| 释义 |
practice|ˈpræktɪs|
Forms: 5–6 practyse, 6 -yss, praictes, 6–7 practis, -ize, 6–8 -ise, 6– practice.
[Formerly practyse, -ize, app. f. practise v., substituted for the earlier practic. The later spelling -ice is conformed to that of the suffix in justice, service, etc.: see -ice1.]
The action, or an act, of practising: and derived senses.
I. Simple senses.
1. a. The action of doing something; performance, execution; working, operation; method of action or working. (In quot. 1553, The bringing about, production.) Obs. or merged in 2. (See also 10 a.)
1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 9 Many..haue attayned to the knowledge and practise of such wonderfull effectes. 1572L. Mascall (title) A Booke of the Arte and maner howe to plant and graffe all sortes of trees... With diuers other newe practise, by one of the Abbey of Saint Vincent in Fraunce, practised with his owne handes. 1599Shakes. Much Ado v. i. 255 Prin. But did my Brother set thee on to this? Bor. Yea, and paid me richly for the practise of it. 1660Barrow Euclid i. x. note, The practice of this and the precedent Proposition. 1721Perry Daggenh. Breach 121 All Vessels..may by the Practice of raising and lowering the Water in the Space between the two Pair of Gates, pass in or out of the Bason.
b. An action, a deed; pl. doings, proceedings. Obs. or merged in 2 c.
1565Satir. Poems Reform. i. 237 No practise I cold vse that might vnlade my paine. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Pref., Wks. (1653) 11 By death all mens thoughts perish, and so doth every mans private inventions and practises. 1734Col. Rec. Pennsylv. III. 551 Such Practices used on the part of Maryland.
c. Philos. The active practical aspect as considered in contrast to or as the realization of the theoretical aspect.
c1898C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers (1934) V. 412 Science, when it comes to understand itself, regards facts as merely the vehicle of eternal truth, while for Practice they remain the obstacles which it has to turn, the enemy of which it is determined to get the better. 1907F. C. S. Schiller Studies in Humanism iv. 130 It seems necessary, therefore, to conceive ‘practice’ more broadly as the control of experience... The aim of the doctrine of the ‘subordination’ of ‘theory’ to ‘practice’..is merely voluntarism. 1937C. Morris Logical Positivism v. 67 Science has integrated and utilized all of the dimensions of meaning, and may be said to walk on the three legs of theory, fact, and practice. 1969D. Cairns tr. Husserl's Formal & Transcendental Logic 32 The distinction is after all a relative one; because even purely theoretical activity is indeed activity—that is to say, a practice (when the concept of practice is accorded its natural breadth).
d. A Marxist term for the social action which should result from and complement the theory of communism. Cf. praxis 1 c.
1899Social-Democrat III. 358 (title) Social-democratic theory and practice. 1924Communist Internat. i. 49 The practice of the class struggle is fertilised by theory, and in its turn becomes the fruitful soil for theoretical study. 1925N. Bukharin Lenin as Marxist 17 If Leninism in practice is not the same as Marxism, then we get just that separation of theory from practice which is specially harmful for such an institution as the Institute of Red Professors. 1966P. Heath tr. Wetter's Soviet Ideology Today i. vi. 139 It [sc. a theory] must issue, rather, in correct practice, i.e., in a practice that leads reality towards its truth. But the problem as to the criterion of truth is not thereby resolved. 1966F. Schurmann Ideology & Organization in Communist China p. xlvi, By the time of Yenan, ‘theory’ had been canonized, and the Chinese Communists turned their attention to ‘practice’, namely organization and action. 1971Z. A. Jordan Karl Marx i. vi. 67 Concepts such as those of progress, of the historically restricted scope of social laws, of ideology and social engineering (practice in the Marxian terminology).
2. a. The habitual doing or carrying on of something; usual, customary, or constant action; action as distinguished from profession, theory, knowledge, etc.; conduct. (See also 9 a, b, 10 b, 11 a.)
