| 释义 |
▪ I. roast, n.|rəʊst|
Forms: 4–7 roste, rost, 4–6 roost, 5–6 Sc. roist, 6– roast.
[In sense 1, a. OF. rost masc. (mod.F. rôt: cf. Prov. raust, Catal. rost, It. arrosto) or roste fem., roasting, roast meat, vbl. n. from rostir roast v. In sense 2, a subst. use of the pa. pple. of roast v. In other senses mainly from the verbal stem.]
1. a. A piece of roast meat, or anything that is roasted for food; a part of an animal prepared or intended for roasting.
c1330Amis & Amil. 1235 Certes, it were michel vnright To make a roste of leuedis bright. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. Prol. 108 Wiþ good wyn of Gaskoyne..þe rost [v.r. roste] to defye. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 43 Þenne take þy rost, and sklyce hit clene. c1470Gol. & Gaw. 81 Schir Kay ruschit to the roist, and reft fra the swane. 1575Gamm. Gurton ii. Song, I love no rost, but a nut brown toste And a crab layde in the fyre. 1591Florio 2nd Fruites 55 Make roome for the second messe, now comes the roste. a1635Corbet Poems (1807) 36 Since you eat his roast, It argues want of manners To raile upon the host. a1656Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 198 The very entrayles must be washed and put into the roast. 1763Smollett Trav. (1766) I. v. 67 The bourgeois of Boulogne have commonly..a roast, with a sallad, for supper. 1842J. Aiton Domest. Econ. (1857) 91 Keep a small roast or two for family use. 1886Pascoe London of To-day 48 That dinner consists of..vegetables, roasts, sweets, with dessert.
b. Phr. to rule the roast, to have full sway or authority; to be master. Hence ruler of the roast.
In very common use from c 1530 onwards, but none of the early examples throw any light on the precise origin of the expression.
(a)14..Carpenter's Tools 176 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 85 What so euer ȝe brage ore boste, My mayster ȝet shall reule the roste. 1526Skelton Magnyf. 805 Cra. Con. In fayth, I rule moche of the rost. Clo. Col. Rule the roste! thou woldest, ye. 1559T. Bryce in Farr S.P. Eliz. (1845) I. 175 When shall trew dealing rule the roste With those that bye and sell? 1577–87Holinshed Chron. II. 23/1 These were Irish potentates, and before their discomfiture they ruled the rost. 1616R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) 117 In cholerick bodies, fire doth govern moste; In sanguine, aire doth chiefly rule the rost. 1659T. Pecke Parnassi Puerp. 46 He rules the Rost, by Night; She rules the Daies. 1708Prior Turtle & Sparrow 334, I never strove to rule the roast. 1778Foote Trip Calais ii, The ladies always rule the roast in this part of the world. 1820Combe Syntax, Wife iii. 276 This is the toast, Which in this place must rule the roast. 1855Kingsley Westw. Ho! x, He had it all his own way, and ruled the roast..right royally. 1876Gd. Words 788 The sensual appetite rules the roast, and proclaims its determination to be gratified at all costs.
(b)1563Homilies ii. Idolatry iii. (1859) 248 For..Governours, you have the Romans, the rulers of the rost (as they say). 1581J. Bell Haddon's answ. Osor. 67 b, If you..will notwithstanding be accompted a ruler of the Roast in Divinitie. 1706E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 6 This Ruler of the Roast has so little Christian Honesty. 1898L. Villari Machiavelli 35 The lowest men..became ‘rulers of the roast’.
c. In various figurative or allusive expressions.
In the earlier of these the precise sense is not clear.
