| 释义 |
▪ I. rood, n.|ruːd|
Forms: α. 1–6 rod, 3–6 rode (6 roide, rodde), 4–7 roode, 5 roed, rowd, 6 roud, 6– rood. β. Sc. 5 rwd, 5–6 rud, 5– rude, 6– ruid (9 reed).
[OE. ród fem. (obl. cases róde, pl. róda), corresponding in sense 1 to OFris. rôde, OS. ruoda, OIcel. róða (also róði masc.); the latter is prob. from OE. In the sense of twig or rod (also measuring-rod, measure of land), the cognate forms appear as Fris. roede (roe), MDu. ro(o)de, roede, ruede (Du. roede), OS. ruoda (MLG. rôde, rôdhe, LG. rôde, rôe), OHG. rouda, ruada, ruota (MHG. ruote, rûte, G. ruthe, rute). In OE. the original application of this sense appears only in the compound seᵹlród sail-yard, which corresponds to OHG. segalrôda.]
I.
†1. A cross, as an instrument of execution; = cross n. 1. Obs.
a900O.E. Martyrol. 30 Nov., On Patria þære ceastre he wæs ahangen on rode. 971Blickling Hom. 191 Forþon þe he me of eorþan to heofenum laþaþ, þy sceal min rod onwended beon. c1000ælfric Gen. xl. 19 æfter þam hæt Pharao þe ahon on rode [= 22 on gealᵹan]. a1154O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1137, Þe Iudeus of Noruuic bohton an cristen cild.., &..him on rode hengen. a1225Ancr. R. 122 Seint Andreu muhte iðolien þet te herde rode hef him touward heouene. c1290Holy Rood 75 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 3 Huy founden roden þreo:..Þe rode þat god was on ido, and þat þe tweie þeoues weren on an-honge. 13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 96 Þaȝ I be nummen in Niniue & naked dispoyled, On rode rwly to-rent.
2. a. The cross upon which Christ suffered; the cross as the symbol of the Christian faith. Now only arch.
a900O.E. Martyrol. 25 Mar., Seo Cristes rod on þære he wæs ahongen. c950Lindisf. Gosp. John xix. 25 Ᵹestodun..æt ðær rode hælendes moder..& suoester. c1000ælfric Saints' Lives vi. 74 Mid haliᵹ-dome of þæs hælendes rode. c1205Lay. 11165 Þa rode, þe Crist ure lauerd alisden on þes middelærd. c1290Holy Rood 24 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 1 He seide me..to burie þe rode op-on Caluarie hulle. c1350Will. Palerne 1669 Bi þat blisful barn þat bouȝt us on þe rode. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 427 Þe foure irene nayles þat Crist was i-nayled with to þe rode. 1430–40Lydg. Bochas i. i. (1544) 3 You for to saue He starf upon the roode. c1530Hickscorner 12 Whan she sawe her sone on the rode, The swerde of sorowe gave that lady a wounde. a1600Montgomerie Devot. Poems iii. 41 When he wes rent vpon the rude, He boght belevers with his blude. 1609J. Davies (Heref.) Holy Roode Wks. (Grosart) I. 22/2 We must endure the Racke, as he the Rood.
1801Wordsw. Cuckoo & Night. xix, God,..that died upon the rood, From thee and thy base throat, keep all that's good. 1868Morris Earthly Par. (1870) I. i. 336 Good hope I have Of help from Him that died upon the rood.
fig.c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xvi. 24 Ᵹif hua wil æfter meh ᵹe-cyme..ᵹenimma roda vel unhælo his & ᵹefylᵹeð me. c1175Lamb. Hom. 147 He muneȝeð us an oðer rode to berene, þet is inemned..fleises lensing. c1200Ormin 5609 He take hiss rode, & bere itt rihht & follȝhe swa min bisne. a1225Ancr. R. 60 Þu schalt acorien þe rode, þet is, acorien his sunne.
†b. Used without article, esp. on rood. Obs.
c825Vesp. Hymns xiii. 16 Meᵹen ðorh rode deaðes fordrestende. a900O.E. Martyrol. 25 Mar., æfter þrym monðum wæs Crist ahangen on rode. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvii. 42 Ᵹif [he] cyniᵹ israhela is, astiᵹe nu of rode. a1225St. Marher. 1 Efter ure lauerd es pine, ant his passiun, ant his deð on rode. c1250Gen. & Ex. 386 Ne sulen it neuere ben un-don, Til ihesus beð on Rode don. a1300Cursor M. 10393 Iesu crist was tan And don on rode for our wite. 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 705 He on rode þat blody dyed. 1423Jas. I Kingis Q. cxxxix, Be him that starf on rude. c1470Henry Wallace ix. 151 ‘Mercy,’ he said, ‘for him that deit on rud’. 1500–20Dunbar Poems ix. 103 Thow, quhois blude on rude ran for my deid. 1567Gude & Godlie Ball. (S.T.S.) 131 On Rude, thow sched thy blude.
