| 释义 |
▪ I. both, a. and adv.|bəʊθ|
Forms: 2–3 baðe, baþe, bathe, 2–6 boðe, boþe, bothe, (3 beþe, beoðe), 4–6 booþ, -th, (6 boeth), 7 boath, 4– both; also 3–5 boðen, -þen, -then, 5 bothyn; north. 3–5 bathe, bath, 4–6 baithe, 5–6 bayth, 6–8 beath, 4– baith. gen. 3 bathre, baiþer, 3–4 baþer(n, 4 bothers, -es, 5 bothes, -is, (4–6 bothe), 7–8 both's.
[early ME. bāðe (genitive bāðre) was app. a. ON. báðar m., báðir fem., bæði, báði neut. (genitive báðra) = OS. bêðia m. f., bêðiu neut., OHG. bêde and beide m., bêdâ, beido fem., bēdiu, beidiu neut.; an extended form of the simple word found in Goth. as bai masc., ba neut., and in OE. as béᵹen, bá (see bo). No trace of this extended form appears in OE.; the simpler form bei, bo existed side by side with both until 14–15th c., when the former died out.
The suffix in ON. báðar and the equivalent forms is believed to be unconnected with that in Goth. bajôþs both (declined as n. plur.), and to represent the definite article (in Goth. þai, þô) which seems to have coalesced with the simple bai, ba owing to the tendency to say ‘both the’ instead of merely ‘both’; cf. Goth. ba þô skipa ‘both the ships’ Luke v. 8. The constructions of both in Eng. follow those of the earlier bo and to some extent those of all; examples of its use as attribute to a n. plur. without intervening possessive, demonstrative, or article, do not appear until after bo had become obsolete.]
A. adj.
I. Proper sense and normal uses.
The one and the other; referring to two specially designated persons or things, implying that two and no more are so designated, and emphasizing the fact that neither of them is excepted from the statement made; equivalent to ‘the two, and not merely one of them’.
The following Constructions occur:
1. absol. From 14th c. sometimes the both (obs.). In early mod.Eng. sometimes inflected as a n., with genitive both's.
c1200Ormin 250 Baþe wærenn alde. a1300Cursor M. 666 Bath he sette in þare fre will. 1330R. Brunne Chron. 269 It turnes bot tille þe boþe, if Godes grace may stond. 1616B. Parsons Mag. Charter 26 Judge no cause in hand, Before boths talke thou understand. a1620A. Hume Brit. Tong. (1865) 34 For exemple of beath, and to conclud this treatesse. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 352 He..resents his Wounds, His ignominious Flight, the Victor's Boast, And more than boath, the Loves, which unreveng'd he lost. 1715Let. in Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 38 That the business be tried, and both sides allowed to counter-question both's witnesses. 1752Johnson Rambl. No. 197 ⁋13 The old gentlewoman considered herself wiser than both. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 113 Both were Tories: both were men of hot temper and strong prejudices.
2. In apposition with a plural n. or pronoun.
When referring to the subject of a sentence, both was in early ME. usually separated from it, and placed after the vb. or whole predication. This is still common dialectally. In the literary language, both is still placed after the verb be (occasionally also after become, seem, appear, etc.), and after the auxiliary in a compound tense.
c1175Cott. Hom. 223 Þa weran boðe deadlice. a1225Ancr. R. 10 Noþeleas heo weren wel beoðe. a1300Havelok 1680 Loke þat ye comen beþe. a1300Cursor M. 793 Al for noght þai ette it bath. c1400Gamelyn 625 As they stoode talkyng bothen in-feere. c1580Lyly Euphues (1636) K 12, I wish you were both married. 1622Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman D'Alf. i. 255 They were both equall in state and condition. 1836Dickens Pickw. x, We are both men of the world. Mod. They seem both very obstinate. They have both gone. The brothers might both have come.
3. In attrib. relation to a plural n.:
a. with a defining word (demonst. or poss. adj., ‘def. article’, genitive case, etc.): Both precedes the defining word, as ‘both my friends saw it’. It may also (with greater emphasis) follow the n., esp. when the subject of the sentence, as ‘my friends both saw it’. (In this case it further follows the verb be or an auxiliary, as ‘my friends had both seen it’: cf. 2).
The constructions are the same when there is ellipsis of the n. after demonst. or poss. pron., as ‘I need both these’, ‘these are both mine’. For the colloq. both of before n. see 6.
