| 释义 |
▪ I. scape, n.1|skeɪp|
Also 4 schap, 4–6 skape.
[Aphetic var. of escape n.1]
1. An act of escaping; = escape n.1 arch. Now chiefly in hairbreadth scape, after Shakespeare: see hairbreadth. (Often written 'scape.)
a1300Cursor M. 23730 All sal we rin into his rape, we wat þat þar mai li na scape. 13..K. Alis. 4273 (Bodl. MS.), He haþ ylore his foo..And bymeneþ his skape sore. a1500Arnolde's Chron. (1502) B ij, That the sherefs of london bee amerced for a scape of thefes at C. s. only. 1591G. Fletcher Russe Commw. xiii. 48 You shall seldome see a Russe a traueller, except he be with some Ambassadour, or that he make a scape out of his Countrie. 1653D. Osborne Lett. to Sir W. Temple (1888) 51 But à propos of Monsr. Smith what a scape has he made of my Lady Barbury. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. v. 29 To hold long subsistence seems but a scape in oblivion. 1739G. Ogle Gualtherus & Griselda 77 How great our Scape, who never yet knew Man! 1897Church Quarterly 11 The romantic scapes..of St. Athanasius gave birth to no literature of song and legend like the wanderings of Prince Charlie.
†2. A transgression due to thoughtlessness; also, with different notion, a breaking out from moral restraint, an outrageous sin; often applied to a breach of chastity. Cf. escape n.1 7. Obs.
c1440Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 3 He, wepynge hys dedis and reducyng to mynde the scapis of his yougth and ignoraunces. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. 60 b, Maydens that haue made a scape are commonly called to bee nurses. c1590Greene Fr. Bacon vii. 136 My Lord, pardon vs, we knew not what you were: But Courtiers may make greater scapes than these. 1592― Disput. Hee & Shee Connycatchers C 1 b, The old Croane..sayd the childe was hers, and so saued her daughters scape. 1599Marston Pygmal., Sat. v, Slight scapes are whipt, but damned deeds are praised. a1656Hales Golden Rem. i. (1673) 91 Men are universally more apt from the errours and scapes of good men to draw apologies for their own. 1671Milton P.R. ii. 189 Then lay'st thy scapes on names ador'd, Apollo, Neptune, Jupiter, or Pan. 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 560 One miscarriage, one scape in bad company, will not quite undo me.
†3. An inadvertent mistake; esp. a slip of the tongue or a clerical error, a ‘fault escaped’; = escape n.1 6. Obs.
1565Jewel Repl. Harding To Rdr. ⁋3 b, To consider better the ouersightes, and scapes of his former Booke. 1586Hooker Learned Disc. §39 (1612) 68 Let no man..thinke himselfe..alwaies freed from scapes and oversights in his speech. 1613E. Hoby Counter-snarle 33 Such scapes oftentimes happen, when the Author himselfe cannot attend the presse. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag., Penalties & Forf. 11 Such As poyson all they see, foul all they touch, And on Mechanick Scapes forge Arts detraction. 1705J. Blair in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Col. Ch. I. 153 Involuntary Scapes of Transcription excepted.
†4. to let a scape: to break wind. (See also escape n.1 4 b.) Obs.
1549Chaloner Erasm. on Folly N iv, I for my parte, through laughter, had almost let goe a skape, as Priapus did. 1577Kendall Flowers of Epigr. 104 She would not misse her fistyng curre for any thyng: and why? Forsothe when so she letts a scape, she cries me, fie curre, fie. 1618Barnevelt's Apol. B 2 b, This is the language of dissimulation, with whom a scape passes for currant, vnder the name of coughing. 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 584 To let a fart or let a scape.
†5. pl. ? Grapes that have been left ungathered.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 667 In some Countries they also giue them [sc. swine] the scapes or refuse Grapes of Vintage.
6. = scapement. Cf. scape v.2 and scape-wheel.
1798Trans. Soc. Arts XVI. 312 Exactly like those of a common clock with the dead scape.
7. Comb.: † scape-door, a door through which to escape, a means of escape; scape-pipe U.S. = escape pipe s.v. escape n.1 8; scape-spring, a spring that is automatically liberated when its action is required; scape-wheel = escape-wheel.
1607Hieron Defence i. 44 To himselfe a *scapedoore to flie out at.
1838E. Flagg Far West I. 51 The stern roar of the *scape⁓pipe, gave evidence of the fearful power summoned up to overcome the flood. 1949E. Hungerford Wells Fargo 22 This craft, in her neat coat of immaculate white, and her yellow stacks, 'scape pipes and upper works, and her gayly striped paddle-houses, was a pretty sight.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 512 Fig. 518 represents a side view of the *scape-spring which locks the wheel.
