| 释义 |
practise, v.|ˈpræktɪs|
Also 5 practis, 5–6 -ese, -yse, 5–7 -ize, 6 -ysse, Sc. -isse, -iz, pratize, 6–9 practice.
[Known from 15th c. (or ? late 14th c.: cf. the deriv. practisour (practiser) used by Langland and Chaucer). a. OF. pra(c)tise-r (14th c. in Godef.), = 15th c. L. practizāre (Du Cange) to practise; f. OF. pra(c)tiquer, med.L. pra(c)ticāre, by substitution of the suffix -iser, -izāre (see -ize) for the less common -iquer, -icāre; thence also Du. praktizeren, G. praktizieren, etc. The stress, originally, as still dialectally, on -ize (prakˈtiːz, prakˈtaɪz), was subseq. shifted to the first syllable, whence also the change of z to s, perh. after practice n.]
1. trans. To perform, do, act, execute, carry on, exercise (any action or process). Now rare, or merged in sense 2.
c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. ix. (1885) 129 This maner off doynge hath be so ofte practised nerehande in euery reaume, þat thair cronicles be full off it. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. i. (Percy Soc.) 11 Thynges to practyse whiche should profyte be. 1559Mirr. Mag., Dk. Clarence xiv, Pricke the minde to practise any yll. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, ii. iii. 47 To thinke, that you haue ought but Talbots shadow, Whereon to practise your seueritie. 1600(title) Certaine Experiments concerning Fish and Frvte: Practised by Iohn Taverner Gentleman. 1653Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 3 The only civility which it is proper for me to practise with so eminent a person. 1799Washington Lett. Writ. 1893 XIV. 171 You shall not practise the same game with me. 1810Scott Lady of L. v. xv, He practised every pass and ward, To thrust, to strike, to feint, to guard.
†b. In special uses: To work out (a problem or result); to perform, act (a play). Obs.
1571Digges Pantom. i. xv. E j b, Pleasanter to practize is this than the former and moste exact for Altitudes. Ibid. xvi. E ij, By a Glasse heighthes may be pleasantly practized and founde on this wise. a1572Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 62 Frear Kyllour sett furth the Historye of Christis Passioun in forme of a play, quhilk he boith preached and practised opinlie in Striveling. 1685Dryden Alb. & Alban. Pref., Ess. (Ker) I. 280 He [Charles II] had been pleased..to command that it should be practised before him, especially the first and third acts of it.
c. intr. To act, work, proceed, operate. (In quot. 1677, ? to try experiments, to experiment.)
1553Respublica iii. ii. 618 We reste nor daie nor night..[To] practise and travaile for your welth and honoure. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. vii. xiv. 23 So practice for any other Latitude. 1677Temple Ess. on Gout Wks. 1731 I. 135 Being little inclined to practise upon others, and as little that others should practise upon me. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 53 Cases that require rather to be carefully watched, than vigorously practised upon.
2. trans. To carry on, perform, or do, habitually or constantly; to make a practice of; to put into practice, carry out in action (as distinguished from believing, professing, etc.).
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 8 b, And what ye rede, se you practise it in lyfe & dede. 1559Bp. Scot in Strype Ann. Ref. (1709) I. App. vii. 17 Sute was made..to have three things graunted..to be practyssed..that is to saye, that prestes myght have wyves [etc.]. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. vi. 9 Questioned..what that usage ment, Which in her cott she daily practized. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, ii. iii. 23 He had no Legges, that practic'd not his Gate. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. 3 Whatsoeuer is to be beleeued or practised. 1698Norris Pract. Disc. IV. 76 Practice as much of Religion as you Talk, and then you have a full Licence to Talk as much of it as you Please. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 131 The method which Socrates had heard Zeno practise in the days of his youth.
b. to practise religion [after F. pratiquer la religion]: to perform the religious duties which the Church requires of its members; to be a practising and not merely a nominal member (esp. in R.C. Ch.). Also absol. or intr.
[1615W. Lawson Country Housew. Gard. (1626) 1 By religious, I meane..practising prayers.] 1808Pike Sources Mississ. iii. App. 15 The catholic religion is practised in this province, after the same manner as in the other provinces. 1904Daily News 5 Nov. 7 The energetic priest of a very well-organised poor parish in Paris told me that, out of forty thousand inhabitants, four thousand ‘practised’ religion.
c. With inf. To be wont or accustomed. arch.
1674–91Ray Collect. Words 192 He hath practis'd to burn the ends of all the Posts which he sets into the ground to a Coal on the outside. 1805Wordsw. Prelude ix. 488 [She] from the tower..Practised to commune with her royal knight By cressets and love-beacons.
d. intr. To act habitually.
