| 释义 |
positivist, n. and a.|ˈpɒzɪtɪvɪst|
[ad. F. positiviste, f. as prec.: see -ist.]
1. a. An adherent or supporter of positivism; a Comtist. See also logical positivist s.v. logical a. (and n.) 7.
1854G. Brimley Ess., Comte's Positive Philos. 324 A positivist would answer..that conscious ignorance is better than chimerical fancies, which not only themselves mislead, but prevent the growth of true doctrine. 1868Sat. Rev. 25 Apr. 541/2 Christians and Positivists are agreed in acknowledging the higher virtues of self-sacrifice. 1892[see criticist]. 1936A. J. Ayer Lang., Truth & Logic i. 23 Some positivists have adopted the heroic course of saying that these general propositions are indeed pieces of nonsense. 1958G. J. Warnock Eng. Philos. since 1900 58 The Positivists were also engaged in linguistic analysis, officially without metaphysical ambitions; theirs was supposed to be the two-sided task, on the one hand of exposing the muddles of metaphysicians, and on the other hand of humbly clarifying the vocabularies of the scientist and the mathematician. 1971J. H. Haddox Antonio Caso 86 To the cowardly positivists frightened by the idea of ‘mental anarchy’ I say, no.
b. attrib. or as adj.
1858Brit. Q. Rev. LVI. 440 The smallest vestry..would be quite sufficient to hold all the Positivist worshippers in the largest county of England. 1880Chr. World 8 Jan. 25/1 The Positivist creed, stated in its best form, is that man's chief end is to glorify man and to enjoy himself now. 1889Huxley in 19th Cent. Feb. 191 The incongruous mixture of bad science with eviscerated papistry, out of which Comte manufactured the Positivist religion. 1900W. L. Courtney Idea of Trag. 61 Auguste Comte, the Positivist philosopher, added to the list of sciences the most modern of all—sociology. 1934Philos. of Sci. I. 16 In using the formal mode of expression the pseudo-problem ‘What is a thing?’ disappears, and therewith the opposition between the positivist and the realist answer disappears. 1943W. G. Hardy Some Semantic Theories in Cornell Univ. Abstr. of Theses 56 Bridgman's operational theory of meaning amounts to a positivist demand that meanings be assigned according to the operations performed. 1960J. O. Urmson Conc. Encycl. Western Philos. 324/1 In the twenties of the twentieth century Hume's positivist arguments were revived and strengthened. 1969F. Halliday in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 298 A bid to introduce IQ tests was made, but this positivist attack was repelled when students occupied the main building of the campus for two months. 1974Nature 16 Aug. 609/1 Most philosophers of science, at least within the dominant positivist schools, take the Comtean view, of physics as the paradigmatic science. 1977New Yorker 9 May 145/1, I suspect that we remain, in our hearts, medieval people: our assumptions are Aristotelian, not positivist or existentialist.
2. a. An adherent or supporter of legal positivism (see positivism 3).
1927M. R. Cohen in Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Philos., 1926 469 It is therefore easy..to show that other positivists are full of hidden or unavowed natural law. 1971Mod. Law Rev. XXXIV. vi. 631 Most positivists, and certainly Hart, would argue that legal rules can never be spelled out in terms of all the situations to which they might be relevant. 1973I. M. Sinclair Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties v. 112 They [sc. the school of jurists led by Bynkershoek, Moser and Martens] did not wholly deny the role of natural law in filling gaps, but their emphasis on the constituent elements of positive international law gave them the title ‘positivists’.
b. attrib. or as adj.
1923R. Pound Interpretations of Legal Hist. iv. 78 The positivist ethnological interpretation [of legal history]..was given a comparative basis. 1944W. Friedmann Legal Theory xv. 135 The number and variety of positivist legal theories is as great as that of the sciences. 1963S. I. Shuman Legal Positivism i. 11 Friedmann who speaks..of ‘Austin's positivist system’. 1976Howard Jrnl. XV. i. 51 The change from a classical to a positivist approach to criminology..took the form of a belief in the biological and social causation of crime and the necessity for early prevention. |