| 释义 |
▪ I. scanning, vbl. n.|ˈskænɪŋ|
[f. scan v. + -ing1.]
The action of the vb.
1. a. Pros. = scansion 2.
c1440Promp. Parv. 442/2 Scannynge, of verse, scansio. 1586W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 69 All quantities necessary to the skanning of any verse. 1676Marvell Mr. Smirke 6 This Scanning was a liberal Art that we learn'd at Grammar-School. 1797Monthly Mag. III. 258 It will be verse only to the scanning, and neither verse nor prose to the ear. 1886J. B. Mayor Eng. Metre iv. 54 We come now to the lines which are said to be beyond the reach of analysis by feet. I give what I consider the true scanning of each.
b. Path. (Cf. scanning ppl. a. 2.)
1887Brit. Med. Jrnl. 2 Apr. 732/2 A case of locomotor ataxy..with ‘scanning’ of speech.
2. a. Close investigation or consideration, critical examination or judgement; discussion, comment, perception, discernment. Cf. scan v. 2 b. Phrases, † to have (a matter) in scanning, † to come, fall to scanning.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 238 Therfore muste prynces and noble men be at the skannyng therof. 1575Recorde's Gr. Arts Cc vj b, If some cunning Lawyers had this matter in scanning, they would determine this Testament to be quite voide. 1576Gascoigne Spoyle of Antwerp C vij, But I leaue the skanning of theyr deedes vnto God. 1602Carew Cornwall 57 Another question falleth sometimes into scanning, namely [etc.]. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. xliii. (1632) 411 It was therefore instantly desired, that the cause might once more come to scanning. 1670Hobbes Behemoth (1840) 167 The private interpretation of the Scripture, exposed to every man's scanning in his mother-tongue. 1699Pomfret Marr. Earl of A― 76 Ev'ry teeming thought, Is to the scanning of her judgment brought. 1704Hearne Duct. Hist. (1714) I. 413 They used a sweet fluent kind of Rhetorick..which..serv'd only to put a present good Face upon an Argument, but would not bear Scanning. 1840Carlyle Heroes iii. (1841) 165 The ‘Tree Igdrasil’ buds and withers by its own laws,—too deep for our scanning.
b. The action of systematically traversing with a beam or detector, as in Television. In Med., the process or action of making a scan of the body or part of it; cf. brain scanning s.v. brain n. 6.
1927Bell System Technical Jrnl. VI. 552 We have thus available in television the same artifice..that is, of scanning, or running over the elements of the image in sequence. 1933Discovery May 156/2 As much as 120-line scanning was used, thus permitting very fine detail indeed. 1936Electr. Commun. XV. 187/1 The most recent demonstration of television in Italy was at Milan in April, 1936. The equipment employed electronic scanning for transmission. 1951Nucleonics Aug. 46/2 The results indicated the desirability of an automatic scanning and recording device. 1956Radiology LXVI. 730/1 During the past four years.., external scintillation counter scanning has been used to provide information relative to the distribution of radioactive isotopes in patients. 1968Sci. News 6 Apr. 333/1 In scanning, a radioactivity compound is administered to the patient, after which the compound's distribution is mapped out by a scintillation camera that detects gamma rays coming from the child. 1971Amat. Photographer 13 Jan. 65/2 The system [for reading videotape] was later superseded by transfer scanning, using four magnetic heads on a 2 in diameter drum rotating at 14,400 rpm almost at right angles across 2 in tape, pulled past at 15 ips. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 7 Interlaced scanning is achieved by making the horizontal (line-scanning) rate an odd multiple of one-half the vertical (field-scanning) rate. 1987Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) II. xviii. 138/1 If obstruction is detected pelvic scanning may reveal the cause and drainage can be effected..by..nephrostomies performed under ultrasound control.
c. The rapid or systematic searching of textual material for particular information or features.
1937Discovery Sept. 256/2 A random scanning of the list reveals many names familiar to the British Association. 1954Amer. Documentation V. 18/2 Speeds of operation are such as to permit scanning and correlating of generic and specific aspects of indexes in a reasonable time. 1967English Studies XLVIII. 60 (heading) An archive of older Scottish texts for scanning by computer. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xvii. 277 The misplaced record has only been moved one step, and if the computer were to continue the forward scanning, four scans would be needed. 1975Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) viii. 115 The intermediate skills, so essential in word attack in the early stages, are at work in skimming, scanning, and the extraction of meaning in the more complex reading tasks of the later stages.
3. auditory scanning: the emission of short pulses of sound and detection of echoes from nearby objects, thought to be used by dolphins for the location and ranging of submerged objects.
1960W. N. Kellogg in Psychol. Record X. 26 Since the noises which make up the echoes are emitted by the dolphin itself, the activity as a whole amounts to a kind of scanning by sound. We suggest the term auditory scanning, therefore, as a good name for both the acoustic and the general behavior comprising this elaborate pattern of activity. 1963Language XXXIX. 464 The dolphin's auditory scanning is shown to consist of the emission of a continuous series of sound signals for echolocation plus binaural localization.
