| 释义 |
Prague|prɑːg|
[Name of capital of Czechoslovakia.]
1. Used attrib. in Prague School and various associated Combs. to designate the linguistic theories, primarily in relation to phonology, developed by or associated with members of the Prague Linguistic Circle (Cercle Linguistique de Prague), especially during the 1920s and 1930s.
1935[see morphonology]. 1936Eng. Stud. XVIII. 159 Trnka is a member of the Cercle Linguistique de Prague, and his analysis may be described as an application to English of the principles of the so-called Prague phonological school. 1937[see phonology]. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. 61 The phoneme..is..regarded as..a point in the psychological pattern (‘phonology’; Edward Sapir and the Prague school). 1959[see morpheme]. 1962[see neutralization 3]. 1964E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. vi. 135 The parallel between such incompletely specified segments and the archiphonemes of the Prague school is evident. Ibid. vii. 143 Such widely differing schools of linguists as the Prague circle, glossematicians, and American structuralists have all concurred in insisting that languages should be studied as structures. 1964M. A. K. Halliday et al. Linguistic Sci. 148 Modern theories in phonology were first developed by the ‘Prague circle’ founded by the Russian linguist N. S. Trubetskoy, whose work has been followed up by Roman Jakobson and many others. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics 126 The Prague school phonologists would say..that it is not the phoneme /p/ which occurs in the word spot, but the archiphoneme /P/. 1976Archivum Linguisticum VII. 128 The different surface realizations are due to a different functional sentence perspective. This concept has been central in the Prague School since its foundation.
2. Prague ham, a type of smoked ham (see quot. 1931).
1931C. L. T. Beeching Law's Grocer's Man. (ed. 3) 219/1 Prague hams (Pragerschinkers) are first salted in large vats and left in a mild brine for several months; they are smoked with beech wood and matured in cool cellars until marketed. 1959W. Heptinstall Hors d'Œuvre & Cold Table ii. 69 For a ham to be served hot, my preference goes to the Prague hams. They are..admirable for carving, also they have an exquisite flavour. 1961Harrods Food News 4/2 Sliced Hams..Prague... lb. 12/-. 1976T. Fitzgibbon Food of Western World 366/2 Prague ham..is served whole for a main course, either baked or boiled, and cold slices of it are often served as a first course.
So ˈPraguean, ˈPraguian adjs. and ns.
1968[see marked ppl. a. 1 c]. 1972Language XLVIII. 385 To use Praguean terminology, there are interlingual archiphonemes which allow, within a broad category, wide language-specific (hence speaker-specific) phonological variation for each content unit. 1973Ibid. XLIX. 193 As Pragueans would put it, both writing and speech are signaling systems of the first order; in other words, one cannot dismiss writing as being the signaling system of the second order, a signal of a signal. 1974Trans. Philol. Soc. 1973 64 As a result of neutralization the mark is dropped; what is left is the complex of distinctive features characterizing both members of the opposition, the archiphoneme in Praguian terminology.
Add:3. Prague Spring, a name applied to the brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968 (ended by Soviet intervention in August of that year) during which the Communist Party Secretary Alexander Dubček (1921–92) introduced a programme of political and other reforms; cf. *spring n.1 6 i.
[1968Sat Rev. (U.S.) 13 Apr. 8/1 Spring blooms in Prague... Spring in Eastern Europe this year is forcing new shoots of freedom out from still-frozen ideological soil.] 1969Foreign Affairs XLVII. 266 The eight-month ‘Prague spring’, the Soviet invasion of August 20 and its grim consequences have stirred strong emotions. 1972Times 6 May 5/3 About 40 people are believed to be still detained. These include a number of prominent liberals of the ‘Prague spring’ of 1968. 1981Christian Order XXII. 272 The first ‘Polish Spring’ of 1956, the Hungarian uprising of the same year, and the ‘Prague Spring’ in 1968 were all started by prominent dissenters within the ruling Communist parties. 1988Plays Internat. Aug. 50/3 We appeared on..television... It was the time of the Prague ‘spring’. |