| 释义 |
polarize, v.|ˈpəʊləraɪz|
[In sense 1, a. F. polariser (Malus, 11 March 1811), in form f. mod.L. polāris polar + -iser, -ize, but referred by its author directly to F. pôle pole n.2 In other senses, f. polar + -ize.
See Malus in Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences No. 42, March 1811, p. 252 Lumière polarisée. Also ibid. No. 45, June 1811, p. 292 (transl.) ‘In giving to these sides [of the vertical ray] the name of poles, he calls the modification which imparts to light properties relative to these poles, polarization... This new expression..signifies simply the modification that light has undergone in acquiring new properties, relative not to the direction of the ray, but solely to its sides, considered at a right angle, and in a plane perpendicular to its direction’. But this unfortunately assumed a sense of pole quite different from its use in astronomy, geography, and magnetism, with the consequence that polarization as applied to light and radiant heat has nothing in common with magnetic or electric polarization.]
I.
1. Optics. a. (trans.) To cause the vibrations of light (radiant heat, etc.) to be modified in a particular way, so that the ray exhibits different properties on different sides, opposite sides being alike, and those at right angles to each other showing the maximum of difference.
A ray of polarized light is reflected in different degrees in different positions of the reflecting body, and transmitted by certain crystals in different degrees in different positions of the crystal, and (in each case) completely quenched in one particular position. This is accounted for by supposing the etherial vibrations to be restricted to one plane (plane polarization), instead of being, as in ordinary light, performed in all directions perpendicular to that of the ray. Light is also said to be circularly or elliptically polarized, or to undergo circular or elliptic polarization, when it exhibits (in a polariscope) certain colour-phenomena, or modifications of the phenomena of plane polarization, which are accounted for by supposing the etherial particles to move in circles or ellipses. Polarization is produced (variously in the case of different media) by reflection, or by ordinary or double refraction.
1811Nicholson's Jrnl. XXX. 192, tr. Let. fr. Paris 17 July, Mr. Malus is still pursuing with success his inquiries concerning polarised light. 1812(Dec.) Ibid. XXXIII. 347 Transparent bodies totally transmit the light which they polarise in one direction or manner, and reflect that which is polarised in a contrary manner. 1813Brewster (23 Dec.) in Phil. Trans. (1814) 192 That kind of crystallisation which polarises the incident light by separating it into two pencils. 1819Edin. Rev. XXXII. 177 All diaphanous bodies polarise light at certain angles. 1854Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 104 Bérard and Professor Forbes..succeeded in polarizing heat (non-luminous) by the agency of reflection. 1855Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (ed. 3) 114 A ray of light once polarized in a certain plane continues so affected throughout its whole subsequent course. 1873Maxwell Electr. & Magn. II. 7 note, A ray of light is said to be polarized when it has properties relating to its sides, which are identical on opposite sides of the ray. 1939Wireless World 26 Jan. 83/1 Considerable attention has been paid to the question of whether the waves of the Alexandra Palace television transmitter should be vertically or horizontally polarised. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 448/1 Electromagnetic radiation is difficult to polarize in certain spectral regions.
b. absol. or intr. To polarize the incident light; to exhibit the phenomena of polarization. Also, to rotate the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light by (a specified amount) under standard conditions.
1854Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 82 The latter polarizes towards the left. 1879Rutley Stud. Rocks x. 113 The whole crystal passes into zeolitic matter which polarises in variegated colours. 1900Bull. Div. of Chem., U.S. Dept. Agric. No. 59. 52 The wine is fermented... [If] it polarizes -3° after fermentation. It contains only levorotatory sugar. 1945A. L. & K. B. Winton Anal. of Foods 616/1 Wash by decantation until the washings polarize zero in a 200-mm. tube.
c. trans. To measure the optical activity of (a solution) in order to determine the concentration of sugar in it. Also ellipt.
1905G. W. Rolfe Polariscope 87 The sample which the chemist polarizes must be strictly representative of the total lot of sugar. 1945A. L. & K. B. Winton Anal. of Foods 615/1 Invert Polarization... Cool to about 20°, fill exactly to the mark, mix, and polarize at 20° in a 200-mm. tube. 1963Triebold & Aurand Food Composition & Qual. iii. 60 According to their standard, a solution containing 26·000 grams of sucrose (normal weight) in 100 ml of solution at 20°C., and polarized in a 200-mm tube at 20°C., should give a reading of 100° on the saccharimeter. 1973Snell & Ettre Encycl. Industr. Chem. Anal. XVIII. 348 Dilute the solution to 100 ml at 20°C. Mix well and polarize in a 200-mm tube.
2. Physics. To produce a partial or complete alignment of the spins of (particles).
1932Proc. R. Soc. A. CXXXV. 431 The theoretical existence of these methods provides some evidence that electron beams can be polarised. 1953Progr. Nuclear Physics III. 72 In order to polarize elementary particles, there must be some sort of coupling of the particle spin with a fixed spatial direction. 1974Frauenfelder & Henley Subatomic Physics ix. 206 In a radioactive source at room temperature, the nuclear spins are randomly oriented. It is necessary to polarize the nuclei so that all spins J point in the same direction. 1979Sci. Amer. May 64/2 The next stage polarizes the protons and depolarizes the electrons.
