| 释义 |
▪ I. savage, a. and n.1|ˈsævɪdʒ|
Also α. 3–6 sauvage, (rare 4 saveage, 5 sawage, saffage, 7 savadg(e); β. 4, 6–9 (now arch.) salvage, (7 salvadge).
[a. F. sauvage (in OF. also salvage) = Pr. salvatge, Sp. salvage, Pg. salvagem, It. selvaggio (in the sense wooded, woodland; also in learned forms salvatico, selvatico wild), Romanian sălbatic:—L. silvāticus (in popular L. also with vowel-assimilation salvāticus) woodland, wild, f. silva wood, forest: see silvan and -age, -atic.]
A. adj.
I. That is in a state of nature, wild.
1. Of animals: Wild, undomesticated, untamed. Often, and in later use exclusively, with the contextual implication of ferocity (cf. sense 9).
αa1300Dial. betw. Body & Soul 30 (MS. Digby 86) To binden leounes sauuage. a1330Roland & V. 92 [Presents offered to the emperor] Sauage bestes... Gold & siluer, & riche stones. 1483Caxton Knt. de la Tour a j, But a lytel I rejoyced me in the sowne and songe of the fowles sauuage. 1572J. Bossewell Armorie ii. 58 b, An Asse sauage passante. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. v. i. 78 Youthful and vnhandled colts..Their sauage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze, By the sweet power of musicke. 1610J. Guillim Heraldry iii. xx. (1611) 163 Now of those [Fowles of Prey] which are Predable, whereof some are Sauage, some Domesticall: the Sauage I call those that are not subiect to mans gouernment, but doe naturally shun their societie. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 272 An angry and ferocious disposition, renders the dog, in its savage state, a formidable enemy to all other animals. 1820Shelley Hymn Merc. xlvi, A story so absurd As that a new-born infant forth could fare Out of his home after a savage herd.
β1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 148 b, Y⊇ partie had the mynde or stomake, not of a manne, but of a veraye brute & salvage beaste. 1550J. Coke Eng. & Fr. Herald. §7 (1877) 59 We have almaner of bestes salvages that you have, and more plente of them to chase. 1628Wither Brit. Rememb. i. 815 Whom late the salvage Bore..Hath rooted up, with purpose to devoure. a1701Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1721) 39 Lyons and other Salvage Creatures.
2. Of country, land, scenery:
†a. Uncultivated, wild. Obs.
b. Hence (by association with branch II), Horribly wild and rugged.
αc1300Arth. & Merl. 5433 (Kölbing) Þe .xii. Drians of þe Forest sauage, A strong kniȝt of heiȝe parage. 1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 17134, I fyl a-noon, in my passage Into a wood ful savage. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xvii. 18 Northumbrelande..was a sauage and a wylde countrey, full of desartis and mountaignes. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. ii. ix. 43 The moste part of the yle is hilly and sauage. 1671Milton P.R. iii. 23 Affecting private life, or more obscure In savage Wilderness. 1774Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1772, 22 The prospect on all sides quite savage, high barran hills or dreary wet sands. 1810Scott Let. in Lockhart (1837) II. ix. 326 The scenery is quite different from that on the mainland, dark, savage, and horrid. 1860Tyndall Glaciers i. ii. 11 The view from this place had a savage magnificence. 1907Bp. Robertson in Trans. Devon Assoc. 47 Savage and forbidding scenes have laid aside their grandeur.
β1553Eden Treat. New Ind. (Arb.) 27 It is throughout baren & saluage, so that it is not able to nourishe any beastes for lacke of pasture. a1645Waller To my Lord Admiral 12 Eurydice, for whom his num'rous moan Makes listning trees and salvage mountains groan. 1713Guardian No. 101 ⁋5 Fountaine-bleau..is situated among Rocks and Woods, that give you a fine Variety of Salvage Prospects. 1853G. Johnston Nat. Hist. E. Bord. I. 96 The old salvage character of the hill has disappeared.
†3. Of a plant, tree, etc.: Wild, uncultivated.
