| 释义 |
▪ I. polling, vbl. n.|ˈpəʊlɪŋ|
[f. poll v. + -ing1.]
The action of the verb poll, in various senses.
I.
†1. The cutting of hair; shearing, clipping, cropping. Obs.
1439Litt. Red Bk. Bristol (1900) 153 That no Craftesman..do not ocupye his seid Crafte in schavyng nor polling..in non Sonday. 1585Abp. Sandys Serm. (Parker Soc.) 325 It cost him [Samson] a polling..wherein stood his strength. a1653Gouge Comm. Heb. xi. 32 Had not man sinned, his hair would have had no need of polling.
2. The cutting off of the top of a tree.
1626Bacon Sylva §58 The oft cutting, or Polling of Hedges, Trees, and Herbs, doth conduce much to their Lasting. Ibid. §424 The Powling and Cutting of the Top, maketh them grow spread and bushy.
†3. Plundering, extortion, spoliation, pillage, robbery; an instance of this. polling and pilling: see pilling vbl. n. 1 b. Obs.
1513Bradshaw St. Werburge ii. 159 Extorcion, pollynge opteyned no grace. 1544Wriothesley Chron. (Camden) I. 150 For misusinge of the Kinges commission and powelinge of his subjectes. 1547–1661 [see pilling vbl. n. 1 b]. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 402 b, To prevent this peltyng powlyng of the Proctours. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 31 Polling, pilling and shauing of his poore tenants. 1651Weldon Crt. Jas. I, etc. 205 The High-Commission Court..in which all Pollings and tyrannizings over our Estates and Consciences were practised. 1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 302 The unexpected Charges of the War, though oftentimes under that pretence, are hidden all manner of Deceit and Polling.
†4. concr. pl. The results or proceeds of polling (in various senses): see quots. Obs.
1557Tusser 100 Points Husb. lxvi, Then lop for thy fewel, the powlinges well growen. 1585Higins Junius' Nomenclator 167/1 A Barbars towell,..for the cuttings or pollings of the haire to fall vpon. 1675tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. iv. (1688) 440 Crammed with the Spoils and Pollings of the poorer sort. 1835C. W. Stocker Juvenal 57 note, The wealthier Romans, on arriving at manhood, dedicated the first shavings of their beard and pollings of their hair to some deity.
II.
5. a. The registering or casting of votes.
1625in Commons Debates (Camden) 45 The pollinge would last three days. 1697W. Dampier Voy. round World Introd. (1699) 5 Which Party soever should upon Polling appear to have the Majority, they should keep the Ship. 1756W. Toldervy Hist. 2 Orphans I. 67 By keeping the estate in his hands, tho' mortgaged.., he preserved his right of poling at an election for the county. 1839McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire II. 100 Such polling is to continue for two days only, being successive days, for seven hours on the first day, and eight hours on the second day of polling. 1883Manch. Exam. 24 Oct. 4/6 The polling in the election of nine members of the..School Board.
b. The action or process of conducting an opinion poll.
1937Public Opinion Q. Jan. 38 Scientific polling on individual issues fills a great gap in the democratic form of government. 1939G. Gallup Public Opinion in Democracy 13 The research man who..devises an accurate and efficient method of polling ‘ballot cattle’ is obviously not contributing much to better government. 1944― Guide to Public Opinion Polls 12 Although the layman doesn't recognize it as polling, he is himself daily conducting his own private poll of public opinion. 1951‘A. Garve’ Murder in Moscow vii. 83 You go into the streets and do a little polling on the subject... You'll get a hundred per cent ‘Yes’—not a single ‘Don't know’. 1968W. Safire New Lang. of Politics 108/2 The power of polling, both on nose counts and in depth, was never more vividly demonstrated than in the 1968 New Hampshire primary campaign. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XV. 214/1 Polling can..reveal something about the intensity with which opinions are held. Ibid., Polling.. is unlikely to provide very much information about the elites who may have played an important part in developing the opinion.
III. 6. attrib. and Comb. †a. in sense 3; b. in sense 5, as polling-agent, polling-book, polling-booth, polling-clerk, polling-day, polling-district, polling-place, polling-station.
a.1557Stafford Proclam. in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. App. lxxi. 262 This whole realme of Englande shall..be delyvered from all suche powling paymentes, as the quene dothe daylye geve to Spanyardes. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 404 Peradventure these fellowes are to much ashamed of theyr powlyng pranckes, and..can render no reasonable excuse for their bribery and pilladge. 1613Wither Abuses Stript i. viii, What Rascall poling sutes doe they devise, To adde new Summes unto their Treasuries.
b.1832Act 2 Will. IV, c. 45 §70 In case the Proceedings shall be so interrupted or obstructed at any particular Polling Place or Places. 1852Dickens Bleak Ho. xl, Away to hustings and polling-booths. 1863H. Cox Instit. i. viii. 113 The vote is given vivâ voce, and entered in a polling-book by the polling-clerk. Ibid., Not more than a limited number of voters may be polled at each polling-place. 1865K. Amberley Diary 13 July in B. & P. Russell Amberley Papers (1937) I. viii. 399 Polling Day—cloudy & windy. 1882Ogilvie (Annandale), Polling-sheriff, in Scotland, the presiding officer at a polling-station. 1895C. Porrett in Elections (Yorks. Union of Conservative Assocs.) 12 An agent..should keep a list of gentlemen willing to lend conveyances to the various polling district committees. 1974Times 6 Sept 1/4 He hinted heavily several times that polling day was only a matter of weeks away. 1976Western Mail (Cardiff) 27 Nov. (Advt.), Before you can trace your name in the lists you must know in which Polling District you live. 1977Grimsby Even. Tel. 5 May 1/2 Unfortunately not enough publicity was given by the parties to the fact that the polling stations close at 9 instead of 10.
▪ II. polling, ppl. a.|ˈpəʊlɪŋ|
[f. poll v. + -ing2.]
That polls; † that plunders; extortionate, exacting; cheating (obs.). See also pilling ppl. a.
1540St. Papers Hen. VIII, VIII. 234 This [Valenciens] ys waxed the derest and pollyngst town of the worlde. 1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 147 Would thale wife [the ale-wife] play the poulyng queane: Yet measure will not lie. 1612Bacon Ess., Judicature, Amongst the briers and brambles of catching and poling Clearkes and Ministers. |