1681–6J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 3 If we believe it, we cannot be good Christians unless we practise upon it. a1716Bp. O. Blackall Wks. (1723) I. 180 If he practises according to this Opinion, he so far renounces his Christianity. Mod. If he practises as well as he preaches, he must be a paragon.
3. trans. To work at, exercise, pursue (an occupation, profession, or art).
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 333 b, Whan they..practise coniuryng. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 159 [He] wyse weill leirned in devyne syences and pratizit the samin to the glorie of god. 1608Shakes. Per. ii. i. 71 Sec. Fish. Canst thou catch any Fishes then? Per. I neuer practizde it. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. xii. 131 They admit of no Trade, but practise Piracy. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 118 No man can practise two trades, or practise one and superintend another. 1879in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 96/1 He endeavoured..to practise medicine, but could nowhere find patients.
†b. intr. To work (at some business or occupation). Obs.
1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 505 Some..were holdyn in for a tyme, to practis & shewe vnto the newe how they shuld ordre & guyde the sayd offyces. 1660H. Bloome Archit. Title-p., Carvers, In-layers, Antick-Cutters, and all other that delight to practise with the Compasse and Square.
†c. intr. To perform (musically). Obs.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 11 For to practyse withe sugrid melody, He and his scolers ther wittis did apply. 1796E. Hamilton Lett. Hindoo Rajah I. 131 The itinerant musicians that practice in the streets.
d. spec. intr. To exercise the profession of law or of medicine.
1538Starkey England ii. ii. 192 Only such whose..lernyng in the law [was]..prouyd, schold be admyttyd to practyse in causys. 1645–52Boate Irel. Nat. Hist. (1860) 147 Not only dwelling and practising at Dublin, but being Physician generall of the English Forces. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. iv. 55 The seal was committed to the earl of Clarendon, who had withdrawn from practice as a lawyer near twenty years; and afterwards to the earl of Shaftesbury, who had never practised at all. 1867Trollope Chron. Barset I. viii. 67 A medical man practising in a little village. 1883Law Rep. 11 Q.B. Div. 597 A counsel practising at the bar.
†4. trans. To put into practice, carry out in action, execute (a law, command, etc.). Obs.
1460J. Capgrave Chron. (Rolls) 277 This statute [of 1401] was practized in a prest, that sone aftir was brent at Smythfeld. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 49 b, Luther vnderstode that the Emperoure, and diuerse Princes woulde practise the decree of Wormes. 1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. Ded. 11 If the principles be true, why are they not practised? 1718Watts Ps. cxix. i. ii, Blest are the men that keep thy word, And practise thy commands. 1771Goldsm. Hist. Eng. I. 81 Those [laws] which remain..under his name seem to be only the laws already practised in the country by his Saxon ancestors.
5. To perform repeatedly or continuously by way of study, in order to acquire skill; to exercise oneself in (any art, process, or act) for the purpose of attaining proficiency. Also with obj. inf.
c1430[see practising vbl. n. 1]. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. ii. i. 29 Ere I learne loue, Ile practise to obey. 1596― Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 253 Shall sweet Bianca practise how to bride it? 1623–4Laud Diary 24 Mar., Wks. 1853 III. 150 The Earl of Oxford, practising a tilt, fell and brake his arm. 1778Sheridan Camp ii. iii, To hear a march and chorus, which some recruits are practising. 1854Thackeray Rose & Ring vii, She was very busy practising the piano. 1863Mrs. Oliphant Salem Ch. i. 3 The young people had their singing-class, at which they practised hymns.
b. absol. or intr. To exercise oneself with the view of acquiring skill or proficiency; esp. in the performance of music.
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. i. 83 My bookes and instruments shall be my companie, On them to looke, and practise by my selfe. 1714Addison Spect. No. 556 ⁋11 While a Man is learning to fence, he practises both on Friend and Foe. 1796Jane Austen Pride & Prej. I. xxx She will never play really well, unless she practises more. a1817― Lady Susan xvii. in Mem. (1871) 238 Frederica spends great part of the day there, practising as it is called [at the piano]. 1888Mrs. H. Ward R. Elsmere i. ix, Catherine and Agnes are at school; and Rose, I think, is practising.
6. trans. To exercise (any one) in some action in order to make him proficient in it; to train, drill.
