| 释义 |
▪ I. binding, vbl. n.|ˈbaɪndɪŋ|
[f. bind v. + -ing1.]
I. Abstract.
1. a. The action of the vb. bind in various senses.
a1240Lofsong in Lamb. Hom. 207 Ich bede þe..bi his nimunge . and bindunge. c1440Promp. Parv. 36 Byndynge, ligacio. 1517in Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Stortford 35 Pd. for flower and woode for the bynding of the books, ijd. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Sacrifice xii, I suffer binding, who have loos'd their bands. 1651Hobbes Govt. & Soc. xvii. §25. 324 What binding and loosing, or remitting and retaining of sinnes, is, admits of some scruple. 1706Phillips, etc., Binding (in Falconry) signifies tiring or when a hawk seizes [cf. bind v. 9 c]. 1832C. Howard Sel. Farms 8 By..large sheaves, and tight binding. 1881Greener Gun 257 The wood screws..are always soaped before turned in, to prevent their binding in the wood.
b. Engagement for service, or as an apprentice.
1834Penny Cycl. II. 194/1 The binding is to a carpenter for six years. 1858Lond. Rev. Oct. 42 At the annual bindings [for service].
2. The state or condition of being bound (in various senses of the vb.).
c1380Wyclif De Dot. Eccl. Sel. Wks. III. 431 Byndyng to siche signes lettiþ fredom of Crist. 1620Venner Via Recta vii. 115 In case of binding they are best to be eaten before meate. 1632Rutherford Lett. (1862) I. 83 What think ye to take binding with the fair Corner-stone, Jesus?
†3. A quantity bound up; a bundle, bunch. Obs.
1388Wyclif 1 Sam. xxx. 12 Twei byndyngis [Vulg. ligatura] of dried grapis.
II. Concrete.
4. That with which anything is bound; a bond, band, bandage; a fastening.
a1300E.E. Psalter cxxiv. [cxxv]. 5 Heldand in bindinges Laverd lede sal. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. xlv. (1495) 629 The tame cucurbita..byndyth it self wyth certen fastnynges and byndynges as a vyne dooth. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 379 The same bindings being again bound upon the wound..infect it. 1611Bible Dan. v. 6 The joints [marg. bindings or knots] of his loins were loosed.
5. spec.
a. The strong covering of a book, which holds the sheets together, and protects the volume.
1647Crashaw Steps Temp. 61 A little volume, but great book..the rest of a rich binding. 1709Steele Tatler No. 80 ⁋1 Provided always, that the Binding be of Calves-Skin. 1787Burns Book Worm i, Spare the golden bindings. 1854N. & Q. IX. 423 Receipt for varnishing the binding of old books.
b. A protective covering for the raw edges of a fabric; the braid or other material of this.
1598Florio, Cordicella, a little cord..an inkle, a binding. 1747Gentl. Mag. XVII. 284 The boys and girls hats are white, and tied round with red binding. 1885Price List, Bindings..Silk, 2d. per yard.
c. Arch. and Shipbuilding. A band of masonry and brickwork; a connecting timber, etc.
1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 10 Plankes, bindings, knees, boults. 1730A. Gordon Maffei's Amphit. 223 The three Fasciæ or Bindings, which serve as a Parapet. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 97 Bindings, the iron links which surround the Dead-Eyes. 1884Congregational Year Bk. 401 The ceiling of roof over the nave is..divided by arched bindings.
d. An arrangement of straps or springs holding the ski to the boot.
1911Encycl. Brit. XXV. 186/2 The feet..are fastened to the middle of the skis by an arrangement of straps, called the binding. 1924Tourist (Winter Sports) 12/1 There are many varieties of ‘rigid’ or ‘spring’ bindings, which hold the ski to the foot.
6. attrib. and Comb., as binding factory, binding shrub; binding-cloth, fancy cloth (usually dyed and stamped muslin) for covering books; binding copy (see quot. 1951); binding-guide, a contrivance fitted to sewing-machines for adjusting the binding to the material to be bound; † Binding-Tuesday, the Tuesday in Hocktide, the second Tuesday after Easter. (See also the ppl. adj.)
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Retama, a kinde of binding shrubbe or broome, Genista. 1664Spelman Gloss. s.v. Hocday, Alii in hac celebritate alios obsident, capiunt, ligant (præsertim viros fœminæ) atque inde, binding Tuesday, i. Diem Martis ligatoriam appellant. 1845Strutt Sports & Past. iv. iii. 350 [tr. Spelman]. 1936Rogers' Catalogue (Newcastle upon Tyne), [Item] 249..is really a binding copy. 1951J. Carter ABC for Book-Collectors 33 Binding copy, this means..a copy whose covers are in a very poor state, but whose interior is clean and which is worth re-binding.
▸ Chem. and Biochem. The fact, process, or level of chemical bonding or combination. Freq. attrib.
1918T. B. Robertson Physical Chem. of Proteins xii. 309 H+ ions..decrease through the binding of acid by the denatured protein. 1929Jrnl. Exper. Med. 50 417 This indicates that the antibodies involved..may be supposed to possess several distinct binding groups. 1938R. W. Lawson tr. G. Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Radioactivity (ed. 2) xviii. 172 It was also feasible to..examine..the firmness of binding of iodine, bromine, etc., in organic compounds. 1965Nature 10 Apr. 165/2 It is notable that a transient binding state for methyl orange largely survived exposure to 0.5 M propionic acid. 1984M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) ii. 84 (heading) The function of the antibody molecule depends on its binding reaction with antigen. 1993Sci. Amer. Nov. 30/3, I..postulated that certain enzymes may be activated by allosteric, or indirect means, by which binding at one site influences behaviour of another site.