1297R. Glouc. 376 Wo so by Kyng Wyllames day slou hert oþer hynde, Me ssolde putte oute boþe hys eye. 1394P. Pl. Crede 224 A greet cherl and a grym..Wiþ a face..as a bagge honged On boþen his chekes. 1548Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 25 To lette or hinder boeth these kyndes. 1588A. King Canisius' Catech. 84 Thay..in auld tymes had baith y⊇ kynds in publick vse. 1632Milton Allegro 32 Laughter holding both his sides. 1785Burns Twa Herds xii, Baith the Shaws, That aft hae made us black and blae. 1870Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 80 Both thy brethren are in Arthur's hall.
†b. Formerly both was sometimes placed between the defining word and the substantive.
c1430Bk. Hawkyng in Rel. Ant. I. 297 Knyt the bothe endes with a threde. c1449Pecock Repr. ii. xi. 216 Whether he entendid these bothe effectes, or the oon of hem oonli. 1551Recorde Pathw. Knowl. i. Def., The middle partes nother bulke vp, nother shrink down more then the bothe endes. c1615Chapman Odyss. iii. 572 To plate the both horns round about with gold. 1649Rainbowe Sermon 2 A King whose both hands God had filled with blessings of every kind. 1830tr. Aristophanes' Knights 85 He..with his both hands, scoops up from the public funds.
c. without defining word. Both regularly precedes the n., but in lively or humorous address may sometimes follow it, as in quot. 1597. both ways: in both respects.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 34 Bothe wayes suche desyres be vnlawfull. 1593Hooker Eccl. Pol. Pref. v. §3 A solemn declaration made on both parts. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iii. ii. 308 Fare you well, Gentlemen both. 1628Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 105 Shew not yourselves both ways inferior to your ancestors. 1712Addison Spect. No. 499 ⁋2 Very agreeable young people of both sexes. 1798Canning in Anti-Jacobin 9 July (1832) 208 Much may be said on both sides. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps iv. §26 So they have..a pair of horns: but not at both ends. 1879Lockyer Elem. Astron. v. §35. 206 In Russia..it is customary to give both dates.
4. In attrib. relation to a plural pronoun:
a. in nom. or obj. Both follows the pronoun, as ‘they both went’. (With be and auxiliaries it further follows the verb: cf. 2). In ME. both might precede the pronoun, ‘both they went’; of this usage both which still occurs; but the regular modern construction with both preceding the pronoun is ‘both of us’, ‘both of whom’, ‘both of which’ (see 6).
c1320Metr. Hom. 55 Baithe thai gan his wai to lette. c1386Chaucer Reeve's T. 271 He myghte doon vs bathe [Camb. bothe; Corp. boþ(e] a vileynye. 1472Marg. Paston Lett. 689 III. 37 The Holy Ghost kepe you bothyn. 1475Caxton Jason 37 b, Bothe they toke a good palfraye. 1549Marriage Serv., So long as you both shall live. 1597J. Payne Royal Exch. 43 Then would yt..make bothe theme the better to love one another. 1610Shakes. Temp. i. ii. 241 The time 'twixt six and now Must by vs both be spent most preciously. 1611Bible 2 Peter iii. 1 In both which [epistles] I stir vp your pure minds. 1816J. Wilson City Plague ii. i. 14 They both speak of death. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 114 The papers found in the strong box..had converted them both to the true faith.
†b. in genit. pl. with a n., as our, your, her (= their), their bather, bother, bothens, botheres, etc. (afterwards both, which sometimes preceded the pron.) = of us, you, them both. Obs.
Latterly the n. often improperly took the plural form by attraction of the pronoun; this idiom is still in vulgar use, as ‘It is both your faults,’ ‘she is both their mothers’.
a1300Cursor M. 1254 In þat way sal þou find forsoth Þi moders and mine our bather slogh. Ibid. 23958 Þair baiþer paines aght to be mine. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvi. 165 Cryst toke þe bataille, Aȝeines deth and þe deuel · destruyed her botheres myȝtes. c1430Lydg. Bochas i. ix. (1544) 19 b, This was concluded by their both assente. 1479Bury Wills (1850) 54 As moste beste can be advysed by ther botheris counsell. 1513More Rich. III Wks. (1557) 54/1 [To be] here as a saintuary man to their both dishonour and obloquy. 1536St. Papers Hen. VIII, I. 509 Ye take uppon you to set order bothe to them and Us, your bothe Sovereigne. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. ii. iii. 51 Both our remedies Within thy helpe and holy physicke lies. 1601― All's Well i. iii. 169 Were you both our mothers. 1627Hakewill Apol. (1630) 167 Both their haire was as white as was possible. 1699Bentley Phal. Pref. 9 It was both our misfortunes that he committed the whole affair to the care of his Bookseller. 1752C. Lennox Female Quix. (1820) II. 29 These sentiments which now cause both our unhappiness.
