| 释义 |
▪ I. barley|ˈbɑːlɪ|
Forms: 1–2 bærlíc, 3 barlic, barrliȝ, 4 barlykke, barlich(e, barli, 4–8 barly, 5 berley, berlik, 6–7 barlie, -lye, 8 Sc. barlic(k, 4– barley.
[OE. bærlíc, of doubtful composition: bær- seems to point to OTeut. *baroz-, *bariz-, ‘barley,’ the latter of which gave OE. bęre (see bear n.2) with ę as proper umlaut of a; the suffix is evidently -líc (see -ly1), as if bærlíc meant at first, not hordeum, but hordeāceus.
Bærlíc first appears attrib. or as adj. in the name Bærlíce-croft; cf. also barley-corn. The notion that líc is the word léac ‘leek,’ as in OE. gárléac, ME. garleek, garleke, now garlic, is phonetically out of the question. In bær-, can the vowel æ (for earlier a), instead of ę, be due to early syncopation, bærr-:—barr-, barz-, from baroz-, bariz-? Cf. ON. barr, North Fris. bar, bær. (But ON. barlak, in an Orcadian document, is prob. adopted from OE.) The Rushw. Gloss. has also bæreflór for bęreflór, and late charters bærtún for bęretún.
966Cod. Dipl. VI. 79 Bærlíce croft. c1200Ormin 15511 He fedde fif þusennde menn Wiþþ fife *barrliȝ lafess. (Cf. other attrib. instances under B.)]
A.
1. A hardy awned cereal (genus Hordeum), cultivated in all parts of the world; used partly as food, and largely (in Britain and the United States, mainly) in the preparation of malt liquors and spirits. a. The plant.
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 10111 Whete corne wyl nat prykke, As otes dowun, or barlykke. 1382Wyclif Ex. ix. 31 The flax thanne and barlich [1388 barli] was hurt. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxv, Boþe barley and bere is calde Ordeum. 1483Cath. Angl. 22 Barly, ordeum. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §28 Barley and otes be moste commonly mowen. 1610Shakes. Temp. iv. i. 61 Thy rich Leas Of Wheate, Rye, Barley. 1795Scots Mag. LVII. 544/1 The barleys are universally a great crop. 1872Oliver Elem. Bot. ii. 279 Barley is considered to have been the first Cereal brought under cultivation.
b. The grain. French barley, pearl barley, pot barley; see quots.
1124O.E. Chron., Man sælde..þæt bærlic þæt is þre sed læpas to six scillingas. c1220Bestiary 291 in O.E. Misc. 10 Ðe mire suneð ðe barlic, ðanne ȝe fint te wete. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. v. 133, I bouhte hire Barly [v.r. barliche]; heo breuh hit to sulle. c1440Partonope 3760 Brede made of berley or ellis of ote. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §13 That is the worste barley, and foure London bushels are suffycient for an acre. 1769Sir J. Hill Fam. Herb. (1789) 72 French barley is skinned, and has the ends ground off; the pearl barley is reduced by a longer grinding to a little round white lump. 1857E. Acton Eng. Bread-Bk. 73 Pot barley is barley of which the outer husk has been removed by mill-stones; it is used for making broth.
2. transf.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 29 Barleys..[are] the little projections formed by the operation of engine-turning.
B. Comb. and attrib. (In 14–17th c. commonly barli-, barly-.)
1. General relations:
a. objective with vbl. or agent-noun, as barley-buyer, barley-sower, barley-sowing;
b. instrumental with passive pple., as barley-fed (1851);
c. simple attrib. as, (of the plant) barley-crop, barley-earth, barley-eddish, barley-field, barley-ground (1523), barley-harvest, barley-mill, barley-rick, barley-seed, barley-straw, barley-stubble; (of the grain) barley-bran, barley-chaff, barley-flour, barley-groats, barley-meal (1388);
d. attrib. of material (= made of or with), as barley-beer, barley-bread, barley-broth, barley-bun, barley-cake, barley-crust, barley-gruel, barley-loaf (1200), barley-pudding, barley-scon, barley-soup.
1901Kipling Kim xiv. 367 A drink of chang—the *barley-beer that comes from Ladakh-way. 1906Daily Chron. 16 Mar. 7/7 Not less than 85 per cent. of the total saccharine yielding materials shall be barley malt. This beer is to be known as ‘barley beer’.
1599Hakluyt Voy. II. ii. 80 *Barley-branne the Ilanders doe vse in stead of salt.
c1320Seuyn Sag. 1573 *Barli-bred he et for gode. 1840Carlyle Heroes ii. 111 His [Mahomet's]..common diet was barley-bread and water.