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xi. (Percy Soc.) 43 Therto is equypolent Evermore the perfyt practyse. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 31 b, In y⊇ sayd practyse of good moralite. 1606Warner Alb. Eng. xiv. xci. (1612) 369 Times were when Practize also preacht, and well-said was well-done. 1664Power Exp. Philos. iii. 170 He..will find the Invention only pleasing in the Theory, but not in the Practice. 1717Atterbury Serm., 1 Pet. ii. 21 (1734) I. 164 His Practice of Religious Severities. 1837Macaulay Ess., Bacon (1887) 418 It was with difficulty that he was induced to stoop from speculation to practice. 1897E. G. Constantine Marine Engineers xi. 135 The amount of success attending present-day naval practice in this direction may be ascertained from the current technical press.
b. Law. The method of procedure used in the law-courts. (See quot. 1809.)
1623T. Powell Attourn. Acad. 1 The practice heere before this time hath bin, That no Sub pœna should be sued forth of the Court of Chancerie, without a Bill of Complaint first exhibited. 1656T. Forster Lay-mans Lawyer To Rdr. A iv, This second part of the Practice of the Law, containing the formes of all manner of Warrants and Precepts sent out from Authority. 1780G. Crompton (title) Practice common-placed: or, the Rules and Cases of Practice in the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas. 1809Tomlins Law Dict., Practice of the Courts. By this is understood the form and manner of conducting and carrying on suits or prosecutions at Law or in Equity, civil or criminal..; according to the principles of Law, and the rules laid down by the several Courts. 1810Bentham Packing (1821) 27 The oldest book of practice (such is the denomination used, among lawyers, to denote the books, in which a statement is given, of the operations and instruments in use, in the different judicatories, in the course of judicial procedure)..is Powell's Attorney's Academy, London, 1623.
c. A habitual way or mode of acting; a habit, custom; (with pl.) something done constantly or usually; a habitual action.
1568Grafton Chron. II. 287 By this practice, the rule and regiment of the whole realme, consisted onely in the heades and orders of the Duke and the Chauncelor. 1589Reg. Privy Council Scot. IV. 393 Honnest wemen,..spoted at na tyme with ony sic ungodlie practizeis. 1704Nelson Fest. & Fasts (1739) 5 Grafting upon them erroneous and superstitious Practices. 1754Richardson Grandison I. vi. 26 A man of free principles, shewn by practices as free. 1816Scott Old Mort. xxxvi, The privy council of Scotland in whom the practice since the union of the crowns vested great judicial powers.
3. The doing of something repeatedly or continuously by way of study; exercise in any art, handicraft, etc., for the purpose, or with the result, of attaining proficiency; hence, † the practical acquaintance with or experience in a subject or process, so gained. (See also 9 c.)
1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. clxxxix. [clxxxv.] 577 The lorde of Coucy shewed..the great wysdome and practyse of the sayd physycion. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. 3 Through practise made perfect. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. ii. i. 165 Proceed in practise with my yonger daughter, She's apt to learne, and thankefull for good turnes. 1605― Macb. v. i. 65 This disease is beyond my practise. 1674Playford Skill Mus. i. xi. 53 It was my chance lately to be in company with three Gentlemen at a Musical Practice. 1774M. Mackenzie Maritime Surv. 34 After a little Practice, an Angle may be taken more readily this way than with [etc.]. 1850R. G. Cumming Hunter's Life S. Afr. (1902) 22/1 In the forenoon we had some rifle practice at a large granite stone above the town. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xx. 141 The ascent is a pleasant bit of mountain practice. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 22, I absolutely forbid any public performances which entail many hours of daily severe practice.
†4. An exercise; a practical treatise. Obs.
c1541Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. title-p., This lytell Practyce..in Medycyne is translated out of Laten in to Englysshe. 1571Digges (title) A Geometrical Practise, named Pantometria, diuided into three Bookes. 1593J. Udall (title) The Key of the Holy Tongve..first The Hebrue Grammar..; Secondly, A practize upon the first, the twentie fift, and the syxtie eyght Psalmes, according to the rules of the same Grammar. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gard. 87 The Manner of Tracing, reduced to Twenty Practices.
