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▪ I. bi- prefix1
the early OE., and the ordinary ME., form of the prefix be-; under which spelling see most of the words. Those alone are left under bi-, which did not survive long enough to be spelt with be-.
▪ II. bi- prefix2
a. L. bi- (earlier dui-, cogn. with Gr. δι-, Skr. dvi-) ‘twice, doubly, having two, two-,’ which is in Latin a prefix of adjs., occas. of ns., rarely of vbs. (e.g. bipertīre). The earliest Latin adjs. of this type are formed by simply prefixing bi- either to adj.- (and verb-) stems, as bifer, bifidus, bijugus, bisonus, or to n.- (and adj.-) stems, as bicolor, biceps, bifrons, bifurcus, bigener; later in all probability, and more evidently mere compounds, are those in which bi- is prefixed to an adj. with a thematic suffix, as bicorniger, bicubitālis, bilongus, bipatens, and these are occas. participial in form, as bicamerātus, biformātus. The Latin ns., ending usually in -ium, are formed on the prec. adjs., or possible ones of corresponding type, as biennium a space of two years, biennis lasting two years, biclīnium, *biclīnus.
The prefix entered Eng. in composition, e.g. in bigam (= med.L. bigamus), found c 1300, bicorne, c 1420; bifront, biforked occur late in 16th c.; and from the 17th c. onward, by a wide extension of the Latin analogy, especially in its later phases, bi- has been prefixed to any adj. conveniently indicating the thing or quality which is to be described as doubled or occurring twice, principally to those of Latin etymology, as in biangular, bicavitary, bicentral, bivaulted, bivoluminous, but also to others as birainy, biweekly. In modern scientific terminology, adjs. in -ate, -ated are most frequently employed, as biauriculate, bicarinate, bilamellate, bipinnate, biunguiculate, bimaculated; and the attrib. use of ns. as adjs. tends to such modern forms as bichord, biwhirl. (See also the form bin-.)
Bi- is therefore used in Eng. to form:—
I. Adjectives, with the sense:—
1. Having or furnished with two —, two-—, as bi-angular, -ate, -ated, -ous, having two angles; bibracteate, having two bracts; bibracteolate, having two small bracts; bicallose, -ous, having two callosities; † bicapited, bicapitate, having two heads, two-headed; bicapsular; bicavitary, having two cavities; bicentral; bichord, having two strings; biciliate, having two cilia or hairs; bicoloured, bicolumnar, biconsonantal; bicorporal, -ate, -ated, -eal, having two bodies; bicristate, having two crests; bifanged; biglandular, having two glands; bimarginate, bimembral, bimuscular; binodal, having two nodes; binuclear, having two nuclei; bi-ovulate, bipetalous; biporose, having or opening by two pores; bipupillate, having two pupil-like markings; biradiate, having two rays; birainy, having two rains or rainy seasons; bispinous, bistipuled; bitentaculate, having two tentacles; bituberculate, -ated, having two tubercles; bivascular, having two vessels; bivaulted; bivoluminous, consisting of two volumes; biwhirl.
1870Hooker Stud. Flora 259 Peduncles *bi-bracteate at the forks.
Ibid. 345 Scale peltate, *bi-bracteolate.
1572J. Bossewell Armorie ii. 42 [Lions] are borne in armes..*Bicapited, Bicorporated, Tricorporated.
1679Plot Staffordsh. (1686) 196 The *bicapsular seed vessel of Digitalis ferruginea.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 101 Nerve-centres..spoken of as ‘*bicavitary.’
1854Maxwell in Life viii. 231 Full of ellipses—*bicentral sources of lasting joy.
1857Berkeley Cryptog. Bot. §136 *Biciliate spores.
1862R. Patterson Ess. Hist. & Art 34 A *bi-coloured uniform.
1884M. Rule Eadmeri Hist. Nov. Pref. 84 The pages are *bicolumnar.
1861Max Müller Sc. Lang. vii. 251 A *bi⁓consonantal root.
