| 释义 |
▪ I. bloat, n.|bləʊt|
[f. bloat a.2]
1. a. Bloatedness.
1905G. B. Shaw Irrational Knot xi. 226 He..had noted with aversion a certain unhealthy bloat in her face. 1911F. H. Burnett Secret Garden xxvii. 300 If he took his food natural sir, you'd think he was putting on flesh—but we're afraid it may be a sort of bloat.
b. spec. in Veterinary Path. A disease of livestock characterized by an accumulation of gases in the stomach; = hoove.
1878G. H. Dadd Amer. Cattle Doctor iii. 65 Tympanites rumenites signifies distension of the rumen in the bovine species—the ox and cow—and, in the phraseology of the grazier, is known as bloat or hoven. 1962R. Seiden Livestock Health Encycl. (ed. 2) 65/2 Bloat, hoven, tympanites, or tympany in livestock (especially in cattle, sheep and goats)..is primarily caused by vigorous fermentation in the rumen.
2. A conceited or contemptible person (see also quot. 1888). U.S. slang.
1860in Amer. Speech (1947) XXII. 299/1, I considered such an old bloat not worth minding. 1871Congress. Globe Feb., App. 129/1 Wife whippers, penitentiary birds, street vagabonds, beastly bloats, and convicted felons. 1888Farmer Americanisms 64/1 Bloat (cant), a drowned body; also a drunkard.
3. ‘A hammer swelled at the eye.’ Raymond Mining Gloss. 1881.
▪ II. bloat, a.1|bləʊt|
Also 3–6 blote, 7 bloate.
[The spelling bloat occurs in this sense earlier than in that of next word, with which this is often identified, though in the present state of our knowledge it is safer to keep them distinct. The ME. blote is perhaps identical with ON. blaut-r in the sense ‘soft with moisture, soaked, wet’; or from a parallel form *blót-: cf. the ME. vb. blotne, ON. blotna to soften, moisten (see bloten), also Sw. blöt soft, moist, yielding. But it would also answer in form to OE. blát ‘livid, pale’, though this sense is less likely. Sense 2 recalls ON. blautr fiskr, i.e. ‘soft fish’, applied to ‘fresh’ fish, but in Sw. blöt fisk, to ‘soaked’ fish (Vigf.). Though evidence of actual connexion is wanting, it is conjectured that the Eng. ‘bloat herring’ is, in some way, identical with these, and means, etymologically, either ‘soft (moist) herring’, in opposition to ‘dried’, or else ‘soaked, steeped herring’, in reference to part of the process of curing the herrings so termed. In Act 18 Chas. II. ii. ‘bloated’ is opposed to ‘dried’, and it is explained by Blount as ‘half-dried’; but most of the quotations give it as meaning (in actual use) ‘smoked’, (smoking being an important part of the process). One at least (1613 below) appears to identify it with ‘puffed up’, and thus with sense 2 of the next word, whereas Sylvester, in 1616, says ‘Herrings shrink in bloating’; but moist herrings are naturally plumper than those more thoroughly dried. See also next word, and bloat v.1]
†1. ? Soft with moisture (or ? livid, pale). Obs.
c1300Of Men Lif xiii. in E.E.P. (1862) 154 Ȝe sutters [? suters = sutors]..wiþ ȝour blote hides of selcuþ bestis.
2. bloat herring: a smoked half-dried herring, cured by the process described in bloat v.1; a bloated herring, a bloater. Also a term of contempt for a human being. ? Obs.
a1586Sidney Remed. for Love 65 (Grosart II. 176) Her compound, or electuary, Made of olde linge or caviarie, Blote herringe, cheese. 1602Dekker Satirom. 245 Bloate herring dost heere? a1613Overbury A Wife (1638) 177 He'l bee puft up to your hand like a bloat Herring. 1621B. Jonson Masque Augurs, You stink like so many bloat⁓herrings newly taken out of the chimney! 1661Pepys 5 Oct., To the Dolphin, and there eat some bloat herrings.
▪ III. bloat, a.2|bləʊt|
Forms: 4 bloute, 6–7 blowt(e, 7– bloat.
[Apparently distinct at first (as an Eng. word) from the prec., since the earlier form of that was blote, but of this blout; though of parallel origin, and, since the 17th c., identified in form, and often associated in meaning. ME. blout, blowt, was the regular adopted form of ON. blautr- soft (as a baby's limbs, a bed, silk; see Vigf.); cf. Sw. blöt ‘soft, yielding, pulpous, pulpy’. The later form bloat does not answer phonetically to blout, blowt, yet its modern use is largely owing to the ‘blowt king’ of Hamlet having been printed ‘bloat’ by editors since Warburton, 1747; G. Daniel had also spelt the word in this way c 1640–50. Possibly bloat a.1 in ‘bloat herrings’ (found as early as 1602) was in the 17th c. a much better known word than this, and being, rightly or wrongly, identified with it, influenced its form. It is to be noted that bloat v., and its derivatives bloated, bloating, are all of earlier use as applied to the herring, than in senses connected with this word. Sense 2 is a natural enough extension of 1; but it may have been influenced by association with blow, blown; the mutual influence of this and the prec. since 1600, cannot be settled without more definite knowledge of the exact notion at first attached to ‘bloat herring’.]
