| 释义 |
▪ I. † rift, n.1 Obs.
Also ryft, hryft.
[OE. rift (ryft) neut., = ON. ript fem., ripti neut.]
a. A cloak.
b. A veil.
c725Corpus Gloss. (Hessels) L 80 Laena, rift. Ibid. P 126 Palla, rift. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvii. 31 [Hi] on⁓ᵹeredon hine ðy ryfte. c1000ælfric Lev. iv. 17 Nime se sacerd his blod..and sprenge..on þæt ryft. c1205Lay. 28476 Me hire hafd bi-wefde mid ane hali rifte.
▪ II. rift, n.2
Also 5–6 ryft(e, 4–5 rifte, 5 reft.
[Of Scand. origin: cf. Da. and Norw. rift, a cleft, chink, etc., OIcel. ript breach of contract. The stem is that of the vb. rive, to split.]
†1. An act of tearing or rending; a splitting, riving. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 8220 Sua depe þair rote þai samen kest, Þat moght þam naman þeþen win, Wit-vten rift for ani gin. c1400Destr. Troy 12697 Þe remnond..Herd þe rurde & þe ryfte of þe rank schippis. c1440Promp. Parv. 433/2 Ryfte, or ryvynge of cloþe, or cuttynge, scissura.
2. a. A cleft, fissure, or chasm in the earth, a rock, etc. (Cf. reft n.2, riff n.5)
13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 964 Þe grete barrez of þe abyme he barst vp at onez, Þat alle þe regioun to-rof in riftes ful grete. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xi. 43 Þe roche clafe in twa, and in þat rift he hidd him. c1425Wyntoun Cron. iv. x. 1204 Sa hugsum þar þat oppynnynge fel Þat throw þat rift men mycht se hell. 1511Guylforde's Pilgr. (Camden) 26 Whiche ryfte gothe downe thorughout the Rok of Caluery. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. iii. iv. 32 As if the world should cleaue, and that slaine men Should soader vp the Rift. 1639Ainsworth Annot. Ps. lx. 4 Earthquakes, rifts and chinkes appeare. 1725Family Dict. s.v. Garden, But you must above all things remove Stones out of your Garden Ground, and leave no Rifts therein. 1799Kirwan Geol. Ess. 29 Some few petrifactions have been found in the rifts even of granitic mounts. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles iii. xvi, Yonder peak..That to the evening sun uplifts The griesly gulfs and slaty rifts. 1856Ruskin Mod. Paint. IV. v. xix. §27 The rocks above are torn by their glaciers into rifts and wounds that are never healed. 1876Smiles Sc. Natur. viii. 134 The rift in the glen is almost overhung by the ruins of the ancient Church of Aberdour.
b. An opening or break in clouds or mist.
a1400–50Alexander 1756 Riȝt as a flaw of fell snawe ware fallyn of a ryft. 1513Douglas æneis viii. vii. 47 We se The schynnand brokin thunderis lychtning fle Wyth subtill fyry stremis throu a ryft. 1671Milton P.R. iv. 411 The Clouds From many a horrid rift abortive pour'd Fierce rain with lightning mixt. 1863J. Ingelow Honours ii, A soul-mist, through whose rifts familiar stars Beholding we misname. 1874Symonds Sk. Italy & Greece (1898) I. xiii. 282 Through their rifts the depth of heaven is of a hard and gemlike blue.
c. A split, crack, rent, or chink in any object or article. Now somewhat rare.
c1400Rom. Rose 2661 Than shal thou go the dore bifore, If thou maist fynde any score, Or hole, or reft [etc.] c1440Promp. Parv. 433/2 Ryfte, in a walle, or boord, or oþer lyke,..rima. 1513Douglas æneis i. iii. 51 Salt watter stremis Fast bullerand in at every ryft and boir. 1578Banister Hist. Man i. 15 This great rift is that which [is] in the lower part of the roundell of the eye. 1626Bacon Sylva §556 [A seed] which falling upon the bough of a tree that hath some Rift, putteth forth Misseltoe. 1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. 3 This Yellowness appearing in some part of it or other, and not seldom with some Rift, or little Casm's about the Stalk. 1725Family Dict. s.v. False Quarter, The Chink..must be opened to the Quick with a drawing Iron, and the Rift filled with a Rowl of Hurds. 1859Tennyson Vivien 240 It is the little rift within the lute.
