| 释义 |
pneumatology|pnjuːməˈtɒlədʒɪ, njuː-|
[ad. mod.L. pneumatologia (J. Prideaux a 1650): see pneumato- and -logy. So F. pneumatologie (D'Alembert 1751).]
1. a. The science, doctrine, or theory of spirits or spiritual beings: in the 17th c. considered as forming a department of metaphysics called Special Metaphysics as opposed to General Metaphysics or ontology, and comprehending the doctrine of God as known by natural reason, of angels and demons, and of the human soul: cf. pneumatics 2.[1695Evid. Sc. Univ. Comm. (1837) II. Glasgow 270 That in the fourth class be taught the Speciall Physicks and the Pneumatologia.] 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 26 Those atomical physiologers that were before Democritus and Leucippus were all of them incorporealists; joyning theology and pneumatology..together with their atomical physiology. 1755[A. Gerard] Plan Educ. Marischal Coll. & Univ. Aberdeen, Pneumatology or the natural philosophy of spirits, including the doctrine of the nature, faculties and states of the human mind. 1765Johnson Shaks. Wks., Ham. i. i. note, According to the pneumatology of that time, every element was inhabited by its peculiar order of Spirits. 1776Adam Smith W.N. v. i. (