| 释义 |
behaviour, n.|bɪˈheɪvɪə(r)|
Forms: 5–6 behauour(e, 6–7 behauiour(e, -ior, 6 behauer, -eour(e, behauyour, 7 behauor, behavier, ? 6– behaviour.
[f. behave v., by form-analogy with havour, havyoure, common 15–16th c. forms of the word which was orig. aver n. (q.v.), aveyr, also in 15th c. avoir; really OF. aveir, avoir, in sense of ‘having, possession,’ but naturally affiliated in Eng. to the native verb have, and spelt haver, havour, haviour, etc. Hence, by analogy, have: havour, -iour: behave: behavour, -iour. The formation might be confirmed by the (apparently) parallel demeanour, from demean (oneself). For the -iour see havour.]
1. a. Manner of conducting oneself in the external relations of life; demeanour, deportment, bearing, manners.
1490Caxton Eneydos xxxi. 120 For hys honneste behauoure [he] began to be taken with his loue. 1530Bale Thre Lawes 53 In clennes of lyfe and in a gentyll behauer. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. iv. 202 The behauiour of the yong Gentleman, giues him out to be of good capacity, and breeding. 1754Chatham Lett. Nephew v. 32 Behaviour is of infinite advantage or prejudice to a man. 1797Godwin Enquirer i. xiii. 111 Their behaviour is forced and artificial. 1862H. Spencer First Princ. ii. i. §36 Special directions for behaviour in the nursery, at table, or on the exchange. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 226 His courage is shown by his behaviour in the battle.
b. Also in pl.
1538Bale Comedy in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 211 Your fastynges, longe prayers, with other holy behauers. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. ii. 42 Which giue some soyle (perhaps) to my Behauiours. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. iv. §19. 366 To observe the actions, manners and Behaviours of men. a1763‘Geo. Psalmanazar’ Mem. (1764) 186, I could see..thro' all his artifices and different behaviours. 1959Camb. Rev. 7 Mar. 405/1 We must surely accept that the pattern of associated behaviours first noticed by Weber was one of the most brilliantly successful suggestions in the whole history of intellectual endeavour.
†c. The bearing of the character of another; personification, ‘person.’ Obs.
1595Shakes. John i. i. 3 Thus speakes the King of France, In my behauiour, to the Maiesty..of England heere.
†d. ‘External appearance with respect to grace.’ Johnson. Obs.
a1586Sidney (J.) He marked, in Dora's dancing, good grace and handsome behaviour. 1639Fuller Holy War i. vi. (1840) 8 [Mahometanism] having neither real substance in her doctrine, nor winning behavior in her ceremonies to allure professors.
e. absol. Good manners, elegant deportment.
1591Lambarde Arch. (1635) 91 A man of behaviour and countenance. 1701De Foe True Born Eng. Wks. (1841) 24 Strong aversion to Behaviour. 1711Addison Spect. No. 119 ⁋1 By Manners I do not mean Morals, but Behaviour and Good-breeding.
2. Conduct, general practice, course of life; course of action towards or to others, treatment of others.
1515Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (1847) 70 All people of good behavour By rightwise battayle, justice and equitie. 1535Coverdale 1 Macc. xiv. 35 His godly behauoure, and faithfulnesse which he kepte vnto them. 1584D. Powel Lloyd's Cambria 88 By his rich gifts and princely Behauior. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. Temp. ii. 124 The blamelesse behaviour of the Christians. 1719Young Revenge i. i, This severe behaviour Has, to my comfort, made it sweet to die. 1768Blackstone Comm. IV. 251 Recognizances, for the peace, and for the good behaviour. 1858Froude Hist. Eng. IV. xviii. 36 Henry's early behaviour to James.
3. Phrase. to be (or stand) on or upon one's behaviour, or one's good behaviour: to be placed on a trial of conduct or deportment, to be in a situation in which a failure in conduct will have untoward consequences; hence, to behave one's best.