†d. A chap or crack in the skin. Obs.
1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 16 Theyr skinne is very rowghe & full of chappes & riftes like the bark of a tree. 1598Gerarde Herbal i. xxxvii. 54 The meale thereof healeth all the rifts of the fundament. 1614Markham Cheap Husb. i. xliii, Bloody rifts..are chaps or rifts in the palate of the horses mouth. [Hence in Dict. Rust. (1704) s.v. Chops; (1726) s.v. Rifts.]
e. fig. or in fig. contexts.
1627Jackson Chr. Obed. Wks. XII. 190 Nothing but this bred that lamentable schism or rift in the walls of God's house. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xviii. 4 Through the rifts and chinks of their several aims and ends. 1879Farrar St. Paul II. 122 The needless widening of the rift which separated them.
f. Quarrying (chiefly U.S.). Any of a series of parallel planes along which (normally igneous) rock may most easily be split, freq. distinct from the natural bedding planes. Also, the property by which such rocks tend to split most easily in one direction.
1886T. S. Hunt Min. Physiol. & Physiogr. vii. 274 A phenomenon..apparently due to superficial alternations of temperature on certain crystalline rocks, which have resulted in establishing in them..a series of rifts or divisional planes parallel to the present surface, which are well known to quarrymen. 1907Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 113. 27 Another peculiarity of rift is that the angle of its inclination may at some places be modified by gravity. 1912H. Ries Building Stones & Clay-Products iii. 96 The rift is an obscure foliation, either vertical (or nearly so) or horizontal, along which the granite splits more readily than in any other direction. 1934O. Bowles Stone Industries vii. 81 In quarrying, a good rift assists greatly as it facilitates bed lifting where open bed planes are absent. Ibid., Rift is due chiefly to orientation of grains. 1937Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. V. 19 The term, rift, denotes the peculiar property of granitic rocks to split relatively easily in a direction other than the ‘bedding’ (which is parallel to the earth's surface). 1960O. Bowles in J. L. Gillson et al. Industr. Min. & Rocks (ed. 3) xv. 327/1 [Paving stones] are shaped by hand processes involving expert knowledge of the ‘rift’ and ‘run’ directions of easy splitting.
g. A large fault running parallel to the major regional relief, esp. one bounding a rift valley; also, a rift valley.
1921E. J. Wayland in Geogr. Jrnl. LVIII. 345 The term ‘Western Rift’ is used in this paper to denote that part of the Great Rift Valley system which forms the western boundary of Uganda... The two terms ‘Eastern Rift’ and ‘Western Rift’ are here introduced for the sake of convenience; they are not proposed as geographical names, or intended for other than local use. 1924J. G. A. Skerl tr. Wegener's Orig. Continents & Oceans xi. 166 The East African rift⁓valleys form the most beautiful example of such rifts. 1936B. Willis E. Afr. Plateaus 55 The great San Andreas rift of California, 500 miles long, is a fault. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. i. 12 There has been some uptilting all around the margins of the plateau bounded by the Albert–Edward–Tanganyika system of rifts. 1970Kenya Farmer Feb. 12/3 Looking at the rainfall figures for 1969 in the Lower Rift we see that..only a few lucky farmers got enough rain to begin planting.
3. a. Oak timber rent or split into strips or boards, in place of being sawn. ? Obs.
1577Harrison England ii. xii, Lattise..made either of wicker or fine rifts of oke in chekerwise. 1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 22 Rift bearing about a third penny more price then if it were sawn into planck.
b. So rift timber. (Cf. reft ppl. a.2)
1875Temple & Sheldon Hist. Northfield, Mass. 14 Oak, or rift timber, as it was called, i.e., timber that could be easily split into clap-boards and shingles.