1598Shakes. Merry W. iv. iv. 65 The children must Be practis'd well to this, or they'll neu'r doo't. a1656Hales Gold. Rem. i. (1673) 93, I will leave this to your private considerations, to practise your wits in the depths of Christianity. 1674Providence Rec. (1894) V. 292 Said william Austin Doth Couenant..and Engage..To prectice and jnstruct the Said moses Lippit in art and trade of a weauer. 1855Trench in Lect. to Ladies ix. 225 We might do much..by practising the young to distinguish between words which have a near resemblance to one another. 1888Fortn. Rev. Jan. 24 The captain practises his company in all the phases of war.
b. pa. pple. Experienced by practice; skilled, versed, proficient (in); † accustomed, used (to).
1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 30 The same officer was well practised and could good skille in that science. 1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 7 The Athenians at that time were not greatly practised to the sea. 1693Humours Town 35 If they..have been well practis'd in writing Billet deux. a1715Burnet Own Time (1823) I. 439 Till men were well practised in him, he was apt to impose on them. Ibid. II. 43 A satirical temper..which was imputed to youth and wit not enough practised to the world. 1887Ruskin Præterita II. i. 17 He was..perfectly practised in all the college routine of business.
†7. To put to practical use; to use, make use of, employ. Obs.
138.in Wyclif's Wks. (1880) 157 Þe olde testament for wynnyng of tyþes and offryngis is sumwhat practised. c1440Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1903) 288 And þorw þe grace of hevene kyng, Þei practiseden medicines to helpe manky[n]d. 1549Coverdale Erasm. Par. II. Ep. Ded. *ij b, The sacred Byble..set forth by your Maiesties appoyntment, to be dewly practised in all holy exercyses within your churches. 1659J. Leak Waterwks. 26 This Engin is much practised in Germany. 1731Pope Ep. Burlington 36 Proud to catch cold at a Venetian door. Note, A door or window so called, from being much practised at Venice, by Palladio and others. 1740N. Jersey Archives XII. 29 The two most convenient Places for a speedy Transportation, of any yet practised from New-York to Philadelphia.
†b. To frequent, haunt [after F. pratiquer].
1651Life Father Sarpi (1676) 73 He had always desired to have him live at Rome, because he had known him, and practised him, and knew very well how great service he was able to have done the Church. 1681Dryden Abs. & Achit. i. 825 The court he practised, not the courtier's art. 1697― Virg. Past. Pref. (1721) I. 76 Several, who saw, and practis'd the World for a longer space of time. 1718Freethinker No. 60 They were not in a Capacity to make any Figure by Sea; an Element, little practised by them, and less understood.
†8. To bring about, compass, effect, accomplish.
1550J. Coke Eng. & Fr. Heralds §68 E ij, You practysed a maryage betwene the doughter and heyre of Nauerne, and Monster de la bright, countie de foyx. 1577F. de L'isle's Leg. L ij, Seuen moneths before, the said Guisians had practised an other league in Guyenne, through the meanes of the lorde of Candales. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xix. 23 They thought to practise some way for theyr suretie. 1652Gaule Magastrom. 173 Suppose he intendeth..to practise the sickness, death, destruction, of man or beast. 1736Chandler Hist. Persec. 318, I think he can't well be excused from practising the death of Servetus at Vienne.
†b. To devise means to bring about (a result); to plan, scheme, intend (something to be done). With simple obj. or obj. clause. Obs.
1566Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 132 He doth already practise a marriage betwene the King of Hungarie and me. 1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 76 Solon..began to practise that his Citizens should give themselves unto Crafts and Occupations. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 802 [They] Thenceforth shall practice how to live secure. 1711in T. W. Marsh Early Friends in Surrey & Sussex i. (1886) 9 A Preparative Meeting..for preserving the Reputation of our proffession blameles is Practised at Reigate.
†c. To exert oneself in order to effect (something); to attempt, endeavour, try. (With simple obj. or inf.) Obs.
1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 48 This Prouerbe experience long ago gaue, that nothing who practiseth nothing shall haue. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 83 b, [He] practised first to kill him selfe with his owne Dagger. 1600Holland Livy xxxiii. Argt. 834 Anniball having practised in Affrick to raise war. 1679Burnet Hist. Ref. I. iii. 201 The Ministers continued practising, to get further evidence for the Tryal.
9. intr. To lay schemes or plans, esp. for an evil purpose; to use stratagem or artifice; to scheme, plot, conspire, intrigue (with or against a person, to do something). Now rare.
1537Latimer Rem. (Parker Soc.) 379 That you may see how closely in time past the foreign prelates did practise about their prey. 1572in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 23 Melvill..was executed..for practesing with England. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. i. i. 156 Hee will practise against thee by poyson. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 220 It suffereth not the one to practise against the other, upon the perill that may ensue to the offender. 1675tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. i. (1688) 136 He fell to plotting and practising with the Rebels, and attempted..to deliver the Queen of Scots out of Custody. 1861[see practising vbl. n. 2].
