| 释义 |
association|əˈsəʊʃɪ-, əˌsəʊsɪˈeɪ ʃən|
Also 7 -tiation.
[ad. L. associātiōn-em, n. of action f. associāre: see associate and -ation. Cf. mod.F. association, perhaps the immediate source.]
1. a. The action of combining together for a common purpose; the condition of such combination; confederation, league.
1535Bp. Winchester in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. lxv. 160 Me seemeth the word association soundeth not well. 1584in Heath Grocers' Comp. (1869) 84 To the better corroboration of this our loyall bond and association. 1660R. Coke Power & Subj. 48 A solemn oath of association for the restoring of it. 1746Smollett Reproof 53 Engag'd in firm association, stood, Their lives devoted to the public good. 1856Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 474 Association will be the next form of industrial development.
b. deed of association: the specific document setting forth the particulars of a proposed ‘limited liability company.’ articles of association: see article n. 9.
1866Crump Banking ii. 43 On its being proposed to start a banking company on the ‘limited liability’ principle..at least seven persons must sign a deed of association.
2. A body of persons who have combined to execute a common purpose or advance a common cause; the whole organization which they form to effect their purpose; a society; e.g. the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Football Association, the Church Association, the Civil Service Supply Association.
a1659Cleveland Poems (1677) 117 Many Sects twisted into an Association. 1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. ii. vi. 220 If land was owned and cultivated by associations of labourers. 1879(title) Report of the Somersetshire Association of Congregational Churches.
†3. A document setting forth the common purpose of a number of persons, and signed by them as a pledge that they will carry it into execution. Obs.
1586Lett. to E. Leycester 18 Your oth made in the association. 1682Lond. Gaz. No. 1714/6 That Seditious Paper, the Association, lately found in the Earl of Shaftsbury's Closet. 1772Hist. Rochester 185 Three men who had forged an association. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 251 Dropping the Association into a flowerpot.
4. Union in companionship on terms of social equality; fellowship, intimacy.
1660Boyle Seraph. Love iii. (1700) 33 Thus Self-denial is a kind of Holy Association with God. 1761Smollett Gil Blas xii. vi. (1802) III. 382 The nobility would be profaned by my association. 1872Sanford Eng. Kings 330 He had become habituated to..grossness and immorality in his daily associations.
5. a. The action of conjoining or uniting one person or thing with another.
1774Sir J. Reynolds Disc. vi. (1876) 390 The spark that without the association of more fuel would have died.
b. Chem. The aggregation of molecules to form a loosely-bound complex.
1895Bull. Philos. Soc. Washington XII. 158 They behave as simple oxide molecules, capable of arranging themselves in different associations according to physical circumstances. 1904Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XVII. 427 Molecular weights of liquids, with a few words about association. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 553/1 Molecular association, the relatively loose binding together of the molecules of a liquid or vapour in groups of two or more.
6. Law. The appointment of additional legal officials to act as colleagues on any occasion; the writ appointing them. (Cf. associate, n. 3.)
1613Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 319 Association is a writ for other to be associate into their company, as fellow Iustices together with them. 1809Tomlins Law Dict. s.v., The King may make an association unto the sheriff upon a writ of re disseisin.
7. a. The mental connexion between an object and ideas that have some relation to it (e.g. of similarity, contrariety, contiguity, causation). phr. association of ideas.
1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxxiii. §7 That there are such associations of them [ideas] made by custom in the minds of most men, I think no body will question. 1700Ibid. (ed. 4) ii. xxxiii. 221 Of the Association of Ideas. 1759J. Adams in Wks. (1850) II. 68 The principle in nature is imitation, association of ideas, and contracting habits. 1779Johnson L.P., Cowley (1816) 56 Words being arbitrary must owe their powers to association, and have the influence, and that only, which custom has given them. 1855Bain Senses & Int. i. ii. §20 The simple act of seizing food implies..the mental association of the appearance of the food with the satisfying of the feeling [of hunger]. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. xiv. 555 Association occurs as amply between impressions of different senses as between homogeneous sensations. 1894G. T. Ladd Psychol. xiii. 264 The very limited nature of the application of the so-called laws of the association of ideas to the entire mental life. 1905E. B. Titchener Exper. Psychol. II. i. 192 We show him a word; he is to react when the word has suggested something, no matter what. The word sea may arouse the idea of land or water or ships or some particular sea or some particular incident at sea,—anything it likes. Associations of this sort are termed, technically, free associations. 1938R. S. Woodworth Exper. Psychol. xv. 340 In free association the laws of association are supposed to have full sway. 1958Hayward & Harari tr. Pasternak's Dr. Zhivago ii. ix. 262 Through an unaccountable association of ideas started by the sight of the real town outside the window..Yury remembered the distant panorama of the town.
b. Psychol. laws of association, see quot. 18972; mediate association, association by unconscious or unnoticed intermediaries; simultaneous association, successive association, forms of association of ideas in which the process of connexion is simultaneous or falls into two stages. Also attrib., as association philosophy, association psychology, association test, association theory, association time.