1822J. Imison Sci. & Art I. 85 Thus the motion begun by the weight is transported to the *scape wheel. 1877Encycl. Brit. VI. 18/2 The scape-wheel tooth does not overtake the face of the pallet immediately.
▪ II. scape, n.2|skeɪp|
[ad. L. scāpus, a. Gr. (Doric) σκᾶπος (Hesych.), cogn. w. σκῆπτρον sceptre. Cf. F. scape, Sp. escapo. See also scapus.]
1. Arch. The shaft of a column. (With reference to the alleged sense = apophyge, see escape n.2)
1663Charleton Chor. Gigant. 20 From the third part of their Scape, or lower part, upward. 1842Gwilt Archit. Gloss., Scape or Scapus, the shaft of a column; also the little hollow, above or below, which connects the shaft with the base, or with the fillet under the astragal.
†2. The tongue of a balance. Obs.[So L. scapus trutinæ is explained by Cooper 1565; Lewis & Short render it ‘beam’.] 1633G. Herbert Temple, Justice ii, The beam and scape Did like some tott'ring engine show.
3. Bot. A long flower-stalk rising directly from the root or rhizome; † gen., a stem or stalk.
1601Holland Pliny xiii. xi. I. 392 The scape or stalke that ariseth from it hath three sides with three corners triangle-wise. 1785Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xv. (1794) 166 Ribwort Plantain has..the scape angular and twisted. 1824J. Barnet in Trans. Hort. Soc. (1826) VI. 152 The scapes are short, generally half the length of the leaf-stalk. 1885G. L. Goodale Physiol. Bot. (1892) 384 The scapes of many plants develop at a rapid rate.
attrib.1870Hooker Stud. Flora 32 Draba rupestris..scape-leaf 1 or 0.
4. Ornith. (See quot.)
1872Coues Key N. Amer. Birds 2 A perfect feather consists of a main stem, or scape (scapus..), and a supplementary stem or aftershaft.
5. Ent. (See quots.)
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xxxiii. III. 366 Scapus (the Scape). The first and in many cases the most conspicuous joint of the Antennæ. It includes the Bulbus. Ibid. xxxiv. 515 The scape, or first joint, by means of the bulb inosculates in the torulus, or is suspended to it. 1898Packard Text-bk. Entomol. 57 In the more specialized forms it [the antenna] is divided into the scape, the pedicel, and a flagellum (or clavola).
▪ III. scape, n.3|skeɪp|
[Back-formation from landscape n.]
A view of scenery of any kind, whether consisting of land, water, cloud, or anything else. Also as the second element of combs. formed in imitation of landscape, as sea-scape, cloud-scape, and various nonce-words. See also cityscape, lunarscape, moonscape, roofscape, etc.
1773G. White Selborne, Let. to Barrington 9 Dec., Mr. Ray..was so ravished with the prospect from Plumpton-plain, near Lewes, that he mentioned these scapes in his ‘Wisdom of God in the Works of the Creation’ with the utmost satisfaction. 1776― Let. to J. White 9 Aug., He first of all sketches his scapes with a lead pencil. 1796C. Smith Marchmont IV. 339 My simile..brings me to remark on the landscape, or rather the prison-scape around me. 1853J. W. Warter Paroch. Fragments W. Tarring 362 During the ten years I have lived hard by the Downs, I have never seen a single dotterel on their scapes, much less a trip of them. 1868Daily News 3 Sept., Some of these cloud-scapes are extremely grand. 1885[W. H. White] Mark Rutherford's Deliv. ii. (1892) 18 Some relief from the contemplation of the landscape or brick-scape. 1907E. W. Coleridge Christabel 3 Here was one of those moon-scapes which the poet should depict in verse. 1908‘O. Henry’ Gentle Grafter 6 The third day of the rain it slacked up awhile in the afternoon, so me and Andy walked out to the edge of the town to view the mud⁓scape. 1930Sat. Rev. Lit. 27 Dec. 486/3 One may..strive to..obtain a meager impression—starved, wry glimpses—of the private mindscape beyond. 1972G. S. Fraser in Cox & Dyson 20th-Cent. Mind II. xi. 382 Stephen's associations [in Joyce's Ulysses] are not really loose, he composes elaborate moodscapes in sub-Paterian prose. 1973Art Internat. Mar. 49/2 Raffael's minutely dabbed garnish color..has more in common with the jungle-scapes and frottages of Max Ernst. 1975Times Lit. Suppl. 28 Nov. 1409/3 The ‘largest oil painting in the world’ (a sea-cum-strandscape by the rightly overlooked Jacob Mesdag). 1977‘J. McVean’ Bloodspoor xvii. 208 The two figures..were as much part of the desert winterscape now as the thorn barbs or the wheeling constellations in the sky above.