α1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 244 Letus sauage, that is y-callid scariole. c1580R. Willes in Hakluyt's Voy. (1599) II. ii. 79 The greater part of the quadrangle [is] set with sauage trees, as Okes, Chestnuts, Cypresse. 1732Pope Ess. Man ii. 182 As fruits..On savage stocks inserted, learn to bear. 1733Tull Horse-Hoeing Husb. xiv. (Dublin) 178 St. Foin..grows naturally savage without sowing or tillage, upon the Calabrian Hills near Croto. 1820Shelley Ode to Liberty iv, The vine, the corn, the olive mild, Grew savage yet, to human use unreconciled.
β1599Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 202 A place..which yeeldeth balme in great plenty, but saluage, wilde, and without vertue. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. ii. 24 Thus the salvage Cherry grows.
4. a. Of movements, noise, demeanour, manners, etc.: Wild, ungoverned; rude, unpolished. arch.
c1420–30Lydg. Dance Machabree in Bochas (1554) 221, I haue nought learned here toforn to daunce, no daunce in sooth of footyng so sauage. 1599Shakes. Much Ado iv. i. 62 But you are more intemperate in your blood, Than Venus, or those pampred animalls, That rage in sauage sensualitie. 1606― Tr. & Cr. ii. iii. 135 The sauage strangenesse he puts on. 1611― Wint. T. iii. iii. 56 A sauage clamor. 1667Milton P.L. vii. 36 The Race Of that wilde Rout that tore the Thracian Bard In Rhodope,..till the savage clamor dround Both Harp and Voice. 1781Cowper Convers. 421 Oh to the club, the scene of savage joys, The school of coarse good fellowship and noise. 1784― Task iii. 325 Delights which who would leave..For all the savage din of the swift pack, And clamours of the field? 1822Shelley Tri. Life 142 The wild dance maddens in the van, and those Who lead it..without repose Mix with each other in tempestuous measure To savage music, wilder as it grows.
†b. Of colouring: Crude, harsh, violent. Obs.
β1706Art of Painting (1744) 163 He tam'd the fierceness of his colours, which were too salvage.
5. Of peoples or (now somewhat rarely) of individual persons: Uncivilized; existing in the lowest stage of culture.
α1588Shakes. L.L.L. iv. iii. 222 Like a rude and sauage man of Inde. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. iii. (Arb.) 22 He brought the rude and sauage people to a more ciuill and orderly life. 1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 27 Taking for their leader the Earle of Desmond and others, as Oneale, and some other of the sauage Irish. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 196 The Britains were for the most part an abject savage people. 1755Gray Progr. Poesy 60 She [the Muse] deigns to hear the savage youth repeat, In loose numbers, wildly sweet, Their feather-cinctur'd chiefs and dusky loves. 1772Ann. Reg. 41/1 The highlanders, whom more savage nations called Savage. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xxx. III. 170 The barriers, which had so long separated the savage and the civilised nations of the earth. 1842Tennyson Locksley Hall 168, I will take some savage woman, she shall rear my dusky race. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xvii. 73 The south..was, through its neighbourhood and intercourse with Gaul, somewhat less savage than the rest of the island. 1906A. Machen House of Souls Note 7 We know..how the enemies of the cruel Star Chamber caused the savage Indian to disappear from the land.
β1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. xiii. §7. 435 In these times Greece was very saluage, the inhabitants being often chaced from place to place, by the captaines of greater Tribes. 1690Locke Hum. Und. i. iii. §12 The more than Brutality of some salvage and barbarous Nations. 1698Fryer Acc. E. Ind. & P. 271 From a Salvage Prince rendred himself a tame Follower of the Patriarch St. Gregory.
b. salvage man: the conventional representation of a savage in heraldry and pageants; a human figure naked or enveloped in foliage. arch.