▸ Chem. The (level of) cohesion of the constituent particles of an atom. Cf. binding energy n. at binding adj. Special uses.
1922A. D. Udden tr. N. Bohr Theory of Spectra iii. iii. 86 Helium was at first assumed to be a mixture of two different gases..but now we know that the two spectra simply mean that the binding of the second electron can occur in two different ways. 1954Proc. Royal Soc. (A.) 221402 It is possible that the influence of nuclear binding is negligible. 1989Encycl. Brit. XIV. 344/1 Because of the strong binding of inner shells in heavy atoms..photons are produced with energies ranging from 100 to 100,000 eV in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
▸ binding site n. Biochem. a location on a protein or other macromolecule, or on a cellular structure, at which chemical interaction with a specific active substance takes place.
1950Sci. Monthly Jan. 24/2 We should like to learn as much as possible about the configurational arrangement of the atoms which form the *binding site on the protein. 1967Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113192/1 It is possible that competition for binding sites occurs between the two drugs when given to patients together. 1983B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell xvii. 963 Antibodies..can exist in millions of different forms, each with its own unique binding site for antigen. 2001Science 10 Aug. 1066/3 That stretch of DNA contains a binding site for a protein called CTCF, which forms a chromosomal ‘boundary’.
▪ II. ˈbinding, ppl. a.
[f. as prec. + -ing2.]
1. That binds together or up; causing or tending to cohere; astringent, styptic.
1382Wyclif Dan. iii. 69 Byndynge frost and colde, blesse ȝe to the Lord. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lxix. (1495) 289 Byndyng medycynes..as..Acacia. 1606B. Jonson Hymenæi, We see The binding force of Vnitie. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Countr. Farm 539 As for the mixt soyles, if they be binding, as the clayes. 1824Loudon Cycl. Garden, §1958 Choosing the best coloured good binding gravel.
2. fig. Obligatory, restrictive, coercive.
1611Bible Num. xxx. 13 Euery binding othe to afflict the soule. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. ix. 224 No promise made to an heretic is binding. 1859Mill Liberty iv, Laws of conduct binding on ourselves and on all others.
3. Comb. (some of them perh. from the vbl. n.), as binding agent, a substance that assists cohesion (cf. bind v. 10); binding energy Physics, the energy required to break up a nucleus into its constituent particles; binding-joist, a joist resting on the wall-plates and carrying other joists; † binding-note, a bind or tie in musical notation; binding-plate, one of a series of iron plates used to strengthen or arm a puddling-furnace; binding-rafter, a longitudinal timber lying upon the principals of a roof and enabling them to support the covering; binding-screw, a screw used in various instruments for purposes of clamping or adjustment; binding-twine, twine used for binding sheaves of corn; binding wire, wire used for binding.
1933Burlington Mag. Mar. 123/2 Egg, milk, or size, was used as a *binding-agent. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 91/1 Binding agent or binder, the basic material of disc records, chiefly shellac, which causes the various materials to adhere together and form, after heating, a solid mass.
1932J. Chadwick in Proc. R. Soc. A. CXXXVI. 708 This suggests that the neutron consists of a proton and an electron in close combination, the *binding energy being about 1 to 2 × 106 electron volts. 1933E. Wigner in Physical Rev. XLIII. 253/2 One of the remarkable facts about the mass defects in the very first elements is the very great binding energy of the He nucleus. Ibid. 256/1 We now come to the calculation of the binding energy of the He nucleus, 1 and 2 are neutrons, 3 and 4 protons. 1957Encycl. Brit. XVI. 593D/1 The binding energy is a negative energy in the sense that one has to add energy to decompose a helium nucleus into neutrons and protons. 1958W. K. Mansfield Elem. Nucl. Physics ii. 15 It should require, roughly, 28/4 = 7 MeV to detach a single nucleon. This amount of energy is known as the average binding energy per nucleon.
1677Moxon Mech. Exerc. (1703) 132 The *binding Joysts marked cc. 1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 266 The beams and binding-joists are shown.
1782Burney Hist. Mus. II. 454 Semicircular marks, called *binding-notes, and slurs.
1875Ure Dict. Arts II. 997 Bolted upon both sides to the cast-iron *binding plates of the furnace.
1842Gwilt Archit. Gloss., *Binding Rafters, The same as Purlins.
1828F. Watkins Electro-Magnetism or Electro-Dynamics 74 Two wooden..troughs are secured by *binding-screws. 1839Annals Electr., Magn. & Chem. IV. 65 The result is a method whereby solder..and binding screws are dispensed with. c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 258/1 From these springs the two wires proceed, ended by binding-screws.
1890U.S. Congress. Record Aug. 9260/1 The observations of..[Senator Davis] in respect to *binding-twine are very important to the people of La.
1767H. M. Brooks Olden Time Series (1886) IV. 31 *Binding wire; Brass and Iron ditto. 1843C. & J. J. Holtzapffel Turning I. xx. 424 The soft iron binding-wire used in soldering. 1920Whittaker's Electr. Engin. Pocket-Bk. (ed. 4) 363 The binding wire should be wrapped round the conductor where it rests against the insulator. |