▪ IV. scape, n.4|skeɪp|
[Origin unknown: perh. f. scape n.3 (see inscape n.).]
In the terminology of G. M. Hopkins: a reflection or impression of the individual quality of a thing or action. Hence scaped, ˈscapish adjs.; ˈscaping.
1868G. M. Hopkins Jrnls. & Papers (1959) 170 The types of the two thieves..were in the wholeness and general scape of the anatomy original and interesting. (The prominence of the peculiar square-scaped drapery etc. in Holbein and his contemporaries is remarkable.) 1869Ibid. 194 It is just the things which produce dead impressions, which the mind..has made nothing of and brought into no scaping, that force themselves up in this way afterwards. 1874Ibid. 245, I saw also a good engraving of his Vintage Festival, which impressed the thought one would also gather from Rembrandt..of a master of scaping rather than of inscape. For the vigorous rhetorical but realistic and unaffected scaping holds everything but no arch⁓inscape is thought of. Ibid. 247 W. L. Wylie—Goodwin Sands—Fiery truthful rainbow-end; green slimy races of piers; all clean, atmospheric, truthful, and scapish. 1883― Sermons & Devotional Writings (1959) ii. ii. 136 Our action leaves in our minds scapes or species, the extreme ‘intention’ or instressing of which would be painful. Ibid., The soul then can be instressed in the species or scape of any bodily action..and so towards the species or scape of any object, as of sight, sound, taste, smell. 1948W. A. M. Peters Gerard Manley Hopkins i. 2 The suffix ‘scape’ in ‘landscape’..posits the presence of a unifying principle which enables us to consider part of the countryside..as a unit..but so that this part is perceived to carry the typical properties of the actually individed whole... ‘Scape’ comes to stand for that being which is an exact copy or reflection of the individual whole on which it is dependent for its existence.
▪ V. scape, v.1|skeɪp|
Forms: 3 scapie, 4 scap, skape, 4–5 skap, schap(e, 4–6 skape, 5 scappe, sckap, shape, skapp(e, 5–6 Sc. schaip, 6–7 scaipe, 9 dial. sceape, 4– scape. Also 4–6 strong pa. tense scope, skope, 4 skepe.
[Aphetic var. of escape v. Frequent in prose use till near the end of the 17th c.; subsequently only arch. and poet., and often written 'scape.]
1. = escape v. in its various senses.
a. intr.
c1275Lay. 826 Ne lete ȝe nanne cwicke scapie to felde. a1300Cursor M. 5009 For þar vs tok þe hei baili, To scap [Gött. schap, Trin. skape] wit gisel war we fain. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 10667 For he ne shulde skape by þe weye, He dyd on hym, bondes for to leye. 13..Gosp. Nicod. 240 (Add. MS.) Pilate saide: ‘is þis he þat herode pursewed soo?’ ‘Ȝha’, þai saide, ‘pardye, and ȝit he skappid hym fro’. 13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 155 Mony ladde þer forth-lep to laue & to kest, Scopen out þe scaþel water, þat fayn scape wolde. c1450Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 141 Yf thou be gylty thou mayst not schape. c1489Caxton Blanchardyn xlvii. 181 He was ryght wrooth and sory that she was scaped soo from hym. 1506Kal. Sheph. (Sommer) 159 She shall be syke in the age of .v. yere she shallbe in daungere of dethe: and yf she skape she may leue tyll .xliij. yere. 1526Tindale Matt. v. 18 One tytle of the lawe shall not scape tyll all be fulfilled. [So 1557 (Geneva).] 1540Cranmer's Bible, 1 Sam. xiv. 41 Saul and Jonathas were caught, but the people skaped free. 1573Satir. Poems Reform. xl. 163 Thay fryit in furie that he schaipit quick. c1630Mure Ps. cxxxix. 7 Where from thy spirit shall I scaipe? Where from thy presence flee? 1634Milton Comus 814 What, have you let the false enchanter scape? 1665Hooke Microgr. Pref., How difficult it will be for any..to scape from being discover'd. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables lxxi. 70 In the case of a Battle, where the Soldier grows Every day less apprehensive of the Hazzard, by seeing so many People Scape. 1744Armstrong Art Preserv. Health iii. 583 Of many thousands few untainted 'scaped; Of those infected fewer 'scap'd alive. 1784Cowper Task ii. 831 The croaking nuisance lurk'd in ev'ry nook; Nor palaces, nor even chambers, 'scap'd. 1814Cary Dante, Par. i. 89 Lightning, scaped from its own proper place. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles iii. iv, In hurry of the night, Scaped noteless, and without remark, Two strangers sought the Abbot's bark.
