| 释义 |
▪ I. rill, n.1|rɪl|
Also 6 rylle, 7 ril(le.
[Agrees in form and meaning with mod.Du. and Fris. ril, LG. ril, rille, G. rille: the precise nature of the connexion is not clear.]
1. a. A small stream; a brook, runnel, rivulet; spec. A small trickle of water formed temporarily in soil or sand after rain or tidal ebb.
1538Leland Itin. (1768) I. 37 There is a rylle that cummith by the Towne. 1598Stow Surv. 13 Diuers rilles or rillets to the Riuer of Thames. 1637Milton Lycidas 24 We..Fed the same flock, by fountain, shade, and rill. 1694Addison Poems, Virgil Misc. Wks. 1726 I. 17 And shallow rills run trickling through the grass. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 253 Innumerable rills and brooks of water. 1784Cowper Task i. 192 Rills that slip Through the cleft rock. 1829Lytton Devereux iii. v, I have some remembrance of the green sod, and the silver rill. 1850Tennyson In Mem. xxxvii, Go down beside thy native rill. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 176 A mere rill of warm water running over the surface of the sea. 1883T. C. Chamberlin Geol. Wisconsin I. 43 Rills, especially those following outgoing tides furrow the sand or mud, particularly in flowing over a pebble, shell or other obstruction. Such grooves where preserved constitute rill marks. 1908Jrnl. Geol. XVI. 748 The word ‘rill’ will be used to indicate such a streamlet in an overloaded condition, that is previous to the degree of concentration necessary to cut a gully. 1925Water-Supply Papers U.S. Geol. Survey No. 499. 96 As the supply of débris is small these rills are not fully loaded and are effective eroding agents. 1939U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1938 1167 Frequently in sheet erosion the eroding surface consists of numerous very small rills. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII. 430/2 All traces of the rills are removed after the land is tilled. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 1102/1 In calm weather, the backwash of the returning water [on a beach] has little energy, creating a diamond pattern of small rills. 1975R. V. Ruhe Geomorphol. vi. 108/1 During intense runoff, a divide between two rills is broken by caving, by undercutting by a deeper rill, or by overflow.
b. transf. and fig.
1698Farquhar Love & a Bottle iii. ii, Our knives cut passage clean Through rills of fat, and deluges of lean. 1704Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 95 There must be a continual Rill of these temperate Juices into the Blood. 1784Cowper Task iv. 64 Here rills of oily eloquence in soft Meanders lubricate the course they take. 1864Lowell Fireside Trav. 214 The exiguous rill of a discourse. 1891E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 85 His was a tiny rill of conversation, not a tidal wave of thought.
c. attrib. and Comb., as rill action, rill channel, rill-cutting, rill erosion, rill-mark, rill-wash, rill-way; rill-like, rill-threaded adjs.; rill-wise adv.
1960B. W. Sparks Geomorphol. iv. 69 In the wet season the middle section of the slope may be under the influence of concentrated rill action. 1962L. C. King Morphol. of Earth v. 137 Following the cutting of a steep hillside by rill and gully action.., surface water requires to be discharged across a relatively flat terrain to an adjacent stream channel.
Ibid. 138 The water..may be insufficient to form sheets and then passes across the pediment in rills only. Where this occurs frequently, pediments are scored by rill channels. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 819/2 Frequently the cutting of rill channels and gully heads is by far the most active process operating upon the steeper slopes.
1925Water-Supply Papers U.S. Geol. Survey No. 499. 96 Rill cutting at the foot of mountain slopes. 1962L. C. King Morphol. of Earth v. 138 The zone of laminar flow..is often elided, and rill-cutting and gullying appear extensively upon many pediments.
1939U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1938 1167 Rill [erosion],..accelerated erosion by water which produces small channels that can be obliterated by tillage. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII 431/1 (caption) Rill erosion showing how water has followed the old corn rows.
1876Meredith Beauch. Career xxxv, The ripple crease and rill⁓like descent of the turf.
1863Dana Man. Geol. 94 Rill-marks, mud-cracks, and rain-drop impressions. 1888Dawson Geol. Hist. Pl. 32 The beautiful branching rill-marks produced by the oozing of water out of mud and sand-banks left by the tide. 1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation x. 211 Tidal currents which occur during the retreat of the sea from a beach form a pattern of fine channels, particularly where the water is retarded by obstacles, pebbles or shells. These channels or rill-marks formed on the surface of moist, soft sand can be preserved by fossilization.
1933R. Campbell Flowering Reeds 28 The shimmering beams of a morning that sinewed The lowlands with silver, and trawled to the plains, Rill-threaded, the sweep of its glittering seines.