1723J. Nott Cook's & Confectioner's Dict. BA 26, *Barley Broth. Boil a Pound of French Barley in three Quarts of Water, with some whole Spice..put in Raisins..Butter, Rose-water, and Sugar, and so eat it. c1806D. Wordsworth Tour Scotland in Jrnls. (1941) I. 281 A fowl stewing in barley-broth.
1552Huloet, *Barley bunne gentleman..suche ryche niggardes as lyue wyth barley breade, or otherwise hardlye.
1393Gower Conf. III. 216 Me thought I sigh a *barly-cake. 1846Grote Greece ii. i. II. 297 His diet of sweet chestnuts, barley-cakes and pork.
1865Derby Merc. 25 Jan., The straw of a *barley crop.
1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 247 Places for this sport, especially on the *Barley-edishes.
1851Kingsley Yeast xi. 202 Your *barley-fed hares.
1863M. L. Whately Ragged Life Egypt xix. 187 *Barley-fields irrigated by a sacchia.
1620Venner Via Recta i. 18 If..*Barley flower and Rie flower..be added.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §10 Thou shalt sowe..thy beanes vpon the *barley grounde.
1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 315 To make *Barley Gruel.
1611Bible Ruth i. 22 The beginning of *barley haruest. 1930T. S. Eliot tr. St.-J. Perse's Anabasis 27 Man goes out at barley harvest.
1535Coverdale Judg. vii. 13 A baken *barlye lofe came rollinge downe.
1488Act. Audit. 147 (Jam.) Fifty quarters of *berlik-malt. 1620Venner Via Recta ii. 39 Beere..made of Barly malt alone.
1382Wyclif Num. v. 15 A mesure..of *barli meele. 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. ii. 4 Their bread was made of barley meale and goates milke. 1832Scoreby Farm Rep. in Brit. Husb. (1840) III. 19 They have for the first fortnight boiled potatoes only, then a little barley-meal is added.
1797Johnston tr. Beckmann's Inventions I. 266 Mills by which grain is only freed from the husk and rounded, are called *barley-mills... The first kind of barley-mills is a German invention. 1840J. C. Loudon Cottager's Manual Husb. i. 9 The husking can only be well done at a barley-mill.
1820Scott Monast. viii, The *barley-scones, which..were so good.
1831Sutherland Farm Rep. in Brit. Husb. (1840) III. 72 The gates are again shut, until the completion of the *barley-seed.
1747H. Glasse Art of Cookery ix. 78 (heading) A *Barley Soup. 1935Browne & Williams World's Best Recipes 22 (heading) Barley Soup.
1678Ray Prov. 51 *Barly-straw's good fodder when the cow gives water. 1794Trans. Soc. Promotion Agric. (U.S.) I. 145 Barley-straw is hearty fodder for horned cattle in the winter. 1837Flemish Husb. in Brit. Husb. (1840) 59 This is their food during the whole winter with a little wheat or barley-straw. 1922Joyce Ulysses 263 We'll put a barleystraw in that Judas Iscariot's ear this time.
1733Tull Horse-Hoing Husb. xi. 50 It has brought as good a Crop of Wheat on *Barley Stubble. 1913Masefield Daffodil Fields 67 Westward was barley-stubble not yet cleared.
2. Special combinations: barley-bigg, bigg or bear, a coarse variety of barley; barley-bird, name given locally to various birds appearing about the time of barley-sowing, as the wryneck, siskin, greenfinch, and sometimes the nightingale; barley-bree, -broth, strong ale; barley-candy (= barley-sugar); barley-cracker, a machine or appliance for cracking barley; † barley-cream (= barley-milk); barley-grass, meadow barley; † barley-hat (cf. barley-cap, -hood); barley-hummeller, a machine for separating barley from the awns; † barley-island, an ale-house; barley-itch (see quots.); † barly-lepe, a leap or basket for holding barley; † barley-man, one who received an allowance in barley, hordearius; barley-milk, a decoction or gruel of barley or barley-meal; barley-mood = barley-hood; barley-mow, a stack of barley; † barley-sele (obs. or dial.), the season for sowing barley; † barley-sick, a., intoxicated; barley-straw, (fig.) a trifle; barley-sugar, a confection, usually in twisted sticks, made from sugar, formerly by boiling in a decoction of barley; also attrib., as barley-sugar drop, barley-sugar stick; spec. used to designate features of architecture, furniture, etc., which in shape resemble a twisted barley-sugar stick; barley-wine, a Greek wine or beer prepared from barley; also, a strong English ale. Also barley-cap, -corn, -hood, -water, q.v.
1552Huloet, *Barley bygge. Vide beerecorne. 1625Markham Farew. Husb. 135 Barley-big, or beare Barley.
