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▪ I. beard, n.|bɪəd|
Forms: 1–3 beard, (3 bærd, beord, burde), 3–6 berd, (4–6 berde), 5–6 beerd(e, 6 (Sc. baird, beird), bearde, 6– beard.
[Common Teut.: OE. beard (:—earlier *bard, *bærd) = MDu. baert, Du. baard, OHG., mod.G. bart, ON. *barðr retained only in comp. as Langbarðr (but cogn. with barð neuter, ‘brim, edge, beak, prow,’ whence sense 11 below):—OTeut. *bardo-z (not known in Gothic); cogn. w. OSlav. barda beard. Kinship to L. barba is, on phonetic grounds, doubtful. As to identity of OE. and mod. spelling see beacon.]
1. The hair that grows upon the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of an adult man's face; now usually excluding the moustache, or hair of the upper lip.
c825Vesp. Ps. cxxxiii. 2 Swe swe smiring in heafde ðæt astaᵹ in beard Aarones. 1205Lay. 10753 ælcne mon..þe hæfde on his chinne bærd [1250 beord]. c1230Wohunge in Cott. Hom. 279 Þen mon him for schendlac i þe beard spitted. c1250Gen. & Ex. 3584 Ðo wiste he wel quilc hauen it don, Sene it was here berdes on. a1300K. Alis. 1164 Swithe mury hit is in halle, When the burdes wawen alle! 1382Wyclif Isa. xiv. 2 Eche berd [1388 beerd] shal be shaue. 1387Trevisa Higden Rolls Ser. I. 205 Longobardi..haueþ þe name of her longe berdes. c1449Pecock Repr. 120 Men leten her berdis growe withoute schering. a1550Christis Kirk Gr. xix, Bludy berkit wes thair beird. 1589Pappe w. Hatchet D, Let me stroake my beard thrice like a Germin, before I speak a wise word. 1716Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. vi. I. 20 A decrepit old man, with a beard down to his knees. 1757Burke Abridgm. Eng. Hist. Wks. X. 184 The Britons..shaved the beard on the chin, that on the upper lip was suffered to remain. 1834Byron Def. Transf. i. i Broad brow, and..curly beard.
b. with qualifying epithet, e.g. Cads-beard, ? Cadiz-beard; tile-beard or cathedral-beard, one cut square in the shape of a tile.
1590Shakes. Mids. N. i. ii. 97 Your purple in graine beard, or your French-crowne colour'd beard. 1598E. Guilpin Skial. (1878) 22 His face, Furr'd with Cads-beard. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. vii. vii. I. 325 Who is this..in red-grizzled locks; nay with long tile-beard? 1860Fairholt Costume 229 The soldier wore the spade beard and the stiletto beard.
c. transf. or fig.
a1856Longfellow Build. Ship 274 His [the ocean's] beard of snow Heaves with the heaving of his breast.
d. allusively, of age, experience, virility; cf. greybeard.
1591Florio 2nd Fruites 41 A greater beard than mine might be deceaued. a1700Dryden (J.) Some thin remains of chastity appeared Ev'n under Jove, but Jove without a beard. a1704Locke (J.) Would it not be insufferable for a professor to have..a reverend beard overturned by an upstart novelist?
e. Phrases. † in spite of or maugre any one's beard: in defiance of or direct opposition to his purpose. to one's beard: to one's face, openly. † to be, meet, or run in any one's beard: to oppose him openly and resolutely, to beard. to take by the beard: to attack resolutely (cf. 1 Sam. xvii. 35). † to make a man's beard: (lit.) to dress his beard, (fig.) to outwit or delude him. So † to make a man's beard without a razor: (in later sense) to behead him. † to put something against a man's beard: to taunt him with it.
1330R. Brunne Chron. 207 Þe cuntre sone he fond in his berd redy ran. c1384Chaucer H. Fame 689 Moo berdys in two oures Withoute Rasour or Sisoures Y-made, then greyndes be of sondes. c1386― Wife's Prol. 361 Yit couthe I make his berd, though queynte he be. 1387Trevisa Higden Rolls Ser. II. 325 A morwe a man of Hebrewe putte þat aȝen Moyses berd. c1450Rob. Hood (Ritson) i. i. 361 Thou art euer in my berde, sayd the abbot. c1500Lancelot 3471 If that we met them scharply in the berd. 1525Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xxiii. 59 If I get you..I shall delyuer you to Joselyn, that shall make your beerdes without any rasoure. 1555Traves Let. in Strype Eccl. Mem. III. ii. App. xxxiii, Yea mawgre the berdis of al hard harts, God wil at length..delyver thee. 1601Dent Pathw. Heaven 80 Yet at last they must (spight of their beards) end where they began. 1785Cowper Task ii. 271 Shamed as we have been, to th' very beard. 1809W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 21 A gigantic question..which I must needs take by the beard and utterly subdue.