1508Kennedie Flyting w. Dunbar 27 Ramowd rebald, thow fall doun att the roist, My laureat lettres at the and I lowis. c1550Lyndesay Trag. Cardinal 372 Of rycht religious men..Bot not to rebaldis new cum frome the roste. 1576Gascoigne Philomene (Arb.) 114 Oft times they buy the rost ful deare, It smelleth of the smoke. 1587Mirr. Mag., Sir Nicholas Burdet (1610) 488 Though full oft we made the French men smell of the rost, Yet in the end we gaine of fight the fame. 1596P. Colse Penelope (1880) 167 Wel let him heed amidst his ioy, Lest Menelaus marre his roast. 1670G. H. tr. Hist. Cardinals ii. i. 121 Not caring who have the smoak, whilst they themselves run away with the roast. 1680Cotton Compl. Gamester (ed. 2) 13 Under the notion of being very merry with coine and good cheer, they will make him pay for the roast.
†d. transf. A company, troop. Obs. (Cf. boiling vbl. n. 4.)
1608T. James Apol. Wyclif G iv b, The whole host and rost of Moonks and Friars beganne to praie.
2. a. Roast meat; roast beef.
c1375Cursor M. 13373 (Fairf.), Þat folk þat day fulle faire was fed wiþ soiþen & roste & wilde bred. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 221 Us wanted nowther baken ne roste. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 78 The tane lufis soddyn, the tothir rost. 1535Coverdale Isaiah xliv. 16 He rosteth flesh, that he maye eate roste his bely full. 1566Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 489 Being servit with bruise, beif, muttoun, and rost at the leist. 1600Rowlands Lett. Humours Blood iii. 9 Not that hee'le cloy him there with rost or sod. 1611Bible Isaiah xliv. 16 He eateth flesh: he rosteth rost, and is satisfied. 1700Dryden Cock & Fox 36 On holy days an egg, or two at most; But her ambition never reach'd to roast. 1717Lady Montagu Let. to C'tess Mar, Their sauces are very high, all the roast very much done. 1834Syd. Smith Lett. cccxl, Tory and Whig in turns shall be my host, I taste no politics in boil'd and roast. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Aristocracy, [He] should have as much boiled and roast as he could carry on a long dagger.
b. In figurative or allusive expressions; † in early use esp. cold roast in depreciatory sense.
c1400Tourn. Tottenham 136 ‘I make a vow’, quoth Perkyn, ‘thow speks of cold rost’. c1460Towneley Myst. ii. 421 Yey, cold rost is at my masteres hame. 1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 266 b, A beggerie litle toune of cold roste in the mountaignes of Savoye. a1591H. Smith Serm. (1866) II. 57 Great boast and small roast makes unsavoury mouths. 1634F. Lenton Inns of Crt. Anagr. D, To yourselfe, or others, when they boast Of dainty cates and afterwards cry roast. 1653H. Cogan tr. Scarlet Gown 84 To speak without passion, there was much boast, but little rost. 1681T. Flatman Heraclitus Ridens No. 35 (1713) I. 228 There, I think I come over you with a stroak of Roast. 1760Foote Minor Introd., I tell thee the plain roast and boil'd of the theatres will never do at this table. We must have high seasoned ragouts and rich sauces.
3. An operation of roasting (metal, coffee, etc.), or the result of this.
In quot. 1582 prob. after G. rost.
1582in Trans. Jewish Hist. Soc. (1903) IV. 94 In which rostes both of vitriall, Copper and Coppris makeinge, he will use nothing but peate.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 398 A dead roast, as it is called, or the elimination of that portion of sulphur which, after oxidation, remains combined as sulphate of copper, is to be avoided. 1877Encycl. Brit. VI. 113/1 In Britain large roasts [of coffee] are the rule. 1883Science I. 105/1 Too much to allow the temperature to be kept sufficiently high to obtain a complete roast.