1768Pennant Zool. II. 310 In Sussex it [the Siskin] is called the *barly-bird. 1863Yng. England Aug. 127 In the Isle of Wight the bird commonly called the barley-bird is the wryneck.
1786Burns Scotch Drink xiii, How easy can the *barley-bree Cement the quarrel!
1593Bacchus Bountie in Harl. Misc. (1809) II. 273 The *barley-broath aboue all other, did beare away the bell, and..neither grape nor berry might be compared to the maiestie of the mault. 1884Black Jud. Shaks. xxxi, A cupful of barley-broth will do thee no harm.
1883Harper's Mag., Jan. 277/1 *Barley-candy statuettes.
1813Vancouver Agric. Devon 131 The motion is communicated by a belt to the *barley-cracker.
1694Westmacott Script. Herb. 17 Ptisan was a meat of the Antients which we now call *Barly-Cream.
1795W. Winterbotham Hist. View U.S. III. 401 Those which are found most common are..*Barley grass, Hordeum pratense. 1891R. Wallace Rural Econ. Austral. & N.Z. xxii. 294 Barley grass..Throughout Colonies, except Tasmania.
c1500Blowbols Test. in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 105 They that be manly in dronkenesse for to fyte, Whan one ther hede is sett a *barly-hate.
1851Househ. Words III. 358 The chaff-cutter, the *barley-hummeller.
a1640Day Peregr. Schol. (1881) 72 Goeing to take in fresh water at the *Barlie Iland.
1928Daily Express 28 Nov. 4 It [sc. baker's itch] is similar to the affection from which millers suffer under the name of ‘*barley itch’, due to a small parasite which preys on the larvae of small moths which infest the grain. 1961Brit. Med. Dict. 772 Barley itch, 1. Grain itch..2. A sensitivity to the plant Mucuna pruriens, which grows among the barley, and sheds irritant hairs.
c1440Promp. Parv. 25 *Barly lepe, to kepe yn corne, cumera.
1601Holland Pliny I. 561 Sword-fencers, who vpon their allowance or pension giuen them in barly, were called Hordearij, (i. *Barley-men).
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 303 *Barly milk, or juyce called of the old Writers..Cremor Ptisanæ. 1846‘A Lady’ Jewish Manual 178 Barley Milk. Boil..pearl barley..in new milk..sweeten.
1790Morrison Poems 151 (Jam.) Hame the husband comes just roarin' fu'; Nor can she please him in his *barlic mood.
1714Gay Sheph. Week Pastoral v. 75 Whenever by yon *Barley Mow I pass.
c1440Promp. Parv. 25 *Barly-sele, tempus ordeacium.
a1721Prior Turtle & Sp. (R.) She..could plead the law, And quarrel for a *barley-straw. 1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 303 Barley-straw melts into a glass of a topaz yellow colour.
1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 55 *Barley-Sugar is made either of white Sugar or brown. 1819Keats Let. 12 Apr. (1958) II. 52 As fine as barley sugar drops are to a schoolboy's tongue. 1859L. Wraxall tr. Robert-Houdin's Mem. II. xii. 257 The confectioner had exchanged the barley-sugar stick for the magician's wand. 1883Knowledge 6 July 3/2 ‘Barley-sugar’..was prepared by boiling down ordinary sugar in a decoction of pearl barley. 1936W. de la Mare Wind Blows Over 239 The barley-sugar-legged walnut prie-dieu at her bedside. 1937Archit. Rev. LXXXII. 63/2 The altars and chapels are there in both cases, but in Lecce the ‘barley sugar’ columns are of stone. 1939G. Greene Lawless Roads x. 233 Barley-sugar pillars up the façade.
1728E. Smith Compleat Housewife (ed. 2) 208 To make *Barley-wine. Take..Barley..boil it..mix it with..White Wine..Borage water..Cluny-water..Lemons..Sugar..bottle it up. 1820F. Accum Art of Brewing 1 The ancient Greek writers gave the name of barley wine to malt liquors. 1852Grote Greece ii. lxx. IX. 144 A sort of barley-wine or beer in tubs, with the grains of barley on the surface. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 21/1 Burton and barley-wine are strong ales. 1953Word for Word (Whitbread & Co.) 11/2 Barley broth, a form of strong ale (also barley wine..).
▪ II. ˈbarley, int. Sc. and north. dial.
[perh. a corruption of F. parlez, Eng. parley.]
Parley, truce, quarter; ‘a term used in the games of children, when a truce is demanded’ (Jamieson).
1814Scott Wav. xlii, A proper lad o' his quarters, that will not cry barley in a brulzie. |