2. The similar hairy tuft or growth on the lower jaw or adjacent parts of the face of other animals; e.g. the goat, lion, ibex, seal.
c1300K. Alis. 6519 A best..y-cleped Cessus..Berd hit hadde long y-waxe. a1300Cursor M. 7509 A bere a lyon baþ I mette..and shoke ham bi þe berde squa. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxi. 194 A gote..that shuld haue hornes of siluer and a berde as white as snowe. 1595Shakes. John ii. i. 138 Whose valour plucks dead Lyons by the beard. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 485 The Pastor shears their hoary Beards. c1840Wood Nat. Hist. I. 670 A Goat..is easily conquered if his beard can only be grasped.
3. Zool.
a. The appendages to the mouth of some fishes.
b. The rows of gills in certain bivalves, e.g. the Oyster.
c. The byssus or mass of threads by which certain shell-fish (e.g. the Pinna) attach themselves to rocks, etc.
d. (See quot. 1802.)
e. Two small oblong fleshy bodies situated just above the antlia or spiral sucker of moths and butterflies; the corresponding part in some Diptera, e.g. the Gnat.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Beard of a muscle..[also of insects]. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) II. iv. vi. 367 These threads which are usually termed the beard of the mussel. 1796H. Glasse Cookery xi. 175 Wash the oysters very clean..and take the beards off. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. xvi. (1817) 140 The play of the rings in an earth⁓worm..the beards or prickles, with which the annuli are armed. 1838Dickens O. Twist (1850) 136/2 ‘A'n't yer fond of oysters?’..‘Here's one with such a beautiful, delicate beard!’
4. Ornith.
a. The cluster of bristles at the base of the beak in some birds, as the Barbet (Bucco).
b. The vane or soft lateral filaments of a feather.
1802Paley Nat. Theol. xii. (1817) 106 The separate pieces, or laminæ, of which the beard [of a feather] is composed. 1835Penny Cycl. III. 433/2 [In Bucco] Pogonias..the beard is very strong. 1836Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. I. 350/1 All feathers are composed of..a vane or beard.
5. Applied as specific name of: The freshwater Shrimp, the Hake, and a kind of pigeon.
1611Cotgr., Petite crevette de rivière, the Beard, or fresh⁓water Shrimpe. a1766Pennant Zool. (1769) III. 158 The lesser hake..is known on the coast of Cornwall by the name of the greater forked beard. 1867Tegetmeier Pigeons x. 108 In other parts of Germany they have many clean-footed Tumblers of various colours, as Magpies, Helmets, and Beards; but their Beards have only a white beard and flight-feathers, the rest of the body being dark.
6. Bot. The awn of grasses; prickles, bristles, or hair-like tufts found on various plants; also quasi-fig. in wider application.
1552Huloet, Beard or eare of corne, arista. 1578Lyte Dodoens 456 Rough with many sharp pointed eares or beardes like the eares of Barley. c1600Shakes. Sonn. xii, Summers green all girded up in sheaves, Borne on the bier with white and bristly beard. 1732Acc. Workhouses 84 Cut off the beards before the wheat is thresh'd. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 364 The seeds..like those of the thistle and dandelion, are furnished with beards or wings. 1839Bailey Festus vii, Sunshine..catching By its soft brown beard, the moss. 1865Burritt Walk Land's End 106 English downs..yielding a short, crisp beard of herbage.
b. old-man's beard: popular name of the Traveller's Joy (Clematis Vitalba).
1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 84 Dig old man's beard from woodland hedge, To twine a summer shade.
†7. Obsolete name for the train or tail of a comet when it appeared to precede the nucleus.
1647H. More Song Soul ii. App. xciv, But for the newfixt starres there's no pretence, Nor beard nor tail to take occasion by. 1713Swift Eleg. Partridge Wks. 1755 III. ii. 79 No comet with a flaming beard. 1855T. Milner Gallery of Nat. 108 When the train preceded the nucleus..it was called the beard.