II.
3. Magn. and Electr. a. To give polarity to; to give opposite magnetic properties to opposite ends of (a bar, coil, etc. of iron or other substance). spec. to induce an electric dipole moment in (a substance, or an atom or molecule). Also intr. To acquire polarity.
1838Faraday Exp. Res. (1839) I. 542 It is not the particles of oxygen and lead which polarize separately under the act of induction, but the molecules of oxide of lead which exhibit this effect. Ibid., The reproduction of compound particles, which can again polarize as wholes. 1866R. M. Ferguson Electr. (1870) 5 It is this double manifestation of force which constitutes the polarity of the magnet, and a bar of iron which is made to assume these poles is said to be polarised. 1873Maxwell Electr. & Magn. II. 7 A conducting particle through which there is a current of electricity may be said to be polarized, because if it were turned round, and if the current continued to flow in the same direction as regards the particle, its direction in space would be reversed. 1887W. Larden Electr. x. 161 Lines along which the molecules of the dielectrics are ‘polarised’ by a separation of + and - charges in them. 1945A. F. Wells Structural Inorg. Chem. ii. 52 An atom is polarized when placed in an electric field. 1962Corson & Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields iii. 126 Consider a large block of dielectric polarized uniformly with a dipole moment per unit volume P. 1977Sci. Amer. Feb. 91/3 The separation is accomplished by passing the atomic beam through an inhomogeneous electric or magnetic field, which deflects those atoms that are more readily polarized or have a larger magnetic moment.
b. In voltaic electricity: see polarization 3 b. Also intr. (of a cell), to exhibit polarization and consequently suffer a decrease in e.m.f.
1856Walker tr. De la Rive's Treat. Electr. II. 671 When the zinc z is plunged into water..its molecules polarize each of the molecules of water that touch it; these polarize the following; and so on. 1864–72Watts Dict. Chem. II. 429 Plates of platinum become polarised in a similar manner, when immersed in water either pure or acidulated, and connected with the poles of a battery, the effect, in this case, being due to the films of hydrogen and oxygen which collect on the negative and positive plates respectively. 1903Electr. World & Engin. 24 Jan. 150/2 There is yet not a battery of this class known that will not polarize in a short time, which means that it has temporarily exhausted itself and must rest for awhile before it is as efficient as it was. 1969J. J. DeFrance Electr. Fundamentals xi. 124 The prevention is not complete, and with age a cell does polarize.
c. In generalized sense: see quot. rare.
1873Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 60 An elementary portion of a body may be said to be polarized when it acquires equal and opposite properties on two opposite sides. Ibid. II. 7.
III. 4. fig. a. To give an arbitrary direction, or a special meaning or application, to.
1860O. W. Holmes Prof. Breakf.-t. i, The word, and consequently the idea it represents, is polarized. 1886W. C. Wilkinson in Homiletic Rev. (U.S.) Mar. 252 That word [self-denial] also has been polarized somewhat—that is, twisted out of its right original meaning.
b. To give unity of direction to.
1868Bushnell Serm. Living Subj. 171 It is not enough to rally their inventiveness, doing nothing to polarize their aim. 1892Pall Mall G. 16 Mar. 2/2 A coherence of policy..cannot be secured until the atoms of the Council, now facing every way, are polarised by party discipline.
c. trans. To accentuate a division within (a group, system, etc.); to separate into two (or occas. several) opposing groups, extremes of opinion, or the like. Also intr., to undergo or exhibit such a process.
1949Koestler Promise & Fulfilment i. xi. 125 The controversy about Zionism would have become as ‘polarized’ between pro- and anti-Russians as, say, the controversy about Poland. 1957R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xxvii. 96 There could be no place for neutrality, and indeed such an attitude is explicitly excluded by the Marxist-Leninist dialectic which polarizes every issue and denies the possibility of intermediate solutions. Ibid. xxxvi. 122 As a result of the Industrial Revolution, society had polarized into two hostile classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. 1957New Statesman 2 Nov. 555/2 If we walked out of the nuclear arms race then the world would be ‘polarised’ between America and the Soviet Union. 1969N.Y. Rev. Books 2 Jan. 41/1 New York was racially polarized as never before; hundreds of thousands of public school children were not being taught. 1972Nature 3 Mar. 39/2 The problems are polarized into three areas... Only the first of these is really meteorological in character. 1972M. L. Samuels Ling. Evolution vi. 132 Changes gather momentum when the upper classes polarise differences to maintain their value as prestige-markers. 1973Sci. Amer. Apr. 86/3 Yet Henri labored..to avoid the utter disintegration of a France polarized and torn by civil war. 1977Time 19 Dec. 8/2 From the first, Soares had insisted on governing without political alliances. Any compromise, he feared, would further polarize the country's politics. |