1820T. Brown Lect. Phil. Human Mind II. xl. 346 The other supposition..ascribes our trains of ideas to associations previous to the suggestion itself,—to laws of association in short, in the sense in which that phrase is distinguishable from laws of suggestion. 1833J. S. Mill in Monthly Repos. VII. 663 The association-philosophy as taught by Hartley. a1856W. Hamilton Lect. Metaph. & Logic (1860) IV. xxx. 122 Our Cognitions, Feelings, and Desires are connected together by what are called the Laws of Association. 1864J. S. Mill Let. 3 Apr. in D. Duncan Life & Lett. H. Spencer (1908) 115 You and Bain..have succeeded in affiliating the conscious operations of mind to the primary unconscious organic actions of the nerves, thus filling up the most serious lacuna..in the association psychology. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. xiv. 558 The difference [between the apperception-time and the reaction-time], called by Wundt the association-time, amounted, in the same four persons, to 706, 723, 752, and 874 thousandths of a second respectively. 1897C. H. Judd tr. Wundt's Outlines Psychol. 13 Intellectualistic psychology has in the course of its development separated into two trends... The logical theory... The association-theory. Ibid. 225 The following forms were discriminated: association by similarity and contrast, and association by simultaneity and succession. These class-concepts gained by a logical dichotomic process were dignified with the name ‘laws of associations’. 1924J. Riviere et al. tr. Freud's Coll. Papers II. 13 Association test. 1938[see sense 7a]. 1959Listener 29 Oct. 722/2 He [sc. Jung] used what were called association tests... The subject of the experiment was given a number of stimulus words and asked to react with another word or phrase to each.
8. An idea or recollection linked in the mind or memory with some object of contemplation, and recalled to the mind in connexion with it.
1810Coleridge Friend (1865) 27 Why should..the holiest words with all their venerable associations be profaned. 1862Trollope Orley F. xlii. 306 A man could have no pleasant associations with a place unless he had made money there. 1879McCarthy Own Times II. 62 One association of profound melancholy clings to that great debate.
9. Physiol. Used attrib., as association area, association centre, association field, association link, association path, association sphere, of those portions of the cortex of the brain which connect the sensory and motor areas, and are supposed to be concerned with ideation, etc.; association fibres (in Funk's Stand. Dict. 1900), nerve fibres connecting different areas of the brain cortex, as distinguished from the commissural fibres; so association organ, association system.
1880H. C. Bastian Brain as Organ of Mind xxiii. 452 The connecting, or, as Meynert terms them, the ‘association system’ of fibres of the Brain. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xviii. 75 During waking hours every centre communicates with others by association-paths. 1901Allchin Man. Med. III. Physiol., Introd. 31 A portion of the ‘association’ field of the cortex. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 742/1 The areas of intervening cortex, arriving at structural completion later than the..sense-spheres, are called by some association-spheres. 1902W. James Var. Relig. Exper. xvi. 427 Other alienists..have explained ‘paranoiac’ conditions by a laming of the association-organ. 1904J. McCabe tr. Haeckel's Wonders of Life i. 13 In 1894 Flechsig showed that there are four central sense-regions..in the gray cortex of the brain, and four thought-centres (‘association-centres’, or phroneta). 1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Association area. 1932Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. XXIII. 22 These lesions [of brain tissue] represented interference with association links. 1952Sci. News XXIII. 63 Histologically, we recognize in the so-called association areas [of the brain] the structures responsible for linking sensory stimuli with motor response.
10. A personal connection or link; esp. attrib. in association book, association copy, a volume showing some mark of personal connection with the author or a former owner (of note).
1882Gentl. Mag. CCLII. 92 Speaking of books with an association reminds us of that most destructive craze of the present day, the collection of book-plates. 1901Munsey's Mag. Oct. 80/1 His remarkable collection of ‘Association Books’. 1912Times (weekly ed.) 7 June 444 The collection is chiefly remarkable for what are termed in America ‘association books’. 1914W. M. Murphy's Catal. Bks. 19 Jan. 5 Association Copy. 1918Times 21 Feb. 3/3 It is very rich..in what Americans call ‘association books’, such as the copy of ‘Vanity Fair’ which Thackeray sent to Charlotte Brontë. 1928N. & Q. 12 May 341/2 Presented by Sir Walter Scott to Lydia White in 1808—double association of good interest.
11. Applied to the game of football played according to the rules of the Football Association formed in 1863, as distinguished from the Rugby game. (Cf. soccer, socker.)
1867Routledge's Handbk. Football 53 Football Association Rules. 1873Football Annual 16 To play with the feet is the main object of Association Football. Hands should not, and must not be used. 1880Times 12 Nov. 4/4 The Association game [of football] is, perhaps..more scientific. 1885Shearman & Vincent Football 30 In the Association game no collaring, and therefore no running with the ball, is allowed. Ibid. 45 Before the days of the Rugby Union and Association rules. Ibid. 53 The ball..is several ounces heavier than an Association ball. 1920K. R. G. Hunt (title) Association football.
12. Ecol. A group of associated plants within a formation (see formation 5 b).
[1807Humboldt & Bonpland Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes 13 La Géographie des plantes..c'est cette science qui considère les végétaux sous les rapports de leur association locale dans les différens climats.] 1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 25/2 Plant Associations. 1909Groom & Balfour tr. Warming's Œcology of Plants xxxv. 145 An association is a community of definite floristic composition within a formation. 1911A. G. Tansley Types Brit. Veg. 10 Thus each of the types of vegetation, woodland, scrub and grassland, within a given formation, is a plant-association. 1916F. E. Clements Plant Succession vi. 128 The association as usually understood becomes what is here termed the consociation, in so far as it is a climax community. This is the association with a single dominant. 1918G. E. Nichols in Trans. Connecticut Acad. XXII. 275 In any unit area where more than one association is represented, the associations, taken collectively, constitute an association complex. |