1538Starkey England 196 And much bettur hyt were that they schuld stond apon theyr behavyour. 1698Norris Pract. Disc. IV. 261 Man..is now upon his Behaviour in order to a Better World. 1689Sherlock Death i. §1 (1731) 20 Adam..was but upon his good Behaviour, was but a Probationer for Immortality. 1779Burke in Boswell Johnson III. 172, I should be obliged to be so much upon my good behaviour. Mod. Tell the children to be on their best behaviour.
†4. Handling, management, disposition of (anything); bearing (of body). Obs.
1549Coverdale Erasm. Par. 1 Peter 8 Welfavourednes of beautie, and behaviour of apparel. 1563Homilies ii. Fasting (1859) 281 Both with words and behavour of body to shew themselves weary of this life. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie (Arb.) 262 Your misplacing and preposterous placing is not all one in behaviour of language.
5. transf. The manner in which a thing acts under specified conditions or circumstances, or in relation to other things.
1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 82 All local habitude or behaviour must be between two things or more, in a place so or so. 1866Argyll Reign Law ii. 67 In Chemistry the behaviour of different substances towards each other, in respect to combination and affinity. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 135 To watch..the behaviour of the water which drains off a flat coast of mud. 1882Daily Tel. 4 May, The behaviour of the vessel during her maiden voyage across the Atlantic.
6. attrib. and Comb., esp. in Psychol., as behaviour-cycle, behaviour data, behaviour-study, behaviour-system, behaviour-trend; behaviour pattern, a set or series of acts regarded as a unified whole; behaviour segment, a part of a behaviour pattern; behaviour therapy, a method of treating neurotic disorders (see quots.).
1921B. Russell Anal. Mind iii. 65 A ‘*behaviour-cycle’ is a series of voluntary or reflex movements of an animal, tending to cause a certain result, and continuing until that result is caused, unless they are interrupted by death, accident, or some new behaviour-cycle.
1913J. B. Watson in Psychol. Rev. XX. 158 On this assumption, *behavior data (including under this term everything which goes under the name of comparative psychology) have no value per se.
1926Psychol. Rev. XXXIII. 51 Is this modification of activity the result of environmentally conditioned learning or of the maturing of certain innate *behavior patterns or ‘instincts’? 1929B. Russell Marriage & Morals ii. 19 Where human beings are concerned we do not have the precise behaviour-patterns which are to be found among other animals. 1956Evolution X. 421 (title) A gene mutation which changes a behavior pattern. 196020th Cent. Apr. 372 As far as behaviour patterns are concerned, I feel..a greater affinity with the working-class Briton than with the middle-class man.
1934H. C. Warren Dict. Psychol. 31/1 *Behavior segment. 1936J. Kantor Objective Psychol. Gram. vi. 74 B..now becomes speaker. His speaking behaviour constitutes his second linguistic behaviour segment, his first being his audient response.
1953N. Tinbergen Herring Gull's World vii. 64 A man who does not have the patience simply to sit and watch for hours, days,..is not the type of man to undertake a *behaviour-study.
1927G. A. de Laguna Speech vi. 132 The *behavior-system of one species differs from that of another. 1938A. N. Whitehead Modes of Thought i. 20 There is no one behaviour-system belonging to the essential character of the universe, as the universal moral ideal. 1958A. R. Radcliffe-Brown Method in Social Anthrop. i. iv. 103 Psychology is here taken to mean the study of the mental or psychic systems—if you will, the behaviour systems—of organisms.
1959H. J. Eysenck in Jrnl. Mental Sci. CV. 66, I have called these methods [of treatment] ‘*behaviour therapy’ to contrast them with methods of psychotherapy... Psychoanalysts show a preoccupation with psychological methods involving mainly speech, while behaviour therapy concentrates on actual behaviour as most likely to lead to the extinction of the unadaptive conditioned responses. 1961Guardian 12 May 6/6 This new approach, which owes much to J. B. Watson,..and to J. Wolpe, the well-known South African psychologist, has been christened Behaviour Therapy... Behaviour therapy..tries to understand neurotic symptoms..in terms of..experimentally established facts of human and animal behaviour.
1949G. Ryle Concept of Mind iv. 110 To explain an action as done from a certain motive is..to subsume it under a..*behaviour-trend. |