| 释义 |
▪ I. aspect, n.|ˈæspɛkt|
Also 4–6 aspecte, (6 espect).
[ad. L. aspect-us (or AFr. aspect 15th c. in Littré), n. of action f. a-, ad-spic-ĕre to look at, f. ad to + spec-ĕre to look. Accented aˈspect by Shakespeare, Milton, Swift, and occas. by modern poets, but ˈaspect already in Tourneur 1609. The astrological sense was apparently the earliest, and often coloured the others.]
I. The action of looking at.
†1.
a. The action of looking at anything; beholding, contemplation; gaze, view. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iii. vi. (1495) 53 The soule hath two manere aspectes . for he beholdyth the ouer thynges..and..the nether thinges. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. (1617) 73 That which we haue by plaine aspect and intuitive beholding. 1614B. Rich Honest. Age (1844) 12 You good and gracious women..let mee intreat your fauourable aspect. 1626Bacon Sylva §924 The tradition..that the basilisk killeth by aspect. 1712Steele Spect. No. 539 ⁋1 The downcast Eye, and the Recovery into a sudden full Aspect. 1810Coleridge Friend i. xiv. (1867) 62 The plain aspect or intuitive beholding of truth in its eternal and immutable Source [cf. quot. 1594].
b. A look, a glance. Also fig.
1590Shakes. Com. Err. ii. ii. 113 Some other Mistresse hath thy sweet aspects. 1644Milton Jus Pop. 17 Borrowing resplendence like the Moon from the Suns aspect. 1711Steele No. 87 ⁋8 To receive kind Aspects from those little Thrones. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf. T. xi. 109 Meeting the cold aspect of Duty.
†2. Mental looking, sight; consideration, regard, respect. Obs.
1393Gower Conf. I. 143 In thin aspect ben alle aliche The pouer man and eke the riche. 1517H. Watson Shyppe of Fooles Argt., Hauynge aspecte vnto the capacyte of my tendre yeres. c1525Skelton Bk. Three Fooles, O foole, haue aspecte vnto that whiche thou commyttest! 1643Denham Cooper's Hill Ep. Ded., Those latter parts..have not yet received your Majesties favourable Aspect. 1673Lady's Call. ii. ii. §23. 73 Whatever duty is perform'd to Man with aspect on God, he owns as to himself.
†3. A looking for anything, expectation. Obs.
1587Forman Diary 18. §3, I was discharged..contrary to the aspecte of all men.
II. Way of looking, as to position or direction.
4. Astrol. The relative positions of the heavenly bodies as they appear to an observer on the earth's surface at a given time. (prop., The way in which the planets, from their relative positions, look upon each other, but pop. transferred to their joint look upon the earth.)
See quot. 1594. Conjunction and opposition, the former especially, were often not reckoned aspects.
c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 229 Som wikke aspect or disposicion Of Saturne. c1391― Astrol. i. iv. 19 Conforted with frendly aspectys of planetes. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. viii. ix. (1495) 309 Coniunccion and apposicion ben..somtyme..callyd aspectes by misusynge and chaungynge of that name aspect. 1552Lyndesay Papyngo 133 The bad espect of Saturne wes appesit. 1594Blundevil Exerc. vii. x. 662 The Characters of which aspects are these heere following: ☌ {opp} △ {square} {star}; Whereof the first signifieth a Conjunction, the second an opposition, the third a trine aspect, the fourth a quadrant aspect, and the fift a sextile aspect. 1597Bacon Coulers Good & Evill vii, The Sunne..is good by aspect, but euill by coniunction. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 92 Corrects the ill Aspects of Planets euill. 1609Tourneur Fun. Poeme 343 Partes, bodies, figures, aspects, distances. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. iii. xiv. 24 Sisera fought when their was an evill aspect or malignant influence of heaven upon him. 1667Milton P.L. x. 658 Thir planetarie motions and aspects In Sextile, Square, and Trine, and Opposite. 1681Wharton Planet. Aspects Wks. (1683) 90 Kepler defines an aspect..an Angle made in the Earth by the Luminous Beams of two Planets, of strength to stir up the vertue of all sublunary things. 1713Swift On Partridge Wks. 1755 III. ii. 81 He Mars could join To Venus in aspect malign. 1819J. Wilson Dict. Astrol. 100 Many authors deny the conjunction to be an aspect, because the stars do not behold each other, but their influence is on the Earth, which they behold with a conjunct aspect.