4. attrib. and Comb. as rift basin, rift fault, rift faulting, rift-system, rift tectonics; rift block Physical Geogr., a horst or a graben; rift saw (see quot. 1958); rift sawing vbl. n. = quarter sawing vbl. n. s.v. quarter n. 31; so rift-sawn ppl. a.; rift timber: see sense 3 b; rift valley, a large, elongated valley with steep walls formed by the relative depression of a block of the earth's surface and bounded by nearly parallel faults or fault-zones; cf. graben; Rift Valley fever, a disease of animals of the Rift Valley of East Africa which can affect humans as a mild fever and is caused by an arborvirus.
1978Nature 13 July 133/1 For most ancient rift basins, it is very difficult to demonstrate whether rifting was preceded or accompanied by doming.
1929D. Johnson in Compt. Rend. 15th Internat. Geol. Congr. II. 361, I shall consider only four major types of blocks included between bounding faults:..II. Rift blocks; or those relatively raised or lowered between normal faults. 1944A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xix. 439 The boundary faults are then regarded as steep upthrusts and the rift blocks as wedges (widening in depth) held down by pressure from the upriding sides. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. x. 266 The relatively raised blocks are commonly called horsts and the lowered blocks grabens, when they are the direct effects of faulting. Johnson (1929) preferred the name rift blocks for them, but there are objections to its use because rift is often applied to earthquake rifts.., along which movement has been largely horizontal. Johnson would call an uplifted block a rift block mountain or horst and a lowered block a rift block basin or graben.
1977A. Hallam Planet Earth 78/3 Although the Cenozoic phases of rift faulting are well documented, geological mapping in older rocks has shown that the rift faults frequently coincide with ancient tectonic dislocations.
1909Webster, Rift saw. 1958N.Z. Timber Jrnl. May 56/2 Rift saw, a special type of circular saw, usually with inserted teeth, for converting slabbed logs into flooring strips.
1909Webster, Rift sawing. 1920F. T. Hill Pract. Aeroplane Construction iv. 97 Rift sawing..is to be preferred [for aircraft work]. 1968F. Hilton Craft Technol. for Carpenters & Joiners i. 17 (heading) Quarter or rift sawing.
1920F. T. Hill Pract. Aeroplane Construction iv. 98 Rift-sawn spruce can now be obtained in this country. 1965W. H. Brown Introd. to Seasoning Timber ii. 20 The boards so cut [sc. in radial plane] are known as quarter sawn, edge grain, or rift sawn. 1972M. Verney Boat Repairs & Conversions v. 93 All pine timber used for decking needs to be rift-sawn.
1908Geogr. Jrnl. XXXI. 217 (heading) The East African rift-system. 1978Nature 13 July 133/1 The East Greenland Triassic–Jurassic rift seems to be part of a three-armed rift system where the two other arms are represented by a little known basin along the coast of Southeast Greenland, and by parts of the northern North Sea graben complex.
1976Ibid. 9 Sept. 119/1 Rift tectonics are amply demonstrated by lateral inconsistence and temporal heterogeneity in Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic stratigraphy.
1894J. W. Gregory in Geogr. Jrnl. IV. 295 The famous Yosemite valley may be taken as a well-known type of these ‘rift valleys’, as they may conveniently be called. 1900H. R. Mill Internat. Geog. (ed. 2) 53 The..lowered masses..give rise..to rift-valleys, such as the upper Rhine plain or the great rift-valleys of the Dead Sea. 1946L. D. Stamp Britain's Structure & Scenery xxiii. 228 The area is structurally a rift valley let down between parallel faults but is not otherwise a valley in the ordinarily accepted meaning of the word. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. xix. 508 The volcanoes along the African rift valleys and the Rhine graben, as well as the puys of central France, display a..linear arrangement. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 947/2 Detailed surveys of rift valleys in Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere show that idealized symmetric graben profiles are rarely seen, that the opposite sides are frequently asymmetric, and that there is often only a single fault. 1976K. Thackeray Crownbird ii. 33 He found himself looking at the sides of the rift valley, recognizing different strata.