4. The process of bantering unmercifully. Also, an instance of this. (See also quot. 1900.) Now chiefly N. Amer.
1740Mrs. Delany Life & Corr. (1861) II. 74 The Knight bore the roast with great fortitude. 1754J. Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) I. 190 David Gam, Esq., was a proper subject for a Roast. 1796Grose's Dict. Vulgar T. (ed. 3) s.v., He stood the roast, he was the butt. 1817Lintoun Green 27 He had been jockeyed to his cost,..Which made him suffer many a roast. 1900Dialect Notes II. 54 Roast, n. 1. Unfair treatment, as hard making in a course. 2. A partial decision, as from an umpire. 3. A severe criticism. 4. A reproof. 1903Booklovers Mag. Dec. 663/1 This national love for a good ‘roast’, this spirit of mockery, this national habit of joking, is the one great thing about us that foreigners can't understand. 1976Globe & Mail (Toronto) 16 Feb. 16/1 (caption) It was billed as a roast to mark Mr. Sniderman's 25th year in the music business, but in reality it was a heart-warming evening because the roasters had only kind words for this beloved couple, who've done so much for Canada.
5. attrib., as roast-cook; roast-bitter, a bitter principle contained in the crust of baked bread; roast-post [ad. G. rostpost], a quantity of ore prepared for roasting, a rosting-charge; roast-stall, a form of roasting-furnace (Cent. Dict.).
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1122 The heap..must be then well mixed, and formed into small bings, called roast-posts. 1856Orr's Circle Sci., Pract. Chem. 343 This peculiar bitter prinicple is called ‘roast-bitter’, or ‘Assamar’. Ibid. 344 The roast-bitter, produced by baking in the crust of bread, originates in all farinaceous food in the same way. 1896Daily News 11 Dec. 12/7 Man wants situation as roast cook, chef's assistant, or carver.
▪ II. roast, v.|rəʊst|
Forms: 3–4 rosti, 5–6 rosty; 4–6 roste, 5–7 rost; 5–6 rooste, 6– roast. Also pa. tense 5 roste; pa. pple. 4 i-rost(e, 5 rosste, roste, 6 roost, Sc. rostin.
[ad. OF. rostir (mod.F. rôtir), = Prov. raustir, Catal. rostir, It. arrostire, of Teutonic origin: cf. OHG. rôsten (MHG. rœsten, G. rösten; Du. roosten), f. rôst masc., rôste fem., gridiron, grill.]
1. a. trans. To make (flesh or other food) ready for eating by prolonged exposure to heat at or before a fire.
Also freq. in mod. use, to cook (meat) in an oven, for which the more original term is bake.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 4214 Þis grisliche geant..adde an vatte baru ynome,..And rostede in þis grete fur. Ibid. 4920 + 112 [To] þe kyng he broȝte yt wel yrosted [v.r. i-roste] vor veneson newe. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 12342 By a mykel fir he sat, Rostyng a swyn. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 165 Whan þe flesche is aweye i-sode and nouȝt i-rosted. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 16 Do opon a broche, rost hom bydene A lytel. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 1822 Vnto a place whare þai suld ete, Þai come and roste þair fysch to mete. 1530Palsgr. 694/1, I wyll roste my pygges or ever I spytte my capons. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 25 That day of an auncient custome there is roosted a whole Oxe. 1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 385 They eat like parcht Pigs if you roast them. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 67 Nor [do thou] rost red Crabs t'offend the niceness of their Nose. 1732Pope Ep. Cobham 219 Lucullus..Had roasted turnips in the Sabine farm. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. l. V. 189 Forty camels were roasted at his hospitable feasts. 1853A. Soyer Pantroph. 124 These goats were roasted and..it was decided that this dish was very tolerable. 1882M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal II. x. 230 When they are once roasted, it can make no difference who eats them.
fig.1522Skelton Why not to Court? 109 Pescoddes they may shyll, Or elles go rost a stone. 1562Heywood Prov. & Epigr. Wks. (1598) F 2 b, I doe but roste a stone In warming her. 1605Shakes. Macb. ii. iii. 14 Come in Taylor, here you may rost your Goose.
transf.1602Shakes. Ham. ii. ii. 483 Roasted in wrath and fire,..With eyes like Carbuncles, the hellish Pyrrhus Old Grandsire Priam seekes. 1863W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting 128 After being roasted in the sun, till I thought I must have had brain fever.
b. techn. To expose (metallic ores, etc.) to protracted heat in a furnace, in order to remove impurities or reduce to a more tractable condition; to calcine. (See also quot. 1898.)