1575Gascoigne Princely Pleas. Kenelworth (1587) A iv, There met her in the Forest as she came from hunting one clad like a Sauage man, all in Iuie. 1575Laneham Let. (1871) 14 Oout of the woods, in her Maiestiez return rooughly came thear foorth Hombre Saluagio [marg. The sauage man.] with an Oken plant pluct vp by the roots in hiz hande, himself forgrone all in moss and Iuy. 1815Scott Guy M. xli, On either side stood as supporters..a salvage man proper, to use the language of heraldry, wreathed and cinctured. 1819― Ivanhoe viii, Beside it stood his squire, quaintly disguised as a salvage or silvan man. 1820― Monast. xvi, The flesh-coloured silken doublet..in which I danced the salvage man at the Gray's-Inn mummery. 1874Green Short Hist. vii. §7. 415 The ‘Faerie Queen’..in its alternation of the salvage-men from the New World with the satyrs of classic mythology.
c. Pertaining to or characteristic of savages.
α1614Raleigh Hist. World i. vii. §3. 102 The first people which after the generall floud inhabited Italie, were the Camesenes,..which people liued altogether a sauage life. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. liii. V. 494 The Grecian princess was torn from the palace of her fathers, and condemned to a savage reign and an hopeless exile on the banks of the Borysthenes. 1809–10Coleridge Friend (1865) 161 The civilized man gives up those stimulants of hope and fear which constitute the chief charm of savage life. 1857Buckle Civiliz. I. iv. 176 This is the purely savage state; and it is the state in which military glory is most esteemed, and military men most respected. 1899R. C. Temple Univ. Gram. 24 The ‘savage’ nature of the languages comes out even more clearly if we apply the theory in another way.
β1614Raleigh Hist. World i. viii. §5. 140 There is no man so impious, as to beleeue that Noah..could..set vp or deuise any Heathen saluage, or idolatrous adoration. 1697Dryden æneid vii. 925 Like Hercules himself, his Son appears, In Saluage Pomp a Lyon's Hide he wears.
†d. Remote from society, solitary. Obs.
1667Milton P.L. ix. 1085 O might I here In solitude live savage, in some glade Obscur'd. 1680Otway Orphan ii. vii, I, methinks, am Salvage and forlorn, Thy presence only 'tis can make me blest.
†6. Of decoration: Rustic, imitating natural vegetation. Obs.
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 156 b, The Jawe peces..were karved with Vinettes and trailes of savage worke.
II. With reference to disposition or temper.
†7. Indomitable, intrepid, valiant. Obs.
α13..Coer de L. 485 An hardy knyght, stout and savage, Hent a schafft with gret rage. c1330Arth. & Merl. 8270 (Kölbing) Þe .v. was Dedinet, þe saueage. c1350Will. Palerne 4022 But sone sauage men þat seten in þe halle henten hastili in honde what þei haue miȝt,..to wende him [the werwolf] after wiȝtli to quelle. 1470Henry Wallace viii. 813 With v thowsand welle garnest and sawage. Ibid. v. 534 A worthy clerk, bath wys and rycht sawage.
†b. In bad sense: Reckless, ungovernable. Obs.
c1400Laud Troy Bk. 4759, I praye the, my broder dere,..That thow be wyse and not sauage; Ȝif the not to outrage. a1500Bernard. de cura rei fam. (E.E.T.S.) 300 A mane..of wyne þat has vsage Ande habundance, and syne is nocht saffage Th[r]ow mychtines and confort of þe wyne At temporance bydis and sobyr syne.
†8. Rude, harsh, ungentle (also transf. of the sea, a river). Obs. (merged in the stronger sense 9). In the 17th c. a Gallicism.
α13..K. Alis. 4089 (Laud MS.) Darrie hete..Remuen his tentes..and setten hem bisides Estrage, A colde water and a sauage.
β1390Gower Conf. II. 77 Bot vertu set in the corage, Ther mai no world be so salvage, Which mihte it take and don aweie, Til whanne that the bodi deie. Ibid. III. 230 For as the wilde wode rage Of wyndes makth the See salvage, And that was calm bringth into wawe. Ibid. 332 And if ye wiste what I am, And out of what lignage I cam, Ye wolde noght be so salvage. 1655F. G. tr. Scudery's Artemenes vii. iii. 189 Her reputation is high, though her vertue be neither salvage nor austere.