5. a. A looking in a given direction; the facing or fronting of anything, as a house, a window, or a steep or sloping surface, in any direction; exposure.
1667Milton P.L. iv. 541 The setting Sun..with right aspect Against the eastern Gate of Paradise. a1745Swift (J.) A strong wall, faced to the south aspect with brick. 1849M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. xxvi. 291 Aspect..has also a great influence [on line of perpetual snow]. 1864Kerr Gentl. House 88 The aspect of a room is the relation of its windows to sunshine and weather.
b. aspect ratio, (a) Aeronaut., the ratio of the span to the mean chord of an aerofoil; also, the ratio of the square of the span to the total area of the aerofoil; (b) of a television or cinematographic picture: the ratio of the width to the height.
1907F. W. Lanchester Aerodynamics vi. 208 The normal pressure is a continuous function of the aspect ratio of the plane. 1910R. W. A. Brewer Art of Aviation xvii. 232 Aspect ratio is the ratio of the length of span to that of chord. 1930Flight 21 Feb. 234/1 As regards the aero-dynamic efficiency of the Do.X, the aspect ratio (if one may be so old-fashioned as to use this expression) is low. 1936Electronics June 28/1 The formula used is f = ½ (no. lines) × aspect ratio × (no. pictures per second), where the aspect (width to height) ratio is 4/3. 1957Amos & Birkinshaw Television Engin. I. i. 29 For a given number of lines and aspect ratio the bandwidth occupied by the components of the video signal is directly proportional to the picture frequency.
6. The side or surface which fronts or is turned towards any given direction.
1849Johnston in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. vii. 372 Legs..armed with short bristles..on the inner aspect. 1854Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 218 The lower aspect of the cover..becomes vitreously electrified. 1881G. Busk in Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. Jan. 4 On the dorsal aspect the zoœcia present a still greater peculiarity.
7. The direction in which a thing has respect or practical bearing; bearing upon, reference to.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. x. iii, Gyvyng them place after the aspect. 1657Cromwell Sp. 20 Apr., Divers things..which I hope have a public aspect. 1660Waterhouse Arms & Arm. 4 Things that have no direct aspect on peace. 1710Prideaux Orig. Tithes ii. 35 It had a general aspect to all Mankind. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. vi. (1852) 167 The aspect of atonement is obviously towards creatures; working effects on them, not on God.
†8. The point from which one looks; a point of sight or of view. Obs. rare.
1660Jer. Taylor Worthy Commun. i. §15. 91 The beholders..as they stand in several aspects and distances, some see red and others..nothing but green.
9. a. One of the ways in which things may be looked at or contemplated, or in which they present themselves to the mind; a phase.
1824Dibdin Libr. Comp. 247 Their rarity and intrinsic worth render them acceptable under any aspect. 1870Bowen Logic viii. 188 Merely two aspects of one and the same thought.
b. Gram. In Russian and other Slavonic languages, a verbal category of which the function is to express action or being in respect of its inception, duration, or completion, etc.; by extension applied to such forms in other languages.
The earlier term in Slavonic grammars was ‘branch’.
1853C. P. Reiff Eng.-Russ. Gram. i. 86 The aspects have not all the same number of tenses; the imperfect aspect is used in all the three tenses; the perfect is employed in the preterit and future, while the iterative is met with only in the preterit. 1884J. Nestor-Schnurmann Russ. Man. 97 The variations in form of the same action are expressed by what is called in Russian branches or aspects..of a verb... There are four branches, viz.: the Indefinite, the Perfect, the Semelfactive.., and the Iterative... A Fifth Aspect might be added, viz.: the Inchoative. 1921E. Sapir Lang. v. 114 Aspect is expressed in English by all kinds of idiomatic turns. 1924Jespersen Philos. Gram xx. 286 It is generally assumed that our Aryan languages had at first no real forms in their verbs for tense-distinctions, but denoted various aspects, perfective, imperfective, punctual, durative, inceptive, or others.
III. Appearance.
10. The look which one wears; expression of countenance; countenance, face.
c1590Marlowe 1st Pt. Tamburl. i. ii, Thy martial face and stout aspéct. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. i. i. 54 Of such vineger aspect, That they'll not show their teeth in way of smile. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 336 But soon his cleer aspect Returned. 1794S. Williams Hist. Vermont 152 Much time was spent to give his countenance the aspect he aimed at. 1817Byron Manfred iii. iv. 76 Ah! he unveils his aspect: on his brow The thunder-scars are graven. a1850Rossetti Dante & Circ. i. (1874) 231 And for that thine aspèct gives sign thereof.