1839Bailey Festus viii. (1848) 94 Luxurious, violent, *bicorporate.
1686Goad Celest. Bodies ii. iv. 201 Airy Signs, or Signs *Bicorporeal.
1882R. Brown Law Kosmic Ord. 57 A gigantic *bicorporeal Scorpion-couple.
1852Dana Crust. i. 212 Fourth [joint] prominently *bicristate, the crests thin.
1851Richardson Geol. viii. 315 Small *bifanged molar teeth.
1876Harley Mat. Med. 441 Terminal panicles..supported by *biglandular bracts.
1812J. Jebb Corr. (1834) II. 77 In these stanzas, each line is obviously *bimembral.
1835Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. I. viii. 237 The first [order] is *Bimuscular, having two attaching muscles.
1835Lindley Introd. Bot. (1848) I. 324 The cyme..may be *binodal, trinodal.
1880Times 24 Nov. 10 A small *bi-nuclear, gaseous, planetary nebula.
1881Gard. Chron. No. 411. 621 Spores..cylindrical, *binucleate.
1858W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. II. 145 Ventral fins *biradiate.
1855Maury Phys. Geog. Sea v. §296 Bogota is within the *birainy latitudes.
1852Dana Crust. i. 621 The preceding segment is *bispinous.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. An. iii. 131 A ciliated *bitentaculate body.
1849Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. vii. 371 A minutely *bituberculated wart.
1809J. Barlow Columb. ix. 15 In this *bivaulted sphere.
1870Lowell in Athenæum 19 Mar. 380 That *bivoluminous shape in which dullness overtakes..genius at last.
1882in Nature XXVI. 546 The formation of whirl and *biwhirl systems.
2. Doubly ―; ― in two ways or directions, on both sides; as bi-bisalternate (see quot.); bicleft; biconic, conical in two directions; biconcave, biconstant, biconvex; bicrescentic, crescent-shaped on both sides; bicurvate, bifusiform, bipyramidal, birectangular, birefracting, -ive, birefringent, birhomboidal, bi-sphero-concave; bisubstituted.
1817R. Jameson Char. Min. 210 When there are two rows of bisalternate planes on each side, as in the *bibisalternate cinnabar.
1627Drayton Agincourt, etc. 216 Those sacred springs, which from the *by-clift hill Dropt their pure Nectar.
1854Woodward Mollusca (1856) 285 Shell inversely conical, *bi-conic, or cylindrical.
1833Lyell Elem. Geol. xvii. (1874) 291 This Bird approaches the reptilian type in possessing *biconcave vertebræ.
1836Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. I. 409/1 A *biconcave disc.
1880Nature XXI. 289 A *bi-constant dispersion formula.
1849–52Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. IV. 1438/2 When the rays pass out from a *bi-convex lens.
1854J. Hogg Microsc. ii. ii. (1867) 400 Spicula having both extremities bent alike—*bicurvate.
1831Brewster Optics xxix. 243 The *bipyramidal dodecahedron.
1869Tyndall Notes Light 75 A *birefracting prism of Iceland spar.
Ibid. 66 This crystal is *birefractive.
1880Nature XXI. 204 A *birefringent crystal.
1817R. Jameson Char. Min. 202 A crystal is said to be *bi-rhomboidal, when its surface consists of..two different rhomboids.
1849–52Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. IV. 1469/1 *Bi-sphero-concave lenses.
1880E. Cleminshaw Wurtz' Atom. Th. 303 In a *bisubstituted derivate of marsh gas, the third substitution may take place on either side.
3. Bot. and Zool. Twice over, re- ―; i.e. having characteristically divided parts which are themselves similarly divided; as bilaciniate, bipinnate, biserrate, biternate, q.v.
4. Lasting or continuing for two ―; occurring or appearing every two ―; as biennial, bi-hourly, bi-monthly, bi-weekly.
1843in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. II. 247 *Bi-hourly observations..had ceased with the first of the present year.