In quot. 1582 prob. after G. rösten.
1582in Trans. Jewish Hist. Soc. (1903) IV. 94 After he hath rosted and smolten iij or iiij saies of our copper ure. 1741Cramer Ass. Metal 189 Bodies refractory in the Fire, are more easily roasted. 1758Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 145 This operation is called Roasting an Ore. 1811A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 484 Roast the sulphate, that it may be the more easily reduced to a very fine powder. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 402 Clay roasted with lime gave..about twice as much potash..as that roasted without lime. 1884C. G. W. Lock Workshop Rec. Ser. iii. 4/1 The ore is first roasted, and then finely broken up. 1898P. Manson Trop. Dis. xxxv. 549 The soil had better be turned over with the plough, or roasted with grass fires.
c. To expose (coffee beans) to heat in order to prepare for grinding.
1724Abstract Act in Lond. Gaz. No. 6270/9 Dealers..in Coffee may..Roast their Berries at such Roasting-Houses. 1728–38Chambers Cycl. s.v. Coffee, The ordinary method of roasting coffee among us, is in a tin cylindrical box, full of holes... The spit turns swift, and so roasts the berries. 1837Penny Cycl. VII. 322/2 Much more depends upon the manner of roasting and making the coffee, than upon the quality of the bean. 1855J. W. Croker in C. Papers (1884) III. 327 The men-of-war..could have in a week roasted and ground coffee enough to have served the army for a year.
2. To torture by exposure to flame or heat.
c1290St. Christopher 199 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 277 Þe king het a-non þat Men him scholden..with strong fuyr and pich rosti. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxii. (Laurence) 484 Þai..ware forwondryt þane, þat he gert sa rost a quyk man. 1508Dunbar Flyting 123 He that rostit Lawarance had thy grunȝe. 1535Coverdale Jer. xxix. 22 Sedechias & Achab, whom the kinge of Babilon rosted in the fyre. [1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. v. 287 Ane Witch they fand, rosting at the fyre..ye kingis image artificiallie wrochte in wax.] 1604Shakes. Oth. v. ii. 279 Blow me about in windes, roast me in Sulphure, Wash me in steepe-downe gulfes of Liquid fire. 1781Cowper Convers. 334 You stir the fire and strive To make a blaze—that's roasting him alive. 1850Thackeray Pendennis xviii, There is the learned Doctor Griddle, who suffered in Henry VIII.'s time, and Archbishop Bush who roasted him. 1899Westm. Gaz. Dec. 6/3 They carried the wretched negro to the outskirts of the town,..and then roasted him to death.
3. To warm (oneself or one's limbs) at a very hot fire.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. x. 144 To sitten..by the hote coles,..Reste hym, and roste hym. 1598Hakluyt Voy. I. 250 And so sitteth downe by his fire, and vpon the hard ground, rosteth as it were his wearie sides thus daintily stuffed. 1789Burns Ep. to J. Tennant 21, I pray an' ponder butt the house; My shins, my lane, I there sit roastin'.
4. colloq. or slang.
†a. (See quot.) Obs.—0
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Roasted, arrested. I'll Roast the Dab, I will Arrest the Rascal.
b. To ridicule, banter, jest at, quiz (a person), in a severe or merciless fashion. Also, to criticize, to denounce.