†1. Blowte, bloute: ? Soft, soft-bodied, flabby, pulpy; passing into ‘puffy, puffed, swollen’. Obs.
c1300Havelok 1910 He leyden on..[blows]..He maden here backes al so bloute Als he[re] wombes, and made hem rowte Als he weren kradel-barnes. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. iv. 182 Let the blowt king tempt you againe to bed. [So all the Quartos, exc. Q 1, where wanting; the Folios read blunt.] 1603H. Crosse Vertues Commw. (1878) 145 The body I say is subiect to so much pestilence..the face blowte, puft vp, and stuft with the flockes of strong beere.
2. Bloat: Puffed, swollen, inflated, esp. with self-indulgence. Hence bloat-faced adj. (In modern writers an echo of Shakespeare's word since that has been written bloat. bloated occurs in the same sense from 1664.)
1747[Warburton printed bloat for blowt and blunt in Hamlet.]
1638–48G. Daniel Eclog. iii. 83 The foolish rites Of bloatfac'd Bacchus. 1649― Trinarch., Hen. V, ccxcii, The Bloat Face of Rusticitie, Smuggs, looking in A Mirrour. 1832Blackw. Mag. XXXII. 661 The bloat and ugly villain. 1857Heavysege Saul (1869) 332 To fetch a calf or sheep, That its bloat master may it stick and slay? 1861Temple & Trevor Tannhäuser 11 From foul embrace Of that bloat Queen.
b. transf.
[1635Quarles Embl. i. Invoc., Scorn, scorn to feed on thy old bloat desires. (? cf. bloat herring.)] 1646G. Daniel Poems Wks. 1878 I. 89 What I loose or win To bloat opinion, that below my fate I ever value.
▪ IV. bloat, v.1
Also 7 blote.
[App. f. bloat a.1, with the sense ‘to make bloat’.]
trans. To cure (herrings) by a process which leaves them soft and only half-dried. This is now done by leaving them in dry salt on a floor for 24 hours, washing in fresh water, spitting, and smoking them over an oak fire for a period varying from 24 hours to 3 or 4 days, according to the time they are to be kept before being eaten. (Earlier authorities speak of their being steeped for a time in brine before smoking; which has to be remembered in discussing the original meaning of bloat.)
Bloated herrings are opposed to dried or red herrings, which are left in dry salt for 10 days, and smoked for 14 days, whence their deep colour and shrivelled dryness.
1611Cotgr., Fumer, to..bloat, besmoake, hang, or drie in the smoake. 1618Fletcher Isl. P'cess ii. i. 102, I have more smoke in my mouth then would Blote a hundred herrings. 1682J. Collins Salt & Fishery 109 Of Bloated and Dryed Fish. These the Fishmongers say are bloated as followeth, to wit, they sink them 3 or 4 hours in a Brine..and then hang them up a drying in Chimnies.
▪ V. bloat, v.2
[app. f. bloat a.2: its identity with or distinctness from the prec. depends of course upon the relation of the two adjectives.]
1. a. trans. To blow out, inflate, swell, make turgid. Also absol.
1677Dryden Circe Prol. 25 Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise, That he may get more bulk before he dies. 1711Addison Spect. No. 127 ⁋6 To see so many well-shaped innocent Virgins bloated up, and waddling up and down like big-bellied Women. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Epispastic, Of epispasticks, there are some which..swell and bloat the skin. 1748Chesterfield Lett. II. clviii. 64 All malt-liquors fatten, or at least bloat. 1815Encycl. Brit. III. 549 Butchers have a kind of blast or bellows..by which they bloat or blow up their meat when killed. 1834H. Miller Scenes & Leg. xvi. (1857) 240 Dead bodies..bloated by the water. a1878Stirling-Maxwell in Edin. Rev. No. 323. 19 Excess, both in eating and drinking..had bloated his cheek.
b. fig.
1896J. A. Hobson Probl. Unempl. 1 Well-meaning..social reformers stretch the term [‘unemployment’] and bloat it out to gigantic proportions.
2. intr. To swell, become swollen or turgid.
a1735Arbuthnot (J.) If a person of a firm constitution begins to bloat. 1813T. Jefferson Corr. (1830) 221 No man knows what his property is worth, because it is bloating while he is calculating. 1839Fraser's Mag. XIX. 94 Who shut me up In darkness..to fatten, swell, and bloat. |