| 释义 |
preservative, a. and n.|prɪˈzɜːvətɪv|
Also 5–6 -yve, -if(fe, -yf(e.
[ad. F. préservatif adj. and n. (13–14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. med.L. præservātīvus (R. Grosseteste c 1225): see preserve v. and -ative.]
A. adj. Having the quality of preserving; tending to preserve; protective.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lxix. (Bodl. MS.), He [the physician] techeþ to vse certeyne medicines preseruatyues to [= against] feblenes. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 91 Demyng theyr odour..Was to his courage most preservatyve. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 334 b/1 The medecyne preseruatyf is that whiche preserueth fro fallyng. 1578Lyte Dodoens iv. xli. 501 Treacles and Mithridates, and suche lyke preseruatiue medicines. 1644Hunton Vind. Treat. Monarchy ix. 69 This is the Doctors preservative Doctrine. 1699Shaftesbury Inq. conc. Virtue i. iii. 78 Virtuous and preservative of virtue. 1827Sir J. Barrington Personal Sk. I. 12 A bad example may sometimes be more preservative against error than a good one. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 929 A preservative injection for anatomical purposes.
B. n. (absolute use of adj.)
1. a. A medicine that preserves health, protecting from or preventing disease; a safeguard against poison or infection; a prophylactic.
1466Manners & Household Expenses (Roxb.) 369 A lyte boxe of preser[u]atyffe, and a pote of tryakel. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 176 b, Whiche place was..purged daily with fyers and other preseruatiues. 1672Phil. Trans. VII. 5063 To swallow a Vipers head was a most certain Preservative and Remedy against the biting of a Viper. 1779Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 17 June, I am glad that you have Heberden, and hope his restoratives and his preservatives will both be effectual.
fig.1534More Comf. agst. Trib. i. Wks. 1150/1 Tribulacion is double medicine, bothe a cure of the synne passed, & a preseruatiue fro the syn that is to come. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. 3 The Scripture..is..a Physicions-shop..of preseruatiues against poisoned heresies.
b. gen. A thing that preserves from (or against) any danger or injury; a safeguard.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 113 b, Preseruatyues agaynst enuy & wroth. 1670Walton Lives iv. 286 Strong preservatives against all disquiet. a1703Burkitt On N.T. Rom. xi. 21 The best preservative from falling, is humility and holy fear. 1775Adair Amer. Ind. 175 note, An infallible preservative against the legions of evil spirits. 1874L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. v. 197 A delicate sense of humour, which is the best preservative against all extravagance.
2. That which preserves, or tends to preserve or protect from decay, loss, or destruction.
1503Hawes Examp. Virt. v. 17 Lete wysedome than be to the comfortyfe That to thy brayn is best preseruatyfe. 1520Whitinton Vulg. (1527) 5 b, Good dyet, the preseruatyue of helthe. 1575–85Abp. Sandys Serm. v. (Parker Soc.) 93 Two preservatives and defences of unity and love. 1683Brit. Spec. 68 The main Preservatives of Peace are the Durability and Order of the Government. 1808M. T. Kemble Day after Wedding 22 This preservative of happiness. 1864Bowen Logic i. 24 But Words are not only signs and preservatives, they are also substitutes, for Thoughts.
3. spec. A chemical substance or preparation used to preserve things subject to decomposition, as perishable food-stuffs.
[1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters II. 36 Salt is not..an effectual preservative from putrefaction.] 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 440 M. Carville affirms that glucose acts well as a preservative. 1898Westm. Gaz. 23 Feb. 3/2 A question of great difficulty to the public analyst is the introduction of preservatives into articles of food. 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 620 The campaign..against the use of preservatives in other food-stuffs [than milk].
†4. Photogr. Formerly used for fixing solution.
1878Abney Photogr. (1881) 94 The preservative is usually applied by floating it on the surface of the film for about a minute. 1890Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 288 The processes at that time known as ‘dry’ were those where the collodion employed had received an application of so-called preservative. |