1823Roscoe tr. Sismondi's Lit. Europe (1846) II. 139 The curse of God who died on rood, was on that sinner's head.
†c. In adjurations, for the rood! etc. Obs.
c1320Sir Tristr. 1766 For cristes rode! What haue y don wouȝ? 13..Sir Beues 461 ‘Beues!’ a seide, ‘for þe rode, What dostow her?’ c1420Sir Amadace (Camden) xiii, For the rode, On quat maner spendutte he his gud, That thusgate is a-way? c1470Golagros & Gaw. 124 Schir Gawyne, graith ye that gait, for the gude rude!
d. In asseverations, by the rood! etc. Now only arch.
13..Sir Beues 968 ‘Bleþelich,’ a seide, ‘be þe rod!’ 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. iv. 134 ‘And ȝet,’ quod resoun, ‘bi þe Rode I shal no reuthe haue’. c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1459 Now, by the roode, fader, sothe sey ye. c1450Holland Howlat 94 Be the rud, I am richt rad For to behald ȝour halyness. 1519Interl. Four Elem. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 26 Yea, by the rood! even with the greatest. 1577–82Breton Floorish upon Fancie Wks. (Grosart) I. 17/1 And of such Beds, she hath such stoare of choise (by roode). 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. iv. 14 Qu. Haue you forgot me? Ham. No by the Rood, not so.
1810Scott Lady of L. i. xxii, Now, by the rood,..Your courtesy has err'd. 1859Tennyson Vivien 374 Yea, by God's rood, I trusted you too much. 1896A. Austin England's Darling i. i, By the rood! they are wise enough.
3. a. A crucifix, esp. one stationed above the middle of a rood-screen; also rarely, a figure of the cross in wood or metal, as a religious object.
The roods at certain places are frequently mentioned as special objects of pilgrimage or worship. In some cases rood denotes especially the image of Christ as distinct from the cross itself.
c1072in Earle Land Charters 250 He hæfð þider ynn ᵹedon..ii mycele ᵹebonede roda butan oðrum litlum silfrenum swur-rodum. a1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1083, On þære rode þe stod bufon þam weofode. Ibid. an. 1102, Þeofas..breokan þa mynstre of Burh, & þær inne naman..roden & calicen & candel-sticcan. c1205Lay. 22101 Þe king nom ane rode [c 1275 an halidom]. 1297R. Glouc. Chron. (Rolls) 6594 He wende him uorþ to chirche & biuore þe rode com. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. v. 145, I swere..þat sunne wol I lete,..And bidde þe Rode of Bromholm bringe me out of dette. Ibid. vii. 93, I bar hom þat I borwede,..by þe Rode of Chestre! c1449Pecock Repr. ii. ix. 194 [To go] to the rode of the north dore at London rather than to ech other roode. 1496–7Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 224 Item, to the karvare..for mendyng the Roode, the Crosse, þe Mary & Iohn. 1503Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 179 That wold be the most joyfull tydings unto me.., as knoweth the blessed Rode of Rodeborne, who save you in His blessed keepinge. 1584Fenner Def. Ministers (1587) 106 All Roodes, all Images of Saintes.., should..be defaced. 1594Lyly Mother Bombie v. iii, Get you gone, or I sweare by the roodes bodie Ile lay you by the heeles. 1625E. Pagitt Christianogr. (1635) 22 Vouchsafe to blesse this Rood of the Crosse, that [etc.]. 1702Pope Wife of Bath 245 He..now lies buried underneath a Rood, Fair to be seen, and rear'd of honest wood. 1778Eng. Gazeteer (ed. 2) s.v. Wheathamstead, Here are the remains of the popish image called the Rood, which is turned into the clerk's desk. 1812Brady Clavis Cal. II. 154 One of the most famous of these Crucifixes was found at Boxley Abbey in Kent, styled the Rood of Grace. 1853Ruskin Stones Ven. II. iv. 70 The great rood that crosses the church before the altar, raised in bright blazonry against the shadow of the apse. 1873W. H. Dixon Two Queens III. xvi. xi. 243 Praying and going on a pilgrimage to shrine and rood.
b. A figure or representation of the cross.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 506 Bothe riche and religious þat Rode þei honoure, Þat in grotes is ygraue and in golde nobles.