5. In attrib. relation to two substantives or pronouns (or a n. and pron.) coupled by and, the same constructions obtain as in 3: as ‘both John and I came’, ‘John and George both came’, ‘the brother and sister are both dead’, but this is practically indistinguishable from the adverbial use in B 1.
6. With of: both of is now used before pronouns and pronominal words, instead of the simple both (see 4). The use with a n., as ‘both of these arguments’, is colloquial, but scarcely ever occurs in literature.
1590Shakes. Com. Err. v. i. 291, I am sure you both of you remember me. 1602― Lear iii. i. 27 The hard Reine which both of them hath borne. 1611Bible Gen. xxii. 8 They went both of them together. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 80 Both of us often talk to the lads. 1878Morley Crit. Misc. i. 211 With both of them, more than with other poets.
II. Transferred senses and abnormal uses.
7. In certain pleonastic combinations, † both two, both twain (cf. OE. bá twá); both the two; † all both (cf. G. alle beide): all synonymous with both (so also in adverbial use; see B 2 b).
c1275Lay. 2399 Mid childe hii weren boþe two. c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 155 Byndez byhynde, at his bak, boþe two his handez. c1300Cursor M. 635 (Gött.) Naked war þai bath tway. 1485Caxton Paris & V. (1868) 18 Bothe two were throwen to the erthe. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. (1812) I. 621 They were bothe two armed. 1571T. Fortescue Forest Hist. 129 Yet would he retain with hym still Silan and Sasilas, all both Lacedemonians. 1587Golding De Mornay Pref. 4 From both twaine of them, wee drawe..the trueth of our Scriptures. c1600Shakes. Sonn. xlii, Both find each other, and I lose both twain. 1846Grote Greece ii. xviii. (1854) III. 365 Both the two cities reached a high pitch of prosperity.
8. Synonymous with ‘the two’ in phrases either (neither, whether) of both, of the both (obs. or dial.); between both. (arch.)
1443Pol. Poems (1859) II. 214 Attween bothen..Crist Jhesu send us pees. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. xxiv. 75 There abode not one man alyve of neythre of bothe partyes. 1489Will of Harryngton (Somerset Ho.) Whether of the both it shall fortune. 1544R. Ascham Toxoph. (Arb.) 27 We be borne for neither of bothe. 1584Whetstone Mirour 27 b, The coveitous man is the worst of both. 1607Topsell Serpents 607 Either of both abhorreth one the other. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. xxxii, The argument was supported, for some time, between both, with equal obstinacy. 1856J. R. Ballantyne Aphor. Sánkhya Philos. 38 ‘Between both’, i.e. between Soul and not-Soul, both together.
†9. Used as a sing. (cf. G. beides). Obs. rare—1.
1721R. Keith T. à Kempis' Vall. Lillies ii. 22 Both is a very great Evil.
B. adv. (conj.)
1. Preceding two homogeneous words (ns., adjs., vbs., advbs., or preps.) or phrases, coupled by and, both adds emphasis to the sentence by suggesting a contrast with the statement as it would have been had one of the terms been omitted. both..and is thus nearly = not only..but. (Both in this construction is not now preceded by a genitive case or an adj. of any kind, as in quots. 1641, 1690, 1834).
As both..and corresponds to the Latin et..et, it is usual to class both as a conjunction; but it more properly belongs to the same grammatical category with even. This use of both arises out of the construction in A 5, and in ‘both the king and the queen spoke’, ‘the king and the queen both honour him’, ‘Mercury and Venus are both inferior planets’, both may still be viewed as an adjective in attributive relation to the two substantives. But in the extended use ‘both juster and kinder’ or ‘both by day and by night’, ‘he both walks and runs’, it can no longer be so treated.