5. spec. The carrying on or exercise of a profession or occupation, esp. of law, surgery, or medicine; the professional work or business of a lawyer or medical man.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 281 The mysteries of mingled medicines, and the practise of Physicke. 1674R. Godfrey Inj. & Ab. Physic 161 He liv'd by his Practice, as other Physicians did and do. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Practice, actual Exercise, especially that of the Profession of a Lawyer, Physician, or Surgeon; the having Clients or Patients. 1800Med. Jrnl. III. 456 So valuable a branch of knowledge as the practice of physic. 1884Law Times 24 May 61/2 There is no barrister in practice who is so thoroughly familiar with the ins and outs of bankruptcy practice. 1898Rider Haggard Doctor Therne i. 5 He sold this practice and removed into Dunchester.
6. a. The action of scheming or planning, esp. (now only) in an underhand way and for an evil purpose; machination, treachery; trickery, artifice. (The earliest recorded sense.)
1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 608 The towne of Seynt Denys..was goten by treason or practyse of one named Iohan Notice, a Knyght of Orleaunce. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 59 The Practise of the Deuill. 1598R. Grenewey Tacitus' Ann. i. iv. (1622) 7 All sauing Lepidus, through Tiberius practise, for sundry pretended crimes were made away. a1642Sir W. Monson Naval Tracts i. (1704) 201/2 The Ship..should be surrender'd without Any Practice or Treason. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xxiii, It looks as if there were practice in it to bring a stain on my name. 1834W. Godwin Lives Necromancers 445 Keeling..inclined to the belief that it might all be practice, and that there was nothing supernatural in the affair. 1877Freeman Norm. Conq. (ed. 3) I. v. 276 He..died a martyr's death, through the practice of the Lady ælfthryth.
b. Dealings, negotiation, conference, intercourse; esp. in evil sense, Conspiracy, intrigue, collusion (with a person, between persons). arch.
1540St. Papers Hen. VIII, VIII. 322 She ys very lothe to be knowne to have any praictes with me in any the Kinges Highnes affaires. 1572Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 156 Be ressoun of the daly traffique, practize and intelligence betuix the inhabitantis..and the declarit tratouris. 1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. v. viii. (1886) 85 There was not any conference or practise betwixt them in this case. 1632Massinger Maid of Hon. i. ii, He has been all this morning In practice with a peruked gentleman-usher. 1656Earl of Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. ii. xxxvi. (1674) 188 He held secret practice with all the Poets. a1680Earl of Rochester Valentinian v. iii, Begone and leave me I have some little practice with my soul And then the sharpest sword is welcome. 1873Browning Red Cott. Nt.-Cap iii. 945 Somehow, gloves were drawn o'er dirt and all, And practice with the Church procured thereby.
c. (with pl.) A scheme, plot, intrigue, conspiracy, stratagem, manœuvre, artifice, trick.
1539Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) II. 199 A practise which I trust shal shortely come to light. 1568Grafton Chron. I. 415 This realme was..troubled with Ciuile sedition, and the craftie practises of the Frenchmen. c1605Rowley Birth Merl. ii. ii, It may be a practice 'twixt themselves To expel the Britons. 1645Gataker God's Eye on Israel 93 How many plots and practises of the popish faction..have been discovered, defeated, and returned on the heads of those, that were either plotters of them, or imployed in them? 1728Morgan Algiers II. iii. 243 Giving them to understand, that he was not unacquainted with their Practices. 1740Johnson Sir F. Drake Wks. IV. 414 Unable to obviate the practices of those whom his merit had made his enemies. 1871R. Ellis Catullus xii. 2 Left-hand practices o'er the merry wine-cup.
7. The action, or an act, of practising on or upon a person, etc.: see practise 11. rare.
1614B. Jonson Bart. Fair i. ii, This is a confederacy, a meere piece of practice vpon her, by these Impostors. 1622Bacon Hen. VII 140 Hee thought..that the onely practise vpon their affections, was to set vp a Standard in the field. 1759Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 423 This menace..was also another piece of practice on the fears of the assembly.
8. Arith. A compendious method of performing multiplication by means of aliquot parts, in cases where one or both quantities are expressed in several denominations; e.g. in finding the value of a given number of articles at so many pounds, shillings, and pence each, or that of so many hundredweight, pounds, and ounces of something at so much a hundredweight. See quot. 1727–41.
