| 释义 |
▪ I. sam, v.1 Obs. exc. dial.|sæm|
Forms: α. 1 samnian, 3–4 samen, samne (3 Ormin sammne-nn), 4 samin, sammyn, samyn, 4–5 sammen, 5 sampne; β. 4–5 same, 4–7 samme, 9– dial. sam.
[OE. samnian, sǫmnian, corresp. to OFris. somnia, OS. samnon (MLG. samenen, samnen, sammen), MDu. samenen, samnen, samen, OHG. samanôn (MHG. samenen), ON. samna, safna:—OTeut. *samanōjan, f. *samanō together: see samen adv. Synonymous forms, with substitution of l for n, are MDu. and MLG. samelen (Du. zamelen), MHG. samelen (mod.G. sammeln); the Sw. samla, Da. samle, are from German.
For the ME. forms descending from OE. sǫmnian, see † somne v.1 The β forms exhibit the same simplification of final mn to m that appears in the pronunciation of damn, limn, contemn.]
†1.
a. trans. To assemble (persons). Obs.
a1000Daniel 228 Þa he þyder folc samnode. a1300Cursor M. 2515 Quen he herd þan o þis tyþand; He did to-geder samen his men. 1338R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 100 Whan he had samned his oste of folk fer & nere. a1400–50Alexander 1732 For þou has samed [Dubl. sampned], as men sais a selly nounbre Of wrichis & wirlingis out of þe west endis. c1400Laud Troy Bk. 3232 To alle the lordes that there were Were redy dyght and samed there With ther meyne. c1440York Myst. xxxiv. 43 Oure gere behoues to be grayde, And felawes sammed sone.
†b. To bring together, join (in marriage, friendship, love, etc.). Obs.
c1200Ormin 322 Þatt Daviþ kingess kinness menn Off weress oþþr off wifess Wiþþ Aaroness kinness menn Off siþre wærenn sammnedd. a1340Hampole Psalter cxxi. 7 Þat neghburs & breþere be samynd in charite.
refl.a1300Cursor M. 2239 Þis fol folk þam sammen þan Brathli þai þis werk bigan. a1300E.E. Psalter xlvi. 10 Princes of folke þai samened þam With þe God of Abraham.
†c. intr. for refl. To assemble, come together.
[a1000Ags. Ps. (Spelman) xxx. 17 Hi ᵹederedon vel somnodon samod toᵹeanes me.] c1200Ormin 2412 Ȝa mihhte ȝho sket affterr þatt Wiþþ hire macche sammnenn. c1250Gen. & Ex. 434 He ches a stede toward eden, And to him sameden oðer men. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1932 Þe names of contres Ben chaunged..Als straunge folk han hider y-samed.
2. trans. To bring together, collect (things); now only dial. (Yorks., Lancs., etc.), chiefly with together, up. † Also in occasional senses: To bring together the edges of (a wound), OE.; to join or fasten together; to amass, hoard up; to fill full of.
Modern dialectal uses (for which see E.D.D.) are to sam up, to pick up eagerly; to sam hold of, to clutch, grasp.
c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 22 Þonne samnað hio þa wunde & hælð. c1200Ormin 1552 Þu sammnesst all þin mele inn an & cnedesst itt togeddre. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 659 Vchone..Ne samned neuer in no syde, ne sundred nouþ[er]. a1400–50Alexander 1520 He plyes ouire þe pauement with pallen webis, Mas on hiȝt ouire his hede for hete of þe sone, Sylours of sendale to sele ouire þe gatis, And sammes [Dubl. sampnez] þaim on aithire side with silken rapis. Ibid. 5290 Þan scho laches him be-lyfe & ledis him forthire, In-to a clochere with a kay þe clennest of þe werde, Was sammed all of sipris & seder-tables. c1400Cursor M. 27762 (Cott. Galba) Slewth oft samnes sorow strang, and þat vnmekely lastand lang. 1824W. Carr Horæ Momenta Cravenæ 11 If shoe nobbud cud git a bit a naturable rist, shoe wod sam up strength fast. 1893Snowden Tales Yorksh. Wolds 168 We sammed together all we could find. 1934J. B. Priestley Eden End i. 10 I've been up in the back garret, samming up these old clothes for the doctor.
3. To coagulate († const. together). Now only dial., to curdle (milk) for cheese; also absol.
1615Crooke Body of Man 263 There is nothing to be seene but the seede coagulated or sammed together. Ibid. 429 Whereby those things which otherwise could hardly be sammed together might receiue their conglutination. 1691Ray N.C. Words (ed. 2), To samme Milk, to put the running to it, to curdle it. 1788W. Marshall Yorksh. II. 349 ‘When do you sam?’ When do you set your milk? or, When do you make cheese?
▪ II. sam, v.2 Leather-manuf.|sæm|
Also samm.
[Of doubtful origin: the explanation in quot. 1870 may point to derivation from some word with sam- prefix.]
See quots. Cf. sammy v. Hence sammed ppl. a.; ˈsamming vbl. n.
1870Eng. Mech. 11 Feb. 534/2 Hang until about half dry, or, technically speaking, ‘Sammed’. 1883R. Haldane Workshop Receipts Ser. ii. 367/1 The skins are allowed to drain,..and after ‘samming’, or damping with cold water, are staked. 1885A. Watt Art of Leather Manuf. xii. 151 The butts are next piled in a heap to sam, or samm, as it is termed, for several days, by which the leather becomes tempered or in an uniformly moist and softened condition. 1909H. G. Bennett Manuf. of Leather xx. 256 Samming is an exceedingly important operation by which leather is brought into a uniformly half-dry condition, this state being quite necessary for many of the finishing operations... The ‘sammed’ condition may be obtained in three ways—by drying out completely and then wetting back by dipping through water (often tepid) and leaving ‘in pile’ for some hours; by drying the wet goods in suspension to the required consistency and no further, wetting back any parts that have become drier than the bulk and leaving in pile for a time to become uniform; and by machine samming, in which case the superfluous moisture is removed by the pressure of machine rollers.
▪ III. † sam, adv. Obs.
Forms: 3–5 same, 4–6 samme, sam.
[Shortened form of samen adv.]
Together; mutually.
For in sam(e, see insame, i-same. For to sam, see to same.
13..Sir Beues (A.) 4561 Þe maide & Miles wer spused same In þe toun of Notinghame. 13..Cursor M. 9750 (Gött.), I sal crie pes in lande i-wiss, And dome and pes do sam [Cott. samen] þen kis. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 363 Syþen þay redden alle same, To ryd þe kyng wyth croun. 1390Gower Conf. II. 240 Doun thei seten bothe same. c1430Syr Tryam. 1127 They seyde, ‘God be at yowre game!’ He seyde, ‘Welcome, alle same!’ c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4895 Þe scottys were gadird sam. c1460Towneley Myst. xii. 179 Now god gyf you care foles all sam. 1513Douglas æneis vii. iv. 59 And heyr full oft at buyrdis by and by The heris wer wont togiddir syt all sam. c1525Tale of Basyn 8 in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 44 Off a parson ȝe mowe here,..And of his brother that was hym dere, And louyd well samme. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. May 168 For what concord han light and darke sam? a1600Flodden F. ii. (1664) 18 When they were all assembled Sam The town of Edenbrough before, Fifty great Lords there were of Fame. Ibid. vii. 68 All Sam the souldiers then replied. |