9. Fierce, ferocious, cruel.
a. of animals.
αc1407Lydg. Reson & Sens. 3680 Lyouns proude in ther rage, And many beste ful Savage. 1420–2― Thebes iii. in Chaucer's Wks. (1561) 374 b, Grekes wening that were yong of age That this Tygre hadde be sauage And cruely besetting al the place Rounde about. 1579–80North Plutarch, Theseus (1595) 5 The wild sauage Sowe of Crommyon, otherwise surnamed Phæa. 1611Bible Wisd. xvii. 19 A roaring voice of most sauage wilde beasts. 1630Bp. Hall Occas. Medit. xxvii. (1633) 70 Even the Savagest Beasts are made quiet and docible, with want of food, and rest. 1706Addison Rosamond i. iv, What savage tiger would not pity A damsel so distressed and pretty! 1820Scott Let. in Lockhart (1837) IV. xi. 348 For all the kind [of dogs] are savage at night.
β1632Sanderson Serm. 148 Wherein Iob alludeth to ravenous and salvadge beasts. 1696Tate & Brady Ps. vii. 2 Lest, like a salvage Lion, he My helpless Soul devour.
b. of persons, their attributes or actions.
α1579–80North Plutarch, Theseus (1595) 5 Of a cruell, wicked, and sauage pleasure. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. iv. iii. 348 O then his lines would rauish sauage eares, And plant in Tyrants milde humilitie. 1594― Rich. III, i. iv. 265 [Murderer.] Relent? no: 'Tis cowardly and womanish. Cla. Not to relent, is beastly, sauage, diuellish. 1599― Hen. V, ii. ii. 95 What shall I say to thee Lord Scroope, thou cruell, Ingratefull, sauage, and inhumane Creature? 1697Congreve Mourn. Bride i. i. 1 Musick has Charms to sooth a savage Breast, To soften Rocks, or bend a knotted Oak. 1749Smollett Regicide i. i, A wretch Of soul more savage breathes not vital air. 1780Burke Sp. at Bristol Wks. 1842 I. 261 The operation of the old law is so savage, and so inconvenient to society, that [etc.]. 1800E. Hervey Mourtray Fam. IV. 190 It would be downright savage to leave Lady Miramont now. 1808Scott in Lockhart (1837) I. i. 32 The magistrates of Edinburgh..encouraged a savage fellow,..one of the under-masters, in insulting his [Dr. Adam's] person and authority. 1845Disraeli Sybil iii. vii, With a countenance..rather brutal than savage. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair ix, He had a savage pleasure in making the poor wretches [his creditors] wait. 1849Grote Greece ii. lii. (1862) IV. 457 His queen the savage Parysatis. 1879Froude Cæsar xxiv. 419 The troops were savage, and killed every man that they overtook.
β1637Saltonstall Eusebius' Constantine 137 Hee hath changed all mansutude and graciousnesse with salvage fury and cruelty. a1694Tillotson Serm. xlii. (1742) III. 198 With what a salvage and murderous disposition they fly at one another's reputation and tear it in pieces.
c. transf.
1634Milton Comus 358 Within the direfull grasp Of Savage hunger, or of Savage heat. 1818Shelley Homer's Hymn to Castor 9 When wintry tempests o'er the savage sea Are raging. 1821― Epipsych. 332 So that the savage winds hung mute around. 1857Emerson Poems 12 The bellowing of the savage sea.
10. (Chiefly colloq.) Enraged, furiously angry. Also, rough or unsparing in speech.
1825T. Hook Sayings Ser. ii. Sutherl. (Colburn) 29 Don't let Emmy know that we have split, else she'll be savage with us. 1851Lytton Not so bad ii. i. 32 You're so savage on Softhead, I suspect 'tis from envy. 1861F. Nightingale Nursing (ed. 2) 45 Almost any sick person..if he can speak without being savage..is exercising self control. 1870Emerson Soc. & Solit., Old Age Wks. (Bohn) III. 134 Michel Angelo's head is full of masculine and gigantic figures as gods walking, which make him savage until his furious chisel can render them into marble. 1875W. S. Hayward Love agst. World 3 Come, Jasper, you need not look so savage. 1899E. Phillpotts Human Boy 110, I think the Doctor was pretty savage with old Briggs.