1574H. Baker Well Spring Sciences 87 b, The third parte treateth of certayne briefe rules, called rules of practise... Some there be, which call these rules of practise briefe rules;.. There be others whiche call them the small multiplication. 1596Mellis Recorde's Arith. iii. 406 Briefe Rules, called Rules of Practise... The working of Multiplication in Practise,..which is accomplished by meanes of diuision in taking the half, the third, the fourth, the fift, or such other parts of the summe which is to be multiplyed. 1671J. Newton Compl. Arith. xxiii. (1691) 119 When the Rule of Three direct hath 1, or an Integer for the first term, it is commonly called a Rule of practice, not only for the speedy, but the practical resolution of such questions. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Practice, in arithmetic, Practica Italica, or Italian usages; certain compendious ways of working the rule of proportion... They were thus called from their expediting of practice and business; and because first introduced by the merchants and negotiants of Italy. 1859Barn. Smith Arith. & Algebra (ed. 6) 156 Practice is a compendious mode of finding the value of any number of articles by means of Aliquot Parts, when the value of an unit of any denomination is given.
II. Phrases and Combinations.
9. in practice.
a. In the realm of action; practically, actually, as a fact.
b. † In customary use, in vogue (obs.); practised, habitually performed.
c. In the condition of being exercised so as to maintain skill or ability. So out of practice.
1579Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 177 It is alreddy accordit and enterit in practize..that upoun the vacance of ony prelacie the kirkis thairof salbe disponit to qualifiit ministeris in titill. 1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 221 Since he went into France, I haue beene in continuall practice. 1631Massinger Believe as You List iv. i, Your viper wine, So much in practise with grey bearded gallants. 1644Milton Educ. Wks. (1847) 98/2 Of attainment far more certain, than hath been yet in practice. 1693Congreve Old Bach. iii. viii, Foreigners to the fashion or anything in practice. a1700Dryden (J.), Obsolete words may be laudably revived, when they are more sounding, or more significant than those in practice. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 322 Fyfe..believes that the heat actually made available from coal in practice, is nearly the same as ought to be produced, according to theory, by the quantity of coke which it yields. 1863Froude Hist. Eng. VIII. vii. 53 He [Shaw] broke loose from time to time to keep his hand in practice. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. II. viii. 218 A saint in practice, if not in profession. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. lx. 421 In practice it is but little changed. Mod. He played a very poor game, he was plainly out of practice.
10. to put in (or into) practice.
a. To practise, exercise, carry out in action.
†b. To begin to practise or do, to set about (obs.).
†c. To scheme, plot, attempt (to do something) (obs.).
†d. To bring into use (obs.); cf. 11 b.
1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 30 This rule will I put in practise whan the tyme of the yeare doeth insewe. 1591Shakes. Two Gent. iii. ii. 89 Thy aduice, this night, ile put in practise. 1592Kyd Murther I. Brewen Wks. (1901) 289 She put in practise to poyson him. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. ii. 206 Instruments, which the industry of man hath found out and put in practise. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. 6 To haue the Scriptures in the mother⁓tongue..hath bene thought vpon and put in practise of old. 1706Royal Proclam. 11 Apr. in Lond. Gaz. No. 4218/1 It is High Treason for any..Persons to put in Practise to Absolve, Perswade or Withdraw any of Our Subjects..from their.. Obedience to Us. 1726Swift Gulliver i. vi, I could never observe this maxim to be put in practice by any nation, except that of Lilliput.
11. † to make practice of.
a. To practise, carry out in action.
b. To make use of, use: cf. 10 d.
c. to make a practice of (something), to do it habitually and of purpose.
1623Webster Devil's Law Case ii. iii, What practice do they make of 't in their lives? 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 147 The Gun (an instrument they now make practice of). a1908Mod. I make a practice of walking to the train every morning. You may do so on this occasion, but you must not make a practice of it.
12. attrib. and Comb., chiefly in sense 3, as practice-crew, practice-dress, practice-firing, practice-ground, practice-room, practice-school, etc.; also (in sense 2 b) practice direction, practice master; practice bar Ballet = bar n.1 13 d; practice court (see quot. 1883); practice-curve, a curve or graph showing the relation of practice to progress; practice pad, a non-resonant pad, usu. circular and made of rubber or the like, on which to practise the art of drumming; practice wicket, (see quot. 1934).