11. The appearance presented by an object to the eye; look.
1594Greene Look. Glasse (1861) 118 And thou bright Venus for thy clear aspéct. 1690–1Lady R. Russell Lett. 119 II. 84 Spots..with such an aspect, that the doctor thought it the small-pox. 1738C. Wesley Psalms (1765) iii. No. 104 The Moon's inconstant aspect. 1781J. Moore View Soc. It. (1790) I. i. 5 The venerable aspect of the Churches. 1876Green Short Hist. i. §2. 10 The physical aspect of the country.
12. The appearance presented by circumstances, etc., to the mind.
a1704Locke (J.) Shewing..their various aspects and probabilities. 1705–6Penn in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. X. 102 Matters seem to look of a better aspect. 1883J. Gilmour Among Mongols xviii. 210 The superficial aspects of Buddhism.
†13. concr. A thing seen, a sight; an appearance.
c1600J. Davies in Farr S.P. (1845) I. 250 To view perspicuously this sad aspect. 1722De Foe Plague (1754) 30 That he saw such Aspects..I never believ'd.
14. Ecology. The characteristic seasonal appearance or constitution of a plant community.
1905F. E. Clements Research Meth. Ecology iv. 296 The seasonal changes of a formation, which are called aspects, are indicated by changes in composition or structure, which ordinarily correspond to the three seasons, spring, summer, and autumn. 1916― Plant Succession vii. 132 In boreal and alpine regions the number of aspects is often but two, vernal and æstival, and the societies correspond. 1926Tansley & Chipp Stud. Vegetation ii. 17 The word ‘aspect’ is used as a technical term for the seasonal phases of vegetation. Thus we speak of the prevernal, vernal, æstival, autumnal and hiemal aspects of British vegetation. Societies dominated by species vegetating at particular seasons are often called aspect societies. 1952P. W. Richards Tropical Rain Forest viii. 191 The Tropical Rain forest..has no marked seasonal ‘aspects’ and no ‘resting’ period.
15. In Signalling: an indication given by means of a light (see quot. 1936).
1926D. R. Lamb Modern Railway Operation xiii. 152 The colour light signal is now generally adopted in connection with power installations. The type which has so far found favour in Great Britain is that giving three aspects, green, orange and red, signifying, respectively, ‘all right’, ‘caution’ and ‘danger’. 1936Gloss. Terms Railway Signalling (B.S.I.) 47 Signal aspects, a term used to describe light indications of signals as opposed to indications given by semaphore arms.
▪ II. † aˈspect, v. Obs.
[ad. L. aspect-āre freq. of aspic-ĕre: see prec. Cf. respect, suspect.]
1. To look for, expect. [Perhaps from OF. especter = expecter; cf. aspect n. 3.]
1548Hall Chron. 409 Frendes, which daily did aspect and tarie for his commyng. 1584Hudson Du Bartas' Judith iv. 316 Then may we well aspect Great good of her.
2. To look at, behold, face; to survey, watch.
1610J. Guillim Heraldry vi. v. (1660) 397 As if they were worn by two persons aspecting, or beholding each other. 1625Darcie Hist. Q. Eliz. Ep. Ded., Those which aspect the beames of the Sunne..thinke a long time after they behold still a Sunne before their eyes. 1682G. D. Season. Caution fr. N. to S. 4 When I look back for to aspect These Days. a1698Temple Heroic Virt., Lucan (R.) Those people whom The northern pole aspects.
3. Of a planet: To look upon, or be situated towards, another, in one of the ‘Aspects.’
1586Lupton Thous. Notable Things (1675) 32 Jupiter..being evil aspected of an infortunate Planet. 1652Gaule Magastrom. 264 Venus in termes, and in the house of Saturne..Mars aspecting. 1671Salmon Syn. Med. ii. xv. 183 If the Moon upon a Critical day be well aspected of good Planets, it goes well with the Sick.
4. To look on with favour, to countenance. rare.
1663Flagellum, O. Cromwell (1672) 144 What opinion Cromwel best aspected.
5. intr. To look; to have an aspect or bearing.
1635D. Person Varieties ii. 69 The countrey over which it [the comet] blazeth, or to which it aspecteth. 1651N. Bacon Cont. Hist. Disc. iii. 32 The influence of Society..principally aspected upon some pleas belonging to the Crown. |