8. Farriery. ‘That part of a horse's nether jaw whereon the curbe doth rest.’ (Cotgr. s.v. Barbe.)
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Beard, or under-beard, called also chuck, of a horse, is that part under the lower mandible or the outside, and above the chin, which bears the curb of the bridle. 1792Osbaldiston Brit. Sportsm. 49 Beard of a horse, should neither be too high raised, nor too flat, so that the curb may rest in its right place. [In mod. dicts.]
9. a. The barb of an arrow, fish-hook, etc. Obs. b. Hence, The hook at the end of a knitting-needle in a knitting-machine, which holds the yarn.
1611Markham Countr. Content. i. x. 56 Cut out and raise up the beard, which you shall make..according to the bigness of the hook. 1712Phil. Trans. XXVII. 444 The Beard or Hooks thereof [of the Harping Iron] did penetrate. 1713Derham Phys. Theol. iv. xv. 257 The Common Heron hath..a long sharp Bill to strike their Prey..with sharp hooked Beards standing backward, to hold their Prey fast when struck. 1753Hanway Trav. (1762) I. iii. xxxvii. 171 Who wore in their caps the beard of an arrow. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §42 note, Jag or bearded bolts..have a beard raised upon their angles, somewhat like that of a fish-hook.
10. (See quot.)
1871E. Peacock R. Skirlaugh II. 166 Cattle, which had at these points to be kept out by a stout ‘beard’ of thorns stuck in the ground. 1878Halliwell, Beard-hedge, the bushes which are stuck into the bank of a new-made hedge, to protect the fresh-planted thorns.
11. In mechanical arts:
a. in Ship building, The angular fore-part of the rudder; the corresponding bevel of the stern-post.
b. in Carpentry, The sharp edge of a board.
c. in Organ-building (see quot.)
d. A spring-piece at the back of a lock to prevent the parts from rattling.
1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 82 To sheath the..Beard of the Rudder with Lead. 1852Seidel Organ 79 Some organ-builders provide the height on both sides with what they call a beard. 1876J. Hiles Catech. Organ iv. (1878) 27 Flue-pipes have also occasionally a beard, which is a cross piece fastened on just below the under-lip.
e. Printing. (a) That part of the type above and below the face, which allows for ascending and descending letters, and prevents their meeting those in the lines above or below. (b) The horizontal bases and tops added to the letters.
1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 144 A moveable square of wood, which rises nearly as high as the beard of the letter. 1824J. Johnson Typogr. II. 521 He examines if the beards of the letter print at the feet of the pages. 1860Bookseller 26 Oct. 574 [In] the Franklin type..there are no sharp beards to the letters, and the outline is consequently distinct.
12. ‘The coarser parts of a joint of meat. The bad portions of a fleece of wool.’ Halliwell.
13. The brim or margin of a vessel. [Directly from ON. barð.] Obs. or dial., but possibly the origin of some of the prec. specific uses.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. liii, Þe wyne wol flete oute ouer þe berdes [1535 brynke]. c1440Promp. Parv. 32 Berde, or brynke of a wesselle, or other like, margo
14. Comb., chiefly attrib., as beard-brush, beard-hook, beard-stubble; also beard-grass, the genus of grasses Polypogon; † beard-grave a., having the gravity of a bearded face; beard-moss, a British lichen (Usnea barbata); beard-tree, the Hazel.
1630B. Jonson New Inn i. i, He'll tell you what is Latin for a looking-glass, A *beard-brush.
1841Withering's Brit. Plants (Macgillivray) 73 Annual *Beard-grass..grows in moist pastures.
1599Marston Sc. Villanie iii. x. 222 Tut, tut, a toy..Cryes *beard-graue Dromus.
1799G. Smith Laborat. II. 266 The *Beard Hook, by some anglers is preferred before any other in winter trolling.
1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. v. iii. 268 Plenteous..*beard-stubble, of a tile-colour.
▸ slang (orig. U.S.). a. orig. Betting. A person who performs a transaction or (in later use) other action on behalf of another in order to conceal the identity of the principal.
a1953J. H. Palmer This was Racing 82 [A horse trainer] looked about for a ‘beard’—a man with whom he had no ostensible connection—to do his betting for him. 1968M. B. Scott Racing Game iv. 50 In the days before parimutuel betting, the beard was an essential accomplice of the manipulator, permitting him to protect the odds. 1983E. Leonard LaBrava xx. 208 The boat-lifter's running it and Richie's the beard. 1992O. Goldsmith First Wives Club ii. ii. 162 He appreciated a stock tip, who wouldn't, but didn't like the idea of being a beard for Morty's purchase. 2003N.Y. Mag. 8 Dec. 71/2 Soon all are turning to Shakespeare to front their clandestine scribblings; as nobles, they need a beard for such socially frowned-on activity.
b.
a. A person who helps two people to conceal a clandestine love affair by escorting one of them in public.