1908Jrnl. Geol. XVI. 751 (heading) Hypothesis of rill-wash applied to the St. Louis region. 1937Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XLVIII. 343 The interstream areas..are today being lowered chiefly by tributary streams and rill wash. 1972A. Young Slopes vii. 62 Surface flow may be divided into sheetwash, where the ground is entirely or largely covered by a moving layer of water, and rillwash, when the water flows mainly as micro-channels.
1886A. Winchell Walks Geol. Field 51 Obviously, the roadside slime has descended the rill-ways from the middle of the street.
1862F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 238 The water of a reservoir..enters the fields rillwise.
2. A small narrow trench; a drill. Now dial.
1658Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 244 Lay them in the bottom of the rills. 1664― Sylva 6 Immediately before you sow, cast, and dispose it [the ground] into Rills, or small narrow Trenches of four, or five inches deep. 1706London & Wise Retir'd Gard. I. 314 To succeed in planting Anemones,..draw a Rill from one End of the Bed to the other. 1725Family Dict. s.v. Candy-Tuft, When you have drawn Rills Length-ways, and Cross-ways, you may sow the Seed. 1871W. Morning News May (E.D.D.), Potatoes which were up in rills looking healthy and promising.
3. Astr. = rille. Also attrib.
1876E. Nelson Moon iii. 71 There is one class of formations..which, from their unknown nature, cannot well be classified. These are the rills or clefts. 1888J. A. W. Oliver Astron. 70 On the south-east of this bright little crater there is an easy rill. Ibid. 73 This ring⁓plain is associated with one of the most remarkable rill⁓systems on the moon. 1954Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XL. 1103 The rills are cracks in the surface, about 1{pp} (2 km.) in width and narrower, occurring almost anywhere on the moon. 1963A. N. Strahler Earth Sci. v. 83/2 Rills may be on the order of a mile wide and as long as 150 miles.
4. Phonetics. [ad. Da. rille (O. Jespersen Fonetik, 1899).] Used attrib. to designate a fricative produced by forcing air through a groove-like aperture between the tongue and the roof of the mouth (see quots.).
1912E. Prokosch in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. XXXIII. 197 Spirants of these places of articulation can be formed in two ways: either, the surface of the tongue is convex, so that the breath passes through a narrow slit, as with þ, χ; or, the tongue forms a more or less distinct rill in its median line, as with s, sh. The former may be called slit sounds, the latter rill sounds. 1918A. W. Aron in C. F. Hockett Leonard Bloomfield Anthol. (1970) 56 They are synonymous with what we call in Jespersen's terminology ‘rill spirants’, namely unvoiced s, voiced z, and the sibilants in shall and azure. 1958C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics viii. 72 Both English /sz/ and English /θð/ are normally apico-alveolar, but the former are rill spirants, the latter slit spirants.
▪ II. † rill, n.2 Obs. rare—0.
In 5 rylle.
[Of obscure origin.]
(See quots.)
c1440Promp. Parv. 434/1 Rylle, thynne clothe, ralla. Ibid. 491/1 Thynne clothe, that ys clepyd a rylle, ralla.
▪ III. rill, v.1|rɪl|
[f. rill n.1]
1. intr. To flow in a small stream.
1610[see the ppl. a.]. 1651Biggs New Disp. ⁋144 The profuse sweat, that rills through..the pores. c1709Prior 2nd Hymn Callim. 153 The wholesome Draught from Aganippe's Spring..gently rilling Adown the Mountains. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 106 May showers never fail.., Nor suns dry the fountain that rills by its side. 1855Bailey Mystic 44 Time's sand-dry streamlet through its glassy strait Rilled restless. 1884Sala in Illustr. Lond. News 30 Aug. 195 A small fountain rills from the rockwork.
2. trans.
a. To form by flowing.
b. To utter in liquid notes.
1845Hood Stag-eyed Lady xiv, Then closed the wave, and then the surface rill'd A ring above her, like a water⁓knell. 188.Scollard Summer Song ii. (Funk), The brook is dry; its silver throat Rills song no more.
3. To make drills in (a garden bed). rare—1.
1658Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 244 For this you may make use of the houe, rilling the bed where you would set them.
Hence ˈrilling ppl. a.
1610W. Folkingham Art of Survey i. ii. 40 The grauelly colde of rilling fountaines. 1797F. Baily Tour (1856) 260 Vortices, which..cause a rilling, murmuring sound. 1853F. W. Newman Odes of Horace 207 What boy these cups of hot Falernian Tempers quick with rilling water?
▪ IV. † rill, v.2 Obs.—1
In 5 ryll.
(App. meaning ‘to roar or bellow’, but perhaps an error.)
c1400Song of Roland 421 Your knyghtis be-hind haue som bores fond, or Among the holtis I-herd ryll som hertis. |