4. ellipt. Holy Rood day. Sc.
1814J. Train Mountain Muse 30 [She told] How he, by lore obain'd at School, Each month could count from Rood to Yule.
5. Holy Rood:
a. = sense 2. Now arch.
a1100Leg. Rood 3 Þære halᵹan rode ᵹemetnes. c1100O.E. Chron. (MS. F) an. 200, On þysum ᵹeare was ᵹefunden seo haliᵹe rod. c1200Vices & Virtues 33 Ac ðin lauerd hes ofearnede on ðare hali rode. c1290Holy Rood 1 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 1 Þe holie rode i-founde was, ase ich eov nouþe may telle. c1300Havelok 431 Haue he þe malisun..of þe leue holi rode. a1515Interlud of Droichis 173 in Dunbar's Poems (1897) 320 God bliss thame, and the Haly Rude. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iii. ii. 78 But by the holy Rood, I doe not like these seuerall Councels, I. 1648Herrick Hesper., Old Wives Prayer, Holy-Rood come forth and shield Us i' th' citie, and the field.
1798Coleridge Anc. Mar. vi. xx, And, by the holy rood! A man all light, a seraph-man, On every corse there stood. 1839Longfellow Celestial Pilot, Then made he sign of holy rood upon them. 1842Tennyson Day-dream, Revival iii, By holy rood, a royal beard!
b. = sense 3. Now arch.
a1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1070, Hi..ᵹeodon into þe mynstre, clumben upp to þe halᵹe rode. 1583Fulke Def. Tr. Script. iii. (1843) 187 Catholic Christians that reverently kneel in prayer before the cross, the holy rood, the images of our Saviour Christ and his saints.
1815Scott Ld. of Isles ii. xxiii, The Abbot on the threshold stood, And in his hand the holy rood. 1865Kingsley Herew. ii[i], Under the altar behind the holy rood. 1899E. J. Chapman Drama of Two Lives 48 The Holy Rood With its crown'd Christ.
†c. = sense 4. Obs. rare.
c1400Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) ii, Aboute þe tyme of holy rode in Septembre. 1573P. More Alm. & Prognost. A viij b, At holy Roode, and Gregorie, the nyght and day is equal.
d. attrib. (See also Rood day.)
1023in Kemble Cod. Dipl. IV. 25 Ic ælfric..ðas ilke kinges godne wille mid ðam haleᵹan rode tacne ᵹefæstni. a1225Leg. Kath. 193 [She] wrat on hire breoste..Þe hali rode taken. c1400Brut 292 In whiche ȝere, on Holy Roed ȝeue, deide Sere Iohn of Eltham.
6. attrib. and Comb., as rood-altar, Sc. an altar of the Holy Rood; rood-arch (see quot. 1850); rood-beam, a transverse beam supporting the rood, usually forming the head of a rood-screen; † rood-board, Sc. an offertory-box in which collections for the rood were taken; rood-cloth, a cloth used to cover the crucifix over the rood-screen during Lent; † Rood even, the 13th of September (see Rood day); Rood-fair, Sc. an annual fair held locally either in May or September; † rood-light, a light maintained before or beside the rood; † Rood-mass, a mass said in honour of the rood; also † Rood(s)mas (day), = Rood day; † rood-pine, the torment of the cross; rood-priest, a priest who officiated at a rood-altar; rood-situation, the position of a rood in a church; † rood-soller, a rood-loft; rood-stair, a staircase giving access to a rood-loft (1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 472); rood-steeple = rood-tower; rood-stone (see quot.); † rood-token, the sign of the cross; rood-tower (see quot.); † rood-wold, the rood or cross.
1472Extr. Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 31 Schir Androu,..chaplan of ye *Rude altar in ye parisch kirk of ye said burgh. 1556Ibid. 296 Maister Edward Menzies, cheplane of the ruid alter in the organ loft. 1650–1Extr. Rec. Stirling (1887) 301 The annuell of the Rude altar.
1850Parker Gloss. Arch. (ed. 5) 393 The term *rood-arch is sometimes applied to the arch between the nave and chancel.
c1386Chaucer Wife's Prol. 496 He..lith y-graue vnder the *roode beem. 1850Parker Gloss. Arch. (ed. 5) 392 The rood..was supported either by a beam called the rood-beam, or by a gallery called the rood-loft.
1556Extr. Rec. Stirling (1887) 68 Quhatsumevir persone being charget to gaddir with the *Rud brod.