1710Let. to Noble Lord occasion'd by Proc. against Dr. Henry Sacheverell 16 As for Dr. Sacheverell, nothing will serve some of 'em but Roasting him; using the Expression of a Furious Zealot against him, who is since Dead. 1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World 173 Having converted the Mercury to a Brander, who might, without any great difficulty, have roasted this insolent Frenchman. 1754J. Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) I. 191 Expecting much diversion from roasting the 'squire. 1782E. N. Blower Geo. Bateman II. 130 The Deputy and I shall roast Mr. Skipslick. 1827D. Johnson Ind. Field Sports 168 On our return to dinner,..it may be easily supposed, the Beau was well roasted. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xvi. ix. (1872) VI. 236 He thrice..ran away from the King, feeling bantered and roasted to a merciless degree. 1890in Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang II. 183/1 Another letter received from one W. T. Nelson, of Cleveland, severely roasts both. 1895W. C. Gore in Inlander Dec. 114 Roast, v. 1. To censure. 2. To ridicule. 1905‘H. McHugh’ You can search Me iii. 50 If he were to roast our Skinski it might hurt our business. 1912J. Sandilands Western Canad. Dict., Roast, to expose, to abuse, to rate, to tell a person off. A roasting, a severe rating or castigation in a speech. 1920Wodehouse Jill the Reckless (1922) xviii. 267 I've an idea..that the critics will roast it. 1966Listener 27 Oct. 613/3 Their methods caused a scandal and they were roasted in the press by Labouchère. 1976F. Trueman Ball of Fire ii. 39 They made me twelfth man and I was roasted for falling asleep in a deck-chair during play. 1977Times 28 Oct. 8/5 During the evening the Prince was ‘roasted’ by Martin—a friendly American custom of insulting a person as a sign of favour.
c. (See quot.)
1888Pall Mall G. 24 Feb. 2/1 There are few among the thousand experts that he employs that can ‘roast’ him, as they call it—that is, click off a message too fast for him to follow it.
5. absol. To perform, carry on, the process of roasting.
c1386Chaucer Prol. 383 He koude rooste, and sethe, and boille, and frye. 1727Philip Quarll (1816) 13 Another fire⁓place, made of three stones, fit to roast at. c1860My Receipt Bk. (ed. 2) 62 Rub the liver over the breast, roast at a very quick fire. 1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 445, I have had no difficulty in teaching men how to roast.
6. intr. To undergo the process of being cooked, tortured, or calcined by exposure to fire or heat. Also transf. (quot. 1719).
a1300Leg. Rood (1871) 58 Vp a gredire hi leide him seþþe,..To rosti as me deþ verst flesc. a1400Sir Perc. 794 He..Keste hym reghte in the fyre..: ‘Ly stille therin now and roste’. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 15 Þan putte it on a Spete round, an lete hem rosty. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 32 b, And so sayd saynt Laurence whan he laye rostynge on the yren crate. a1529Skelton P. Sparowe 1333 By..all the dedly names Of infernall posty, Where soules frye and rosty. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies ii. vii. 98 When the fire is moderate, and the meat in an equall distance, we see that it rostes hansomely. 1719London & Wise Compl. Gard. 279 Care must be taken to water all your Plants largely, or else they will roast and scorch. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 634 When roasting in Phalaris's bull,..the pain would instantly vanish. 1819Shelley Cycl. 396 Then [he] peeled his flesh with a great cooking-knife And put him down to roast. 1839H. T. De la Beche Rep. Geol. Cornw., etc. 595 note, The process..is to take 400 grains..and place it in a crucible to roast in an air-furnace.
▪ III. roast, ppl. a.|rəʊst|
[Obs. pa. pple. of roast v. Cf. roast n. 2.]
Roasted, prepared by roasting. See also roast beef, roast meat.
1338R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 175 Þe comon of þe oste bouht þam hors flesch, Or mules or assis roste. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xiii. 57 Þai broȝt him parte of a roste fisch. c1425Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 662 Caro assota, rost flesche. 1510in Archæol. Jrnl. XLIII. 172 The secund covrse. Creme off almonds, Rost coney, plouers. 1622Relat. Plantation Plymouth, New Eng. 47 They..fell to eating a-fresh, and retained sufficient readie rost for all our break⁓fasts. 1819Shelley Cycl. 310 Feasting on a roast calf. 1847C. Brontë J. Eyre iii, ‘I could fancy a Welsh rabbit for supper’. ‘So could I—with a roast onion.’ 1878Emerson Misc. Papers, Sov. Ethics Wks. (Bohn) III. 377 We need not always be stipulating for our clean shirt and roast-joint. |