1154O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1137 Bathe be nihtes . & be dæies. c1175Lamb. Hom. 143 For to deme baþe þe gode and þe uuele. c1250Gen. & Ex. 899 He was boðen king and prest. a1300Havelok 958 Boþen heye men and lowe. c1320Cast. Love 497 Boþe Ich and Merci We beclepeþ þe dom for-þi. a1400Cov. Myst. (1841) 94, I shal send for hem, bothyn fere and nere. 1528Lyndesay Dreme Prol. 20 Because vnblomit was baith bank and braye. 1641Hinde J. Bruen vi. 24 A faire image of this young Gentle⁓mans both wants and weaknesses. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxi. §9 All its both Motion and Rest, come under our Idea of Necessary. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. ii. (1806) 7, I looked upon this as a masterpiece both for argument and style. a1834Coleridge Remains (1836) III. 375 This idle argument is the favourite both shield and sword of the Romanist. 1837J. H. Newman Par. Serm. (ed. 3) I. viii. 114 It is both severe and indulgent. 1662Bk. Com. Prayer, Visit. Sick, Both now and evermore.
b. Extended to more than two objects.
c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1440 To whom bothe heuene and erthe and see is sene. c1430Lydg. Bochas i. vii. 18 She was also bothe ioly, fayre, and good. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. (1812) I. 351 Bothe prelates, bysshoppes, abbottes, barownes, and knyghtes. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, v. v. 107 Margaret shall now be Queene and rule the King; But I will rule both her, the King, & Realme. 1592― Ven. & Ad. 747 Both favour, savour, hue and qualities. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. 283 Rewards..giue all kinde of hartning..both to Masters, Vshers, and Schollars. 1678Bunyan Pilgr. i. (1862) 37 To help them, both by awakening of them, counselling of them, and proffering to help them. 1782Johnson Lett. 2 Mar., Both Williams, and Desmoulins, and myself are very sickly. 1798Coleridge Anc. Mar. vii. xxii, He prayeth well, who loveth well Both man and bird and beast. c1839De Quincey Wks. XV. (1863) 140 For both Chaucer and Shakespeare and Milton.
2. Both may follow, instead of preceding (as in 1), the two words or phrases connected by and; now only in the case of two ns. (two pronouns, or n. and pronoun) subjects of the same plural verb, but formerly (and still dialectally) in all other cases. In this use both may often be replaced by too or also.
a1225Ancren R. 14 Of fleschliche vondunges, & of gostliche boðe. c1230Hali Meid. 5 Widewen..& weddede baðe. c1240Lofsong. 205 Ich habbe i-suneged ine mete . and in drunche boðe. 1394P. Pl. Crede 31 Þe cofres of cristendam · & þe keye boþen. 1467John Paston Lett. 573 II 303 He had shrevyn Master Brakley, and how⁓syllyd hym bothe. 1470–85Malory Arthur iv. xiii, I am sore hurte and he bothe. Ibid. (1816) II. 405 My broder Gareth loved hym..and alle his bretheren, and the kynge, bothe. 1561T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Covrtyer (1577) P vij, It shalbe good for him and me both. 1600W. Barlow Serm. (1601) A v a, Malice marres logike and charitie both. 1683Burnet tr. More's Utopia Pref., His setting out so barbarous a practice..is so wild and so immoral both. Mod. I have seen your brother and your sister both. Mod. dial. He can sing and dance both.
†b. both two (in same sense). Obs.
1413Lydg. Pylgr. v. xi. (1483) 102 The scorpyon..byteth and styngeth bothe two at ones. 1513Bradshaw St. Werburge (1848) 57 And founder was also Of dyuers holy places and monasteryes both two.
†3. After a negative or word implying exclusion, both was formerly sometimes used instead of either. (Cf. all A 4.)
1470–85Malory Arthur xviii. v, Of that I will not fayle you, nor her bothe. 1608Topsell Serpents 608 This snake..sunk down from altar clean, without both harm or noise.
C. Comb., as † both-hands, a factotum (cf. one's right-hand); both-handed a., using both hands with equal ease; whence both-handedness; † both-like a., resembling both; † both-side a., derived from a like source on both sides; both-sided a., viewing both sides, taking both sides into account; whence both-sidedness.
a1637B. Jonson (Ogilvie) He is masters *both-hands, I assure you.
a1637B. Jonson, etc. Widow iv. ii. in Dodsley (1780) XII. 295 [He] half cozens his belly..if he dine among..*both-handed feeders. 1653Holcroft Procopius ii. 40 Bent his bow (being both-handed) and killed Jabdas horse.
1883Student III. 284 The tendency to what might be called *Both-handedness in the use of the brush. 1883St. James's G. 27 Feb. 5 In old age however there is a marked tendency to both-handedness.
1628Gaule Pract. The. 145 Twixt God and Man; Is now brought forth to both, of *both-like Nature.
1623Lisle ælfric on O. & N.T. Ded., By Vertue met in *both-side Royall blood.
1879H. Spencer Data of Ethics vi. 99 *Both-sided conceptions.
1874― Stud. Sociol. xvi. 397 Dangers from the want of a due *both-sidedness.
▪ II. both(e
obs. form of boot, booth, both. |