III. 11. Comb., as † savage-fierce, savage-hearted, savage-looking, savage-spoken, † savage-wild.
1784Cowper Task vi. 487 Vicious in act, in temper *savage-fierce.
1819A. Grant in Mem. & Corr. (1844) II. 223 His *savage-hearted prototype.
1795Seward Anecd. II. 272 They were the most *savage-looking men that I had ever beheld. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xliv, He..glared at him with savage-looking eyes.
1894Outing (N.Y.) XXIV. 230/1 A *savage-spoken old Scotch woman.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. v. iii. 37 The time, and my intents are *sauage wilde.
B. n.
†1. A wild beast. Obs.
1682Southerne Loyal Brother iv. i, What unfrequented coast am I thrown on, Naked, and helpless, to be made a prey To the next coming Salvage of the field? 1750Johnson Rambler No. 11 ⁋12 The suspicion and solicitude of a man that plays with a tame tiger, always under a necessity of watching the moment in which the capricious savage shall begin to growl. 1770Langhorne Plutarch I. 9 Crommyon was infested by a wild sow named Phæa... This savage he [Theseus]..killed. 1831Macaulay Ess., Hampden ⁋14 The man who, in a Spanish bull-fight, goads the torpid savage to fury, by shaking a red rag in the air.
b. A bad-tempered horse. Cf. savage v. 4.
1869‘Wat. Bradwood’ The O.V.H. vi, His experience of similar animals led him to house a donkey in the same box with Warrener, with whom the savage soon fraternised, and displayed corresponding improvement in his temper. 1888W. Day Horse 419 We also have in Paradox a modern savage, like his grey prototype.
2. A person living in the lowest state of development or cultivation; an uncivilized, wild person.
α1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 202 Vouchsafe to shew the sunshine of your face, That we (like sauages) may worship it. 1605Camden Rem., Impreses 174 His conceit was obscure to mee which painted a savadge of America pointing toward the Sun, with Tibi accessv, mihi decessv. 1632Lithgow Trav. vi. 292 Some scattering Arabs, sold vs Water... Two of which Sauages our Captayne hyred, to guide vs. 1672Dryden 1st Pt. Conq. Granada i. i. 7, I am as free as Nature first made man, 'Ere the base Laws of Servitude began, When wild in woods the noble Savage ran. 1763J. Brown Poetry & Mus. iii. 29 The Iroquois, Hurons, and some less considerable Tribes, are free and independent Savages. 1907G. Tyrrell Oil & Wine 24 To the savage every stranger is therefore an enemy.
β1610Shakes. Temp. ii. ii. 60 Doe you put trickes vpon's with Saluages, and Men of Inde? 1612Capt. Smith, etc. Map of Virginia ii. i. 3 Wee traded with the Salvages at Dominica. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. (1883) 40 Among strangers and salvages.
fig.1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. ii. 156 Seeing we are civilized English men, let us not be naked Salvages in our talk.
b. transf. A cruel or fierce person. Also, one who is destitute of culture, or who is ignorant or neglectful of the rules of good behaviour.
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. v. iii. 49 Hect. Fie sauage, fie. Troy. Hector, then 'tis warres. 1672–5T. Comber Comp. to Temple (1702) 130 But who would imagine that our Christned Albion should breed such Salvages? 1762Colman Mus. Lady ii. 20 Sophy... Oh—the people here are all downright Goths. Mask. Absolute savages—an English catch, a Scotch jigg, and an Irish howl are all their ideas of harmony. 1784Cowper Task vi. 422 Witness the patient ox,..Driv'n to the slaughter..while the savage at his heels Laughs at the frantic suff'rer's fury. 1826Disraeli Viv. Grey i. iii, However,..the young savages at Burnsley Vicarage had caught a Tartar. 1847Tennyson Princess iii. 230 Peace, you young savage of the Northern wild! 1898Haig-Brown in Westm. Gaz. 1 Feb. 8/1 Schoolboys..are not such savages as in the old days.