1931Daubney & Hudson in Jrnl. Path. & Bacteriol. XXXIV. 578 We have proposed the name Rift Valley fever as a popular alternative to our first suggestion enzootic hepatitis, which was originally applied to the disease in sheep. The latter is hardly a suitable name for the human disease, since we have as yet no evidence that the liver is involved in man. 1962Gordon & Lavoipierre Entomol. for Students of Med. xix. 121 The demonstration in 1949 that a species of Eretmapodites (E. chrysogaster) was capable of acting as a vector of Rift Valley fever under natural conditions, has increased the interest of the epidemiologist in this group of mosquitoes. 1978Nature 26 Jan. 308/2 Rift Valley fever or enzootic hepatitis is a severe viral infection which primarily affects sheep and cattle causing many deaths in pregnant and newborn animals. The disease occurs naturally only in Africa and by 1912 it was recognised in the Rift Valley in Kenya.
▪ III. rift, n.3
Now Sc. and north. dial.
[f. rift v.2]
An act of belching, an eructation.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. v. iii. 523 He thoucht to ordane..Be statute qwhen men sulde lat ga Out of þar bodeis riftis of wynde. 1570Levins Manip. 118 A Rift, belch, ructus. 1790–in dial. texts and glossaries (see Eng. Dial. Dict.).
▪ IV. rift, n.4 U.S.
[? Alteration of riff, obs. var. of reef n.1]
1. A rapid, a cataract; esp. one formed by the protrusion of rocks in the bed of a stream.
1727in Documents Colonial Hist. New-York (1855) V. 826 The French..have no way but to come up from Montreal to the Lake against a Violent Stream, all full of Rifts and Falls and Shallows. 1755L. Evans Middle Brit. Col. 17 The River is full of Falls and Rifts for forty Leagues. 1778T. Hutchins Descr. Virg. 21 The Muskingum is muddy, and not very swift, but no where obstructed with Falls or Rifts. 1845J. F. Cooper Chainbearer II. vi. 80 The most that can be done with it [sc. the lumber]..will be to float it down to the next rift. 1879Scribner's Monthly Nov. 21/1 In one hanging rift close by the bank..I took at five casts fifteen fish.
2. The wash of the surf on a beach or shore.
1869Stedman Lyrics & Idylls, Surf iii, Light falls her foot where the rift follows after.
▪ V. † rift, n.5 Obs. rare—0.
(See quot.)
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Horse, The Hoof is call'd the Horn,..the Ball of the Foot, the Frog; the Part to be pared or cut off the Hoof when overgrown, the Rift.
▪ VI. rift, v.1
Also 6 ryft(e.
[Of Scand. origin: cf. ON. ripta to break (a bargain, etc.); also MDa. ryftæ, MSw. rypta to tear or break up.]
1. intr.
a. To form fissures or clefts; to gape open, to split.
a1300Cursor M. 22633 Þe erth þai sal do for to rift. 1530Palsgr. 691/1, I ryft, as bordes that gape a sonder, je me desbrise... This bordes wyll ryfte, if they be nat taken hede of. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. v. i. 66 Then I'ld shrieke, that euen your eares Should rift to heare me. 1626Bacon Sylva §843 When Ice is congealed in a cup, the Ice will swell instead of Contracting; and sometimes Rift. 1664Evelyn Sylva 61 It is certain, that it never rifts, or cleaves, but with great violence. a1861T. Winthrop John Brent (1862) xix. 209 A little pathway in the sage-bushes suddenly opened before me, as a lane rifts in the press of hurrying legions 'mid the crush of a city thoroughfare. 1898H. S. Canfield Maid of Frontier 75 The mass of vapor overhead rifted for a moment. 1979Nature 22 Nov. 378/2 The block rifted from mainland Southeast Asia and met with the northwards drifting Australian continent during the Neo-gene.
b. To break through something. rare—1.
1859Miss Mulock Rom. Tales 319 Rifting through the harmonious cloud, let there be a sunburst of melody.
2. a. trans. To rend apart or asunder, split, cleave.