1466in Archaeologia L. i. (1887) 44 Item j *Rode clothe steyned wt the passioun of our lorde of the yifte of Iohne Crouton. 1566in Peacock Eng. Ch. Furniture (1866) 159 One rood clothe, one banner clothe, one veale.
1375Barbour Bruce xvii. 634 On the *Rude-evyn, in the dawing, The Ingliss host blew till assale.
1685Acts Parl. Scot. (1820) VIII. 504 Ane free fair yearly to be holdin..at the paroch kirk of Killmanevock upon the Second Day of September called the *Ruidfair. 1790Morison Poems 11 When lads an' lassies..Came to the Rood Fair jauntin. 1832Carlyle in Froude Life (1882) II. 313 We despatched the animal to Alick, to make ready for the ‘rood fair’. 1931J. Buchan Blanket of Dark 86 Old John Naps was at the Rood Fair on Barton Heath. 1957Dumfries & Galloway Standard 26 Jan. 3/2 The ‘Reed’ Fair, as we pronounced it in our Dumfries dialect—‘Reed’ was a corruption of Rude or Rood or Cross.
1442in Bucks., Berks., & Oxon. Archæol. Jrnl. (1908) June 25 Ressevyd at Cristemas for ye *rode lyght of ye parishe, vs. vid. 1529Test. Ebor. (Surtees) VI. 21 The residue to the upholdynge of the rode light.
1545Ibid. 235 For the *roode masse singinge everye Friday. c1630Risdon Surv. Devon §245 (1810) 258 Fairs they have on Roodmas day, and on St. James's day. 1825Jamieson Suppl., Rudesmess, Rudesmas, a name given to a certain term in the year, Dumfr.
c1200Ormin 2018 Ne munnde he næfre letenn himm Þurrh *rode⁓pine cwellenn.
1516in Jeayes Derbyshire Charters (1906) No. 91 Indenture between Sir Thomas Russell, ‘*rood⁓prest,’..and John Knyvetone. 1618in Scottish Antiq. XI. 21 Umquhill Sir Robert Meldrum, ruidpreist of Kinedvard.
1655Fuller Waltham Abbey 16 Harpsfield..confesseth himself ignorant of the reason of the *Rood-scituation.
c1562in Shropsh. Parish Doc. (1903) 61 To a peynetr for peynetyng the *rode soler, xiid.
1801Scott Eve St. John xx, By the black *rood-stone,..I conjure thee, my love, to be there! [Note. The black-rood of Melrose was a crucifix of black marble.]
971Blickling Hom. 243 Hie ᵹesawon Cristes *rodetacen on his onsiene. c1000ælfric Hom. II. 40 And wyrcan mid þæs lambes blode rodetacn on heora ᵹedyrum. a1225Ancr. R. 20 Et te biginnunge of euerich tide..makieð rodentokne, also ich er tauhte.
1823Pugin Gothic Arch. Gloss., *Rood-tower, Rood-steeple, the tower or steeple built over the intersection of the body and cross⁓ailes of a church. 1839Penny Cycl. XIV. 8/2 Placed in the Rood (or central) tower.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 255 Til ihesus was on werlde boren, And til he was on ðe *rode-wold.
II.
7. As a linear measure: A rod, pole, or perch. Now only in local use, and varying from 6 to 8 yards.
904in Birch Cart. Sax. II. 266 Se [haᵹa] is fram þære ea..east wardes .xxviii. roda lang & þonon suþwardes .xxiiii. roda brad. 1466Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 438, j. acre of lond conteynyth in lengthe .xl. rodes. 1543in Lett. & P. Hen. VIII, XVIII. ii. 118 For skoryn of a water souer.., cxx rud after id. ob. a rud. 1634–5Brereton Trav. (Chetham Soc.) 17 It is ten English rood long on the sides, eight rood broad. 1766J. Bartram Jrnl. 7 Jan. 26 At about 200 yards from it runs out a large stream of water,..and may be smelt at some roods distant. 1790W. Marshall Rur. Econ. Midl. Co. Gloss., Rood, a measure of eight yards in length. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 112 These [stones]..are commonly put about the middle of the work, in the proportion of nine or ten to every rood of seven yards. 1856Morton Cycl. Agric. II. 1126/1 Rood,..(Chesh.), of hedging, 8 yards;..(Derbys.), of bark, seems to be a pile 7 yards in length; of draining or fencing, 7 or 8 yards [etc.]. 1881Cheshire Gloss. s.v., Such piece⁓work as hedging and ditching, draining, putting up posts and rails, &c., is done at so much per rood.
8. a. A superficial measure of land, properly containing 40 square poles or perches, but varying locally; a plot of land of this size.
