| 释义 |
Rutherford Physics.|ˈrʌðəfəd|
[The name of Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), New Zealand-born English physicist.]
1. Used attrib. and in the possessive to designate concepts developed by him, as Rutherford('s) (scattering) formula or law, a mathematical expression of Rutherford scattering; Rutherford model, a model of the atomic nucleus devised to account for Rutherford scattering; Rutherford scattering, elastic scattering of charged particles by the electric fields of atomic nuclei; = Coulomb scattering; hence Rutherford-scatter v. trans.
1931G. Gamow Constitution of Atomic Nuclei iv. 85 The ratio of the observed scattering to that given by Rutherford's formula for a given angle falls to a minimum and then rises again. 1961Powell & Crasemann Quantum Mechanics xii. 465 Coulomb scattering of low-energy protons, for which the classical cross section is given by the Rutherford formula.
1931G. Gamow Constitution of Atomic Nuclei iv. 84 If..the potential barrier is high enough compared with the energy of the α-particle..deviations from Rutherford's law will be small. 1970I. E. McCarthy Nuclear Reactions i. i. 8 The first example of nuclear information being obtained from measurements of the differential cross-section as a function of momentum transfer is the Rutherford law for elastic scattering.
1930J. Buckingham Matter & Radiation iii. 59 The Rutherford model. 1968M. S. Livingston Particle Physics ii. 17 The nucleus of the Rutherford model must have a diameter of less than 10–12 cm. 1974G. Reece tr. Hund's Hist. Quantum Theory iv. 62 The formula remains true in Bohr's theory, while (4) is also valid for the Rutherford model of the atom.
1977Nature 6 Jan. 35/2 A beam of 32S ions is Rutherford scattered backwards from the sample and the energies of the scattered ions are measured.
1928Proc. R. Soc. A CXVIII. 548 This gives the Rutherford scattering formula exactly for all velocities of the incident particles. 1935J. Dougall tr. Born's Atomic Physics v. 126 It can actually be proved that Rutherford's scattering formula is strictly valid in wave mechanics also. 1977Nature 6 Jan. 36/1 The Z2 dependence of the Rutherford scattering cross section has been taken into account.
2. (Usu. written rutherford.) A unit of radioactivity orig. equal to one million disintegrations per second; later defined as the quantity of any particular nuclide exhibiting this degree of activity.
The curie is the more usual unit; one rutherford is approximately 2·7 × 10-5 curie.
1946Condon & Curtiss in Physical Rev. LXIX. 673/1 Since the curie was named in honor of M. and Mme. Curie, the co-discoverers of radium, it is natural to select the name ‘rutherford’ for the new unit. The appropriate abbreviation is ‘rd’ which conflicts with the abbreviation of no other well-accepted physical unit. The micro-rutherford would become one disintegration per second. 1947Nucleonics Oct. 34/2 A carefully defined new unit, the rutherford (rd), has been proposed for general use. Ambiguities as a result of choice of numerical values, failure to distinguish between beta rays per sec and disintegrations per sec, and extensions to arbitrary and undefined gamma-ray intensities, can then be avoided. 1958S. Glasstone Sourcebk. Atomic Energy (ed. 2) xvii. 521 In 1948, the Committee on Standards and Units of Radioactivity of the National Research Council (United States)..favored the adoption of the proposal..that the term ‘rutherford’ be used to designate a quantity of radio⁓active material giving 106 disintegrations per second. 1962H. D. Bush Atomic & Nuclear Physics iv. 84 The standard unit adopted is the curie... Another unit, which has not achieved universal acceptance, is the rutherford. |