(β) strong pa. tense.
c1400Destr. Troy 13541 Thus I skope fro the skathe with skyrme of my hondes. Ibid. 13616 Aschatus þen skepe furth with his skire wordis. c1450Mirk's Festial 257 So þat noþyng lafte saue þe kyng, þat vnneþe scope, and a ȝeong sonne of his wyfe. 1480Caxton Trevisa's Higden (Rolls) VIII. 534 But he scope fro hem in to his lordes place. 1536St. Papers Hen. VIII (1834) II. 352 They scaled the bridge, which thothers perceyvyng, scope oute at thother ende therof. 1538Ibid. III. 19 Your son Bartholomew scope then hapy, for he was with Aylmer.
b. trans.
a1300Cursor M. 29260 Þe man..mai noght þis cursing scape. 13..K. Alis. 7735 (Bodl. MS.), Myne honde ne skapeþ he neuermore. c1386Chaucer Man of Law's T. 1151 Now is she scaped al hire auenture. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 295 No day schulde hym scape þat he nolde rede, write, oþer declare riȝtwisnesse. c1440Generydes 2849, I see noo cause, for we shall do right wele And skape ther handes, doughte ye neuer a dele. c1450Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 223 For trewly I am so woundyrly seke I may nevyr schape this grett seknes. 1547Bk. of Marchauntes b j, Nothynge scapeth them, but at their plasures [sic] they occupi it. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 37 b, It is sowed in April or later, in May, to scape the frostes. 1593Udalls' Key of Holy Tongue Note by Printer, The Typographical faultes, which perhaps haue scaped us. 1596Danett tr. Comines (1614) 130, I maruelled to heare such a word scape him. 1600Shakes. Sonn. xc, Ah doe not, when my heart hath scapte this sorrow Come in the rereward of a conquerd woe. 1693Locke Educ. §93 (1699) 148 Courage in an ill-bred Man, has the Air, and scapes not the Opinion of Brutality. 1710Swift Jrnl. to Stella 14 Dec., If Patrick had been at home, I should have 'scaped this; for I have taught him to deny me almost as well as Mr. Harley's porter. 1784Cowper Task iv. 185 While we retrace with mem'ry's pointing wand,..The dangers we have 'scaped. 1859Tennyson Guinevere 345 Pray for him that he scape the doom of fire. 1878Browning La Saisiaz 75 Ye mounts Where I climb to 'scape my fellow.
2. The verb-stem occurs in objective combinations, as scape-gallows, one who has escaped the gallows though deserving it; so † scape-Tyburn; † scape-sermon, an excuse for not preaching a sermon. Also scapegrace, scapethrift.
1799Washington Writ. (1893) XIV. 154 The *scape-gallowses of the large cities. 1838Blackw. Mag. XLIII. 520 The Whigs now support all the scape-graces, and some⁓times scape-gallowses.
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. xiii. 167 Thirdly, I believe that Mr. Curate was not provided, and that's enough at any time, for a *scape Sermon.
1602F. Herring Anat. 4 *Scape-Tibornes, Dog-leeches, and such like baggage.
▪ VI. scape, v.2 Horology.|skeɪp|
[Back-formation from scapement.]
intr. Of an escapement or one of its parts: To perform its function (in a certain manner).
1739[see escapement 2]. 1761[see dead a. 24 b]. 1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 141 The pallets ‘scape’ over three teeth of the wheel.
▪ VII. scape, int.|skeɪp|
A conventional imitation of the cry of the snipe when flushed (also used for the brambling's call). Hence used subst. as a nickname for the snipe.
1862G. H. Kingsley Sport & Trav. (1900) 380 The..half-frozen sedges in which one kills friend Scape at home. 1870H. Stevenson Birds Norf. II. 324 Its warning cry of ‘scape, scape’ on rising attracted my notice. 1903Westm. Gaz. 25 Nov. 2/3 Sceape! Sceape! a sudden gleam of mottled grey Rising from nowhere wings its wizard flight. 1962Times 6 Nov. 14/4 The bramblings' harsh and nasal call-note, usually written ‘scape’. |