4. attrib. and Comb., as scanning movement, scanning speed; scanning coil, any of four coils arranged in pairs around the neck of a cathode-ray tube, the magnetic field of which is varied so as to cause the electron beam to trace out a raster pattern on the screen of the tube; scanning disc, a rotating disc having a spiral of holes near the edge, used in mechanical systems of television to provide a sequential scan of a scene by optical means for transmission and to permit reconstruction of the scene at the receiver; scanning electron microscope, a form of electron microscope in which an electron beam is scanned in a raster pattern across the specimen; an electrical signal is obtained by collecting and amplifying secondary electrons emitted by the specimen and is applied to a cathode-ray tube scanned in synchronism with the electron beam; hence scanning electron micrograph, scanning microscopy; scanning field = raster n.2 a; scanning line = line n.2 7 i; scanning raster = raster n.2 a; scanning spot, the spot where an incident beam (usu. of electrons or light) strikes the surface it is scanning.
1938J. H. Reyner Testing Television Sets iv. 41 The function of the transformer is to step-down the voltage applied to the *scanning coil which operates with a correspondingly larger current. 1978Broadcast 27 Nov. 15/2 Camera heads are still stuck with bulky camera tubes, scanning coils, splitter blocks and such paraphernalia.
1927Wireless World 20 Apr. 685/1 This film was then repeated for an observer by means of a receiving equipment involving the use of a suitable neon tube and a *scanning disc. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 82 An exciter lamp illuminates the subject copy via a curved mirror, and an objective lens images the reflected light to an aperture plate in front of a scanning disk. The scanning disk is opaque except for a transparent spiral, which curves outward from the center of the disk.
1962Nature 6 Oct. 82/1 Figs. 1 and 2 are *scanning electron micrographs. 1979Sci. Amer. Sept. 30/3 Wonderful drawings..complemented by scanning electron micrographs.
1953Proc. Inst. Electr. Engineers C. ii. 246/2 The main advantage of the *scanning electron microscope for transparent specimens is that the resolution is not affected by energy losses of the electrons in the specimen, which in the conventional electron microscope give rise to chromatic aberration. 1972Sci. Amer. Jan. 55/2 The scanning electron microscope is capable of a range of magnifications that overlaps the range of the light microscope or hand magnifying glass at the low end and the range of the transmission electron microscope at the high end.
1966D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 51 Image formation by..*scanning electron microscopy. 1975J. I. Goldstein et al. in Goldstein & Yakowitz Practical Scanning Electron Microsc. i. 3 The purpose of this brief historical introduction is to point out the pioneers of scanning electron microscopy and in the process trace the evolution of the instrument.
1935Television Today I. 247/1 Such a *scanning field is known as a ‘raster’. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 5 The lines of the second scanning field fall between the lines of the first field.
1929*Scanning line [see line n.2 7 i]. 1933Discovery Oct. 318/1 The new German standard picture, consisting of 180 scanning lines, is officially considered sufficient for the opening of regular transmissions. 1960in Rep. Comm. Broadcasting 334 in Parl. Papers 1961–2 (Cmnd. 1753) IX. 259 There was..a significant difference in the visibility of the scanning lines— the 625-line pictures being..noticeably better than the 405-line pictures.
1958Observer 12 Oct. 15/4 Every few minutes, the radio telescope makes small *scanning movements, up and down and from side to side. This helps to fix the direction of the radio signals from the rocket to within half a degree.
1935Television Today I. 247/2 The production of a *scanning raster on the cathode-ray tube of a television receiver by electrical means involves the application of two voltages of saw-tooth wave form to the two pairs of deflecting plates of a cathode-ray tube. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 33 The starting point for generating color pictures is the optical and electronic superposition of the red-, green-, and blue⁓tube scanning rasters.
1929Sheldon & Grisewood Television xii. 126 The *scanning speed may be greatly increased by use of a series of oppositely rotating lens⁓discs. 1934Sun (Baltimore) 20 Aug. 2/3 A tiny metal mirror, mounted on a slender rod and vibrated at scanning speeds, was presented..as..the solution of one of television's major problems.
1929Sheldon & Grisewood Television xiii. 139 Since the *scanning spot has finite dimensions, its response to an abrupt change in the surface being viewed will be less sharply defined than the original. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 5 The electron beams that create the scanning spots are approximately circular, but their intensity is not uniform.
▪ II. scanning, ppl. a.|ˈskænɪŋ|
[f. scan v. + -ing2.]
1. That scans or examines closely; critical, searching.
1863Geo. Eliot Romola i. iii, When his eyes fell again they glanced round with a scanning coolness. 1881E. F. Poynter Among the Hills I. 196 She hated to meet her neighbours and feel their scanning glances.
2. Path. Epithet applied to a measured manner of speaking or utterance, with more or less regular pauses, characteristic of certain nervous diseases.
1866Flint Princ. & Pract. Med. (1880) 740 The patient speaks in a slow, monotonous manner, with intervals between syllables, as in scanning. The peculiarity is known as the ‘scanning speech’. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 58 A peculiar defect of speech described as a scanning utterance. Ibid. 382.
Hence ˈscanningly adv.
1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. iv. xxxiv, Jacob looked up into his face scanningly for a moment or two. 1884E. Fawcett Rutherford ix. 96 He looked down for a moment scanningly at..his delicate filbert-shaped nails. |