1972C. Ashman Kissinger 7 To the unsuspecting public, the bachelor (the ‘beard’) is the lady's escort and the legislator is just tagging along. 1984J. Meades Filthy Eng. (1986) 80 He was Alick's beard, he used to come with whatever bit of fluff Alick was dingdonging. 1991J. Phillips You'll never eat Lunch in this Town Again 161, I insult Grady by making him perform as my beard once or twice to see Reilly, who develops an exploded testicle and needs to take a short rest at his ex-wife's house.
b. A person who pretends publicly to be involved in a heterosexual relationship with a homosexual person in order to help to conceal that person's homosexuality.
1972B. Rodgers Queens' Vernacular 30 Beard,..a woman who dates homosexual men to help them socially. 1978L. Kramer Faggots 168 Darling, if you're going to be quite so visible, we'd better find you another beard! 2002Out Mar. 62/1 A lot of people thought he was gay and you were his beard.
▪ II. beard, v.|bɪəd|
Forms: 5 berde, 6 berd, 7 bearde, beard.
[f. prec. n.]
†1. intr. To become bearded, get a beard. Obs. as used of men.
1483Cath. Angl. 28/1 To berde, puberare. 1552Huloet, Berden, or begyn to haue a berd, pubeo. 1672Sir T. Browne Let. Friend (1881) §11. 135 Lewis, King of Hungary..was said..to have bearded at fifteen.
2. a. trans. To cut or strip off the beard of (e.g. oysters). †b. To clip off the defective parts of (a fleece). c. To chip or plane away the edge of (timber) to a required shape.
1429Act 8 Hen. VI, xxii, No stranger shall cause to be forced, clacked or bearded any manner of woolles to carry them out of the realm. 1855Househ. Cookery, Carving 104 We think it unnecessary to beard the oyster. 1863Wynter Subtle Brains, etc. 275 Another machine rebated and bearded the keel. 1867[see bearding 4].
3. To oppose openly and resolutely, with daring or with effrontery; to set at defiance, thwart, affront. Esp. in fig. phr. to beard the lion in his den or lair. [Partly from the idea of taking a lion by the beard, partly from the use of beard as = face; see beard n. 1 e.]
1525St. Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 454 If they [Frenchmen] be kept shorte, and berdyd, their stomakkis will soone wax more mylde. 1596Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, iv. i. 12 No man so potent breathes vpon the ground, But I will Beard him. 1682Addr. Lancaster in Lond. Gaz. No. 1727/5 A Proceeding that Beards the Regal Power, Outfaces the Law, etc. 1749Smollett Regicide ii. vii. (1777) 39 Sooner would'st thou beard The lion in his rage. 1808[see lion n. 2 a]. 1820Scott Monast. xvii, Shall that English silkworm presume to beard me in my father's house? 1882W. S. Gilbert Iolanthe 11, Beard the lion in his lair—None but the brave deserve the fair. 1894R. D. Blackmore Perlycross II. iv. 68 Nothing less would satisfy her than to beard—if the metaphor applies to ladies—the lion in the den, the arch-accuser, in the very court of judgment.
4. To furnish with a beard.
[c1380see bearded 4] .1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 33 Beard the bright cylinder with golden wire. 1824J. Johnson Typogr. II. iii. 21 Short letters..all which will admit of being bearded above and below their face.
5. To brush or rub with the beard.
1859Autobiog. Beggar Boy 56 Some of the young men were romping with the girls and bearding their rosy faces.
▸ intr. U.S. slang. With for. Of a person: to act for or serve another as a beard (beard n. Additions).
1963Sat. Evening Post 27 Apr. 37/4 The fixers usually have guys ‘bearding’ for them..but the smart bookmaker knows who the beards are. 1972C. Ashman Kissinger 7 One night I was bearding for a Congressman. This is a duty of bachelor staff members when a legislator is married and wishes to go out publicly with a lady other than his wife. 1980Los Angeles Times 2 Nov. (Bk. Rev.) 12/3 He fools around on his wife..and uses Rob, hired as a $5-a-week joke writer, to beard for him. 2001Vanity Fair June 150/3 I'm bearding for her. She's a lesbian. |