| 释义 |
Polish, a. and n.2|ˈpəʊlɪʃ|
[f. Pole n.4 + -ish1.]
A. adj.
a. Of or pertaining to Poland or its inhabitants.
1674R. South Acct. of Travels into Poland in 1674 in Posthumous Wks. (1717) 26 The Queen is now about 33 Years of Age..and speaks the Polish Language full as well as her own natural Tongue. a1704T. Brown Lett. to Gent. & Ladies Wks. 1709 III. ii. 96 The unkinging of his Polish Majesty. 1795S. Jones Hist. Poland i. xix. 24 The Pater-noster in the Polish language is of the following tenor. 1831Sir J. Sinclair Corr. II. 292 There is hardly any resemblance between the Polish Diet and the English Parliament, at least at present. 1842Penny Cycl. XXII. 115/1 The Polish language is considered to be more flexible and euphonic than the other Slavonic dialects. 1884W. R. Morfill Simplified Gram. Polish Lang. i. 3 The sounds of the Polish language may be grouped as hard and soft. 1944S. Grabski Poland iii. xiv. 107 The magnificent song of the Knights..to the glory of the Virgin Mary, the first literary monument in the Polish language. 1975Language LI. 407 These languages..differ from the Polish dialects discussed above in not permitting alternatives with singular and plural.
b. In the names of things of actual or attributed Polish origin; as Polish disease, plait: see plait n. 2 c; Polish draughts, a variety of the game of draughts played on a board of 100 squares with 20 men a side; called in French le jeu de dames à la polonaise (Manoury, 1750), in Poland itself French draughts; Polish fowl = Poland1 fowl; Polish manna: see manna1 6; Polish wheat = Poland1 wheat.
1849D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 60 The plica polonica, or *Polish disease, in which the hair in the human subject grows into an immense matted mass.
1733R. in Craftsman No. 376. 156 The game of *Polish Draughts, where you will see the whole Board engaged in the important business of making Kings. 1768Baretti Mann. & Cust. Italy xxxiii. 217 As chess is superior to polish-drafts. 1816Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 308 They play at what we call Polish drafts.
1960R. C. Bell Board & Table Games ii. 75 Modifications in the rules have been made and as now played, Polish draughts must rank as one of the great board games of the world. 1971Country Life 25 Nov. 1429/1 The board on this games table is arranged for Polish draughts..popular in England throughout the 18th century, the boards having 100 squares and each player 20 men.
1849D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 12 Cirrus is the Latin word..adopted by Aldrovandi to express the topknot of *Polish fowls.
1864Chambers' Encycl. VI. 308/1 Known in shops as *Polish Manna, Manna Seeds, and Manna Croup.
1832Veg. Subst. Food 34 *Polish Wheat—Triticum polonicum..is now to be found here only in botanic gardens. 1843Polish wheat [see hard wheat s.v. hard a. (n.) 22 a]. 1908Polish wheat [see durum].
c. Applied to logical theories, methods, or systems developed esp. in Lwow, Breslau, and Warsaw before the war of 1939–45, and to the related symbolism, as Polish notation, a bracketless and unpunctuated system of formula notation now freq. used in computing science to represent the order in which arithmetical operations are performed in many computers and calculators, often with operators following their operands (reverse Polish) instead of preceding them.
1940Jrnl. Symbolic Logic V. 77 The second section is devoted to various present currents of thought: Hilbert formalism, German exact thought.., Polish logic.., the unity of science movement. 1954I. M. Copi Symbolic Logic 254 The Polish notation has the obvious advantage of dispensing with all special punctuation marks. 1965N. Kretzmann Elements of Formal Logic p. vi, We use ᴌukasiewicz's so-called Polish notation for..the logic of statements. 1966Y. Bar-Hillel in Automatic Transl. of Lang. (NATO Summer School, Venice 1962) 15 In Polish notation calculi you cannot introduce syntactic ambiguity..by omitting symbols, since there are no special scoping symbols to omit. 1968Jrnl. Assoc. Computing Machinery XV. 466 The following is a simple Polish transduction grammar. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xxiii. 85 One possible Polish string would be AB + C + E = . In this string, the system would find A and B and, as determined by the plus sign following the two operands, add them. The result is then combined with C under addition called for by the second plus sign. The E = symbols indicate that the result is to be stored in E. 1975Physics Bull. May 227/1 The Oxford 300 scientific calculator with either floating point or scientific notation and algebraic logic (as opposed to the reverse Polish logic used on the more familiar Sinclair Scientific).
B. absol. or as n.2
†1. absol. Short for Polish draughts. Obs. rare.
1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1792) III. xv. 67 Can you play at draughts, polish, or chess?
2. The Polish language.
1784W. Coxe Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, & Denmark I. ii. iii. 176 The king informed me, that they had no good history of their country in Polish. 1807G. Burnett Present State of Poland xvi. 277 Within thirty or forty, or perhaps fifty miles of Dantzic, I found that the people knew scarcely a word of Polish. 1861Max Müller Lect. Sci. of Lang. 1st Ser. v. 187 The oldest specimen of Polish belongs to the fourteenth century: the Psalter of Margarite. 1925P. de Soissons Polish Self-Taught 1 This work is issued as a practical introduction to Polish, a language spoken by about thirty millions of people. 1943S. Segal Nazi Rule in Poland iv. 70 Only a few shows in Polish are at present permitted in Warsaw and Krakow. 1968B. Newman New Poland ii. 31 If a Lithuanian youth wanted an education, he had to learn Polish to get it. 1975Language LI. 363 The passive construction is the same for both aspects in Polish and Bulgarian.
Hence ˈPolishness, the quality or state of being Polish or of displaying Polish characteristics.
1958Listener 2 Oct. 499/2 They [sc. the Poles] need to reaffirm their past, their Polishness. 1964E. Huxley Back Street New Worlds iii. 35 Few of their children attend Saturday schools or sustain their Polishness. |