1938N. Streatfeild Circus is Coming viii. 132 Using the side of the steps as a *practice bar and raising her right leg in an arabesque. 1946― Party Frock vi. 54 Sally was using the edge of the mantlepiece as a practice-bar. 1976‘M. Albrand’ Taste of Terror xiv. 78 An empty space, a practice bar, one wall mirrored.
1883Wharton's Law Lex. s.v. Queen's Bench, Connected with the Court of Queen's Bench, and auxiliary thereto, was the *Practice Court... The Practice Court (called also the Bail Court) heard and determined common matters of practice, and ordinary motions for writs of mandamus, prohibition, etc.
1887Century Mag. XXXIV. 178/2 Freshmen formed a *practice crew of their own.
1924R. M. Ogden tr. Koffka's Growth of Mind v. 262 New configurations are also attributable to these lower centres; as is demonstrated by the fact that the *practice curve improves by leaps which occur in learning new movements. 1956B. R. Bugelski Psychol. of Learning xiv. 399 Learning curves are sometimes called ‘practice’ curves but about all that we can say for certain about such curves is that they will normally rise above a starting point if learning does take place.
1942Weekly Notes 10 Jan. 19/1 (heading) *Practice direction... The Judges of the Chancery Division have given the following direction: [etc.]. 1968Weekly Law Rep. 24 May 815 (heading) Practice Direction (Divisional Court: Avoidance of Delay). 1977C. Hampton Criminal Procedure (ed. 2) viii. 212 The Lord Chief Justice issued a practice direction in July 1967 explaining the procedure.
1934A. P. Herbert Holy Deadlock 192 The young ladies of the chorus were in ‘*practice-dress’, their plump legs naked from their ‘trunks’ to their ankles. 1937M. Allingham Dancers in Mourning iii. 39 Her short white practice dress. 1979K. O'Hara Searchers of Dead xi. 116 A scrawny girl in a practice dress..chasséed below him.
1898Kipling in Morn. Post 10 Nov. 5/3 Between the pauses of *practice-firing.
1872Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. June 447/1 Its Cricket Club and *practice-ground.
1887Fenn Dick o' the Fens (1889) 93 By one rapid *practice-learned drag, the net was matched over.
1885Emden & Pearce-Edgcumbe Compl. Coll. Practice Statutes, Orders & Rules 1147 (heading) Office Rules settled by the *Practice Masters, 1880, 1881, 1882. 1890Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. XXV. 243 The practice masters..have at some period between 1880 and 1888 issued a direction that ‘writs of summons before the Judicature Acts came into force may be renewed without an order’. 1937Encycl. Court Forms & Precedents I. 13 There are eight King's Bench Masters... They have also control of the Central Office and one of them sits daily to exercise this control and to give directions with respect to questions of practice and procedure relating to the business of the Central Office... [Note] The Master discharging this duty (called ‘the Practice Master’) takes ex parte applications and also gives advice to solicitors on points of practice and procedure. 1966Masters' Practice Directions, Tables & Forms (Supreme Court of Judicature) 1 These directions shall..supersede any Practice Masters' Rule or Direction dealing with the same subject.
1968New Yorker 18 May 56, I started playing drums in junior high. I got a *practice pad and sticks and a Paul Yoder method book. 1972Down Beat 16 Mar. 19/3 First of all, get a drum set, not a practice pad. Then play records.
1921W. de la Mare Crossings 17 No more scales in that musty-fusty old *practice-room! 1922[see bar n.1 13 d]. 1963Times 11 June 15/3, 14 sound-proof practice-rooms. 1977New Yorker 19 Sept. 54/3 A friend of Robin's, Roman Markowicz, popped out of a practice room and stopped us. 1980Early Music Jan. 43/1, I agreed to come to the choir practice-room.
1895Daily News 23 Apr. 6/2 Herbart founded ‘a *practice school in which a few children should be instructed according to the most scientific methods’.
1871‘Thomsonby’ Cricketers in Council 23 Your first lessons may well be solely in hitting. Go to your *practice wicket, and endeavour to hit hard..every ball that is bowled to you. 1934W. J. Lewis Lang. Cricket 298 Practice wicket, a pitch with one wicket set up for the practice of batting or batting and bowling, usually in the nets. |