†b. trans. To plot, conspire (some evil to be done). Obs.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 247 b, They haue practised thinges against him in Germani, and in forein nations. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 216 b, He practized the vtter ouerthrowe not onely of all Christian societie, but of the state of the whole world also. 1595Shakes. John iv. i. 20, I doubt My Vnckle practises more harme to me. 1607God's Warning in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 64 The late papisticall conspiracie of traytors, that, with powder, practised the subuersion of this beautifull kingdome. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 234 Normall..practices her owne brothers destruction.
†c. To endeavour to gain (favour, etc.) by arts; to aim at in an underhand way. Obs.
1581Savile Tacitus' Hist. i. xxiii. (1591) 14 He had by al possible meanes practised the fauour and goodwill of the souldier. 1640Habington Q. of Arragon i. i. in Hazl. Dodsley XIII. 342 What can you answer for the practising The queen's affection, when Embassador, You lay here from Castile?
10. intr. To have dealings or intercourse, to negotiate or treat with a person; esp. to treat or deal with so as to influence or gain over to some course of action. Now rare.
1538St. Papers Hen. VIII II. 559, I practysyd soo with the sayd Bryan, and with my servaunt Stephin Apparye, that they hunted the sayd Kayr. 1555Eden Decades 313 He sent to his brother Bartholomewe Colon to practise with the Kynge of Englande. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. vi. 117, I haue seene and practised with diuers Persian gentlemen. 1683Pennsylv. Archives I. 79 Practising wth all your R. Highnesses Tenants there, by fair or foul means, to turne tenants to him. 1721Swift Let. to Pope 10 Jan., The grand juries of the county and city were practised effectually with to represent the said pamphlet with all aggravating epithets. 1902A. Lang Hist. Scot. II. iii. 60 He and his party had long been practising with Cecil.
†b. trans. To work upon (a person, etc.), so as to persuade to some (esp. evil) course of action; ‘to draw by artifice’ (J.); to influence by underhand dealings, win over, ‘get at’, corrupt.
1570Buchanan Ane Admonitioun Wks. (1892) 27 Bot Sr James..hinderit yis purpose be sum of ye Kingis familiar seruandis yat he had practisit be giftis. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 396 He allured out of Sanctuarie his fiue Neeces..whence also, to murther them,..hee had formerly practised the two yong Princes his Nephewes. 1640in Hamilton Papers (Camden) App. 257 The Earle of Traquayre..did practize the jury with a good intent to finde the said Lo: guilty as aforesaid. 1678Sir G. Mackenzie Crim. Laws Scot. ii. xxvi. §18 (1699) 271 A mean of corrupting Witnesses, and Assizers, who, if known, might be practised. 17..Swift (J.), To practise the city into an address to the queen.
11. intr. practise on or practise upon: To practise tricks or artifices upon; to act upon by artifice, so as to induce to do or believe something; to play a trick upon, impose upon, delude; to work upon (a person, or his feelings, etc.).
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. Induct. i. 36 Sirs, I will practise on this drunken man. 1599― Much Ado ii. i. 398, I..will so practise on Benedicke, that..hee shall fall in loue with Beatrice. 1613Webster Devil's Law-Case iv. ii, Y' are practised upon most devilishly. a1715Burnet Own Time (1766) II. 148 The Court practised on her..so far that she delivered up her husband's letters. 1858Sears Athan. iii. ii. 268 Out of this belief papacy shaped its purgatory and practised on human credulity and fear. 1864Tennyson Aylmer's F. 302 You have practised on her, Perplext her, made her..Swerve from her duty to herself and us.
b. To tamper with, to corrupt. rare.
1872J. H. Newman Tracts (1874) 167 note, Photius considers his [St. Methodius'] works have been practised upon by heretics.
c. See also 1 c, 5 b.
†12. trans. To make trial of, try practically. Obs.
1632Lithgow Trav. vi. 278, I haue seene the nature of this dust practised. 1796J. Smyth in J. Robertson Agric. Perth (1799) 519 The crops I practised were 1st, oats; 2d, turnips, yams, and other potatoes; 3d, barley with grass-seeds. 1802H. Greathead in Naval Chron. IX. 293, I would..recommend practising the boat.
†13. To construct. Obs. rare.
1739H. Walpole Let. to R. West 11 Nov., At the end of a great road, which was practised through an immense solid rock by bursting it asunder with gun-powder. 1820Shelley Philos. View Reform in Dowden Transcr. & Stud. (1888) 69 Most fatal of them all is that mine of unexploded mischief it has practised beneath the foundations of society. |