Stream does. 1720Pope Iliad xxi. 296 Swift o'er the rolling pebbles, down the hills, Louder and louder purl the falling rills. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 19 The gravel-paved brook..He often sat to see it purl along. 1830Tennyson Ode to Memory iv, The brook that loves To purl o'er matted cress and ribbed sand.
2. transf. Said of a stream of air, breath, wind, the sound of a wind instrument or a voice, etc.
1593Shakes. Lucr. 1407 From his lips did flie, Thin winding breath which purl'd vp to the skie. 1626,1863[see purling vbl. n.2]. 1648Herrick Hesper., Beucolick iii, The soft, the sweet, the mellow note That gently purles from eithers Oat. 1847Whistle Binkie (1890) II. 249 The saft wins pirlin through the trees.
b. trans. To utter with ‘purling’.
1648Herrick Hesper., Ecl. betw. End. Porter & Lycidas H. i, Tell me why Thy whilome merry Oate By thee doth so neglected lye And never purls a note.
▪ IX. purl, v.3
Now s.w. dial.
[Echoic.]
intr. To purr, as a cat.
1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 301 A Noise much the same as a Cat when she purls. 1866‘Nathan Hogg’ (H. Baird) New Ser. Poems Dev. Dial. 71 Za zshore ez hur ole cat wid purdle, Ha wid'n du et in tother wurdle.
▪ X. purl v.4
[In sense 1, app. a (? dialectal) variant spelling of pirl v. (sense 2), and thus in origin closely related to purl v.1, but with a different sense-development.]
1. intr. To revolve or whirl round rapidly, as a wheel; to spin round, as a peg-top, a whirligig, etc.; = pirl v. 2.
1791–1808 pirl: [see pirl v. 2]. 1880Plain Hints Needlework 104 In Wilts a shuttlecock is said to ‘purl’ when it spins in the air, after being thrown up in the air. 1881I. of Wight Words (E.D.S.) s.v., He purled round like a top. 1903Eng. Dial. Dict. s.v., [Warwicksh.] How that wheel goes purling round!
2. intr. To wheel round suddenly, as a horse.
1857Borrow Romany Rye (1858) I. 360 All on a sudden a light glared upon the horse's face, who purled round in great terror, and flung me out of the saddle.
3. trans. and intr. To turn upside down, overturn, upset, capsize; to turn heels over head, turn a somersault. dial. and colloq.
1856Reade Never too late xxxviii, They [natives] commonly paddle in companies of three; so that whenever one is purled, the other two come on each side of him, each takes a hand, and..they reseat him in his cocked hat [canoe], which never sinks, only purls. 1874‘S. Beauchamp’ Grantly Grange, II. xii. 267 A good pleached hedge will purl you like a wall; turn you right over..unless you slant it. Ibid. 268 (E.D.D.) He hit the fence, and then purled over.
▪ XI. † purl, v.5
Obs. Variant of prowl v.
c1440Promp. Parv. 415/1 Prollyn, as ratchys (or purlyn), scrutor. Ibid. 417/1 Purlyn, idem quod prollyn.
▪ XII. purl
var. pirl v., to twist, spin. |