A table of local variations from the statute rood is given in Morton Cycl. Agric. II. 939.
In OE. this use appears only in descriptions of boundaries, as the designation of particular strips of cultivated land. The ME. evidence is also very scanty, though the Latinized form roda occurs freely in charters.
889in Birch Cart. Sax. II. 202 West be ðy wioda andlanges ðare rode oð ðane pyt. 961Ibid. 292 Andlang þære rode innon syx æceras. 1058in Earle Land Charters 248 Of ðære dune andlang þære rode oð hit cymð beneoðan stancnolle.
1139in Dugdale Monast. Angl. (1655) I. 469/1 Una roda, ab aquilonari parte virgulti. 1231Ibid. II. 40/2 Excepta una roda, quam retineo ad viam habendam juxta haiam meam. 1279Rot. Hundred. (1818) II. 572/1 In mesuagio j rodam et xiiij acras terre. a1377in Dugdale Monast. Angl. (1655) II. 354/2 Unam virgatam lix. acras, tres rodas & xxxv. perticatas terræ. 1442Rolls of Parlt. V. 59/1 The feerde parte of a Rode of Londe. c1450Godstow Reg. 287 The forsaid Rode of land, with all his pertynentis. 1538tr. Fitzherbert's Justyce Peace 114 One rode, that is the 4 part of an acre of lande. 1571Digges Pantom. ii. xi. N ij, So manye perches you maye conclude the Area of that Figure, which..bringeth 10 Acres 3½ Roodes. 1667Milton P.L. i. 196 His other Parts besides Prone on the Flood,..Lay floating many a rood. 1713Arbuthnot John Bull ii. vi, Nic{ddd}calculated the Acres and Roods to a great nicety. 1770Goldsm. Des. Vill. 58 A time there was..When every rood of ground maintained its man. 1805Trans. Soc. Arts XXIII. 43, I had an acre and three rood of carrots. 1892Stevenson Across the Plains ii. 95 His old family estates, not one rood of which remained to him.
b. A measure (of land, paving, digging, building, etc.) corresponding to a square pole or perch, but with local and other variations. (See quots.)
1464Charters Peebles (1872) 153 John Thomsoun..sal pay for his fredom x s. at Beltan, or a rud of causay. c1470Henry Wallace vii. 826 Wallace..Romde him about a large rude and mar. 1532Extr. Rec. Edin. (1871) 58 To the..calsay makaris for ilk scottis rude, that is to say vj elnis of lenth and vj elnis of breid, xxx schillingis Scottis. 1597Skene De Verb. Sign. s.v. Particata, Sex elnes lang, and sex elnes broad, makis ane fall. To this fall the little ruid, or ruid of warke, or of buirdes, or of maisone, or sklait warke, is equal. 1609― Reg. Maj., Burrow Lawes cxix, Ane Ruid of land within ane Baronie, sould be measured be sax elnes... Ane Ruid of land within burgh, conteines twentie fute. 1829Glover's Hist. Derby I. 91 Slate is sold by the rood, or in sufficient quantity to roof in 44 square yards. 1849Craig, Rood... In Building, 36 square yards. In Flooring, 100 square feet. 1856Morton Cycl. Agric. II. 1126 Rood,..(Chesh.),.. of land, 8 yards square = 64 square yards; of marl, 64 cubic yards... (Durham), of wall⁓building, 7 yards... (Berwicks.),..of masonry, 6 yards square, 2 feet thick [etc.].
†c. A measure of timber. Obs.
1391Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 106 In j rod meremii sarrand. eodem tempore, 3s. 4d. 1534–5Durh. Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 111 Pro sarracione j di. Rude meremii. 1597[see b]. 1632Knaresb. Wills (Surtees) II. 122, I discharge him of the payment of xxijs. enenst one rood of boardes he bought of me.
†9. A measure of wine. [MDu. roede.] Obs.
1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 190 The rood of reynysh wyne of Dordreight is x. awmes... Item the rood of Andwarp is xiiij awmes.
10. Comb., as rood-breadth; † rood-fall (cf. 8 b, quot. 1597). Also rood land.
1396Chron. de Melsa (Rolls) II. 88, 3 perticatas terræ cum 7 rodefallis [v.r. rudefallis] in Suttona. 1806J. Grahame Birds of Scot. i. 23 The oak majestical, whose aged boughs Darken a rood breadth.
▪ II. rood, v.
[var. of roud, rudd, etc.: see redd n.2]
intr. To spawn.
1868Peard Water-farm. iv. 45 The heavier fish rood on the deeper runs.
▪ III. rood
obs. pa. tense of ride v. |