3. a. = salvage man (see A. 5 b). b. The ‘Jack of the clock’ (see Jack n.1 6).
1575Laneham Let. (1871) 15 This Sauage, for the more submission, brake hiz tree a sunder. 1708[Hatton] New View Lond. I. 231 The Ornament of this Church [sc. St. Dunstans in the West] consists..of the Clock..here being two Figures of Savages or wild Men, well carved in Wood,..with each a knotty Club in his Hand wherewith they alternately strike the Quarters. 1780Edmondson Heraldry II. Gloss., Savage, Wood-man, or Wild-man. 1803Malcolm Lond. Rediv. III. 461 Their clock and savages, whose fascinating movements attract twenty pair of eyes every quarter of an hour. 1908Daily Chron. 9 Oct. 4/7 [About 1762] it was customary for the Lord Mayor's procession to be headed by a body of men called ‘whifflers’... These, with the assistance of some twenty ‘savages’ or ‘greenmen’, as they were termed, who let off..fireworks, effectively cleared the way for the City Fathers and the ‘Show’.
▪ II. savage, v.|ˈsævɪdʒ|
Also 6 salvage.
[f. savage a.]
†1. intr. To act the savage; to indulge in cruel or barbarous deeds. Obs. rare.
1563Sackville Mirr. Mag., Compl. Dk. Buckingham xlix, My hart agryesd that such a wretche should raygne, Whose bluddy brest so salvaged out of kynde, That Phalaris had never so bluddy a minde. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vii. xix. 384 Though the blindnesse of some ferities have savaged on the dead, and beene so injurious unto wormes, as to disenterre the bodies of the deceased; yet had they therein no designe upon the soule.
2. trans. To render savage, barbarous, or fierce.
1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. (1623) 563 Dispositions not despicable, if they had not been sauaged with a too carelesse rudenesse. 1727–46Thomson Summer 1081 Dependants, friends, relations, Love himself, Savag'd by woe, forget the tender tie, The sweet engagement of the feeling heart. 1748Smollett Rod. Rand. xxii, I was so savaged by my wrongs that I delighted in the recital of this adventure. 1828Southey Epist., Anniv. 13 Its bloodhounds savaged by a cross of wolf. 1899Contemp. Rev. Dec. 882 They are extremely good-natured and mild-tempered dogs, unless carefully ‘savaged’ by their masters.
†3. To behave savagely to. Obs.
1796C. Smith Marchmont III. 146 She used to savage me so..that I shall never go near them any more.
4. Of an animal, esp. a horse: To attack with the teeth, bite. Also transf. and fig.
1880W. Day Racehorse in Train v. 38 In the stalls the bars should be put up between them, so that..they may be hindered kicking and savaging each other. 1891N. Gould Double Event 12 A dangerous horse had thrown Thurton to the ground, and was ‘savaging’ him. 1894Pall Mall G. 1 Nov. 7/3 Alexander III was daily caricatured as a bear with an Imperial crown, who wished to savage the best of his subjects. 1896W. C. F. Molyneux Campaigning in S. Afr. & Egypt 173 [The horse] galloped about with rolling eyes, savaging every horse or man it could reach. 1923Public Opinion 2 Sept. 103/2 Human lust and hatred has first savaged them to death. 1926Bulletin 9 June 13 He is much too severe on the form of novels—the Cogglesby comedy in ‘Evan’ is savaged, for example. 1929Chesterton Poet & Lunatics 107, I can no more see him savaging somebody like poor young Saunders than I can see him kicking a crippled child. 1962I. Murdoch Unofficial Rose xxxiv. 319 Once he stroked it [sc. a picture] absently, as he had done when it was his, and was savaged by an attendant. 1963[see cut ppl. a. 6]. 1977Time 26 Dec. 36/1 Minnelli is only the latest in a long line of actresses savaged by Simon. |