1566Drant Horace, Sat. i. i. A vj b, With grounded axe cutte him in twaine, And rifted him throughoute. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. vii. 23 A song of bale..That hart of flint asonder could have rifte. 1610Shakes. Temp. v. i. 45 To the dread ratling Thunder Haue I giuen fire, and rifted Ioues stowt Oke With his owne Bolt. 1671Milton Samson 1621 At sight of him the people with a shout Rifted the Air. 1743Blair The Grave 48 Some rift half down Their branch⁓less trunks. 1793G. White Nat. Hist. Selb. lxxxvii, Some hillocks..were rifted in every direction. 1820Shelley Let. to Peacock 20 Nov., The loftiest Apennines..are here rifted to their base. a1861Palgrave Norm. & Eng. (1864) III. 337 Giving a temporary support to the walls which they have split and rifted.
b. dial. To break up (grass-land) with the plough. Also new-rift adj.
c1636Strafford in Browning & Forster Life (1892) 186, I know right well the profits of those new rift grounds. 1829in Brockett N.C. Gloss.
c. To form or force by cleaving. Also fig.
1849–50Alison Hist. Europe II. lxxvi. §74. 481 Whether the rugged chasm..had been rifted from the hillside by an earthquake. 1854Thoreau Walden, Where I lived, The intellect..rifts its way into the secret of things.
▪ VII. rift, v.2 Now Sc. and north. dial.
Also 4 rifte, 5 ryfte.
[a. ON. rypta, røpta (cf. MSw. räpta), f. a stem rup-, which appears also in ON. ropi belching, Icel. ropa to belch.]
1. trans. To belch out (wind, etc.). Also fig., to utter (words, etc.) in a manner suggestive of this.
a1300E.E. Psalter xliv. 1 Mi hert riftet [L. eructavit] gode worde. Ibid. cxviii. 171 Rifte sal [L. eructabunt] mine lippes ympne. a1340Hampole Psalter xliv. 1 As he þat is ful of wickidnes riftis an ill worde. 1601Holland Pliny II. 16 If a man take them with vnripe oliues condite, he shall neither belch or rift wind so much. 17..Ramsay The Lure 33 Nor spat he fire, or brimstone rifted. 1820G. Beattie John o' Arnha (1882) 39 Spewin' reek an' riftin' fire.
2. intr. To break wind upwards from the stomach; to belch.
a1340Hampole Psalter xviii. 2 Bi riftynge he takyns fulnes of wit, for wha sa riftes it semes þat he is ful. 1483Cath. Angl. 308/1 To Ryfte, ructare. c1500Droichis Part of Play 51 in Dunbar's Poems (1893) II. 316 The hevin reirdit quhen scho wald rift. 1535Lyndesay Satyre 4353 Scho riftit..Till scho had castin ane cuppill of quarts. 1631R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature xiii. 169 Let a mans stomacke be so full of Winde, till he belch againe, and Rift, and breake wind. 1669W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 103 It is not enough to make one rift or belch. 1721Ramsay Lucky Spence i, Three times the carline grain'd and rifted. 1797Brydges Hom. Trav. II. 153 His stomach is so full of ire That when he rifts he belches fire. 1812–in dial. texts and glossaries (see Eng. Dial. Dict.).
b. With up. To rise upon the stomach; hence fig., to come back unpleasantly to the memory.
1636Rutherford Lett. (1862) I. lxxii. 186 In the resurrection..our yesternight's sour drink and swinish dregs shall rift up upon us. 1877in Holderness Gloss. (E.D.S.).
c. To boast or brag.
1786Har'st Rig xxxv, Some carle that's weel ken'd to rift, Declares, whan in a blasting tift [etc.].
Hence ˈrifting vbl. n. and ppl. a.
a1340[see the vb., sense 2]. 1581Mulcaster Positions x. (1887) 56 Weaknesse or pewkishnesse of stomacke, with vomiting or bytter rifting. 1597Lowe Chirurg. (1634) 53 Sleeping in the day..hindereth the concoction, of the which commeth ganting, rifting,..and divers sicknesses. 1824Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. 334, I envy not your fu' broth-pot, Your beefy, bursen, rifting lot. |