1879Gladstone in Daily News 1 Dec. 6/5 Annual as opposed to *bi-monthly or tri-monthly budgets.
b. Occurring or appearing twice in a ―; as in bi-diurnal, bi-monthly, bi-quarterly, bi-weekly, bi-winter, bi-yearly. (The ambiguous usage is confusing, and might be avoided by the use of semi-; e.g. semi-monthly, semi-weekly; cf. half-yearly.)
1854Woodward Mollusca (1856) 32 A *bi-diurnal visit from the tide.
1878Print. Trades Jrnl. xxv. 4 A new Spanish *bi-monthly journal.
1884Pall Mall G. 15 Feb. 16 To issue these etchings in *bi-quarterly numbers.
1885Farrar Camb. Bible Sch. Luke xviii. 12 The *bi-weekly fast of the Pharisees..The days chosen were Thursday and Monday.
1884Harper's Mag. Feb. 394/1 The mail-carriers are making one of their *bi-winter trips.
1879Print. Trades Jrnl. xxviii. 9 A *bi-yearly calendar.
c. The prec. adjs. in -ly are also used adverbially.
1864Even. Standard 29 Oct., Sixpenny parts, to be issued bi-monthly. 1865Reader 12 Aug. 188/3 To be held bi⁓weekly, on Mondays and Thursdays.
d. The adjs. are also used substantively: bi-weekly, a newspaper, magazine, etc., published once every two weeks.
1890in Webster. 1978Daily Tel. 2 Dec. 1/7 The remainder are weeklies, bi-weeklies and three provincial Sunday newspapers.
5. Joining or connecting two ―; as bi-acromial, bi-ischiatic, bi-parietal, q.v.
6. Occasionally in other senses, as bimanual, employing two hands; biseriate, arranged in two series; bitaurine, belonging to two bulls.
1872F. Thomas Dis. Women 73 The practice of *bimanual palpation.
1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 430 The *biseriate segmentation of the apical cell.
1864E. Swifte in N. & Q. V. 142 The *bitaurine bellow.
II. Adverbs, verbs, and substantives; chiefly
a. derivatives from the adjectives in I, as bicleavage (cf. bicleft in 2), bicoloration (cf. L. bicolor and bicoloured in 1), bivocalize v.; but also
b. substantives formed after Latin analogies, in which bi- has the force of ‘double, two’; as bimillionaire, the owner of property valued at two millions of money; binomenclature, double naming; biprong, a two-pronged fork.
a.
1847–9Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. IV. 676/2 A *bicleavage of the azygos ventral rays.
1877Coues Fur Anim. iv. 120 [The] animal..resumes its *bicoloration.
b.
1838New Month. Mag. LIV. 314 The millionaire..becomes a *bi-millionaire.
1873Tristram Moab vii. 120 Another instance of *binomenclature, a duplicate name occurring on the east side.
1872M. Collins Pr. Clarice I. xii. 114 The ancient *biprong of steel.
III. Chem. Substantives and adjectives, in which bi- signifies the presence in a compound of twice that amount (usually two equivalents) of the acid, base, etc. indicated as present by the word to which it is prefixed. Thus carbonate of soda was viewed as containing one equivalent of carbonic acid, bicarbonate of soda as containing two. In recent chemical nomenclature, bi- has been systematically superseded by di-.
1863Watts Dict. Chem. I. 584 *Bi-compounds: see Di⁓compounds.
1819Brande Chem. v. §306 *Bicarbonate of Potassa is formed by passing a current of carbonic acid into a solution of the subcarbonate.
1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 210 The *bicarbonate [of soda] is chiefly used..for the production of refreshing drinks.
1826Henry Elem. Chem. II. 45 The second sulphuret, or *bi-sulphuret of tin.
1850Daubeny Atom. Th. x. (ed. 2) 342 *Bisulphuretted hydrogen is..decomposed by the action of alkalies.
1863Tyndall Heat i. 14, I wet a pellet of cotton-wool with liquid *bi⁓sulphide of carbon.
1879G. Gladstone in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 213/1 Tartar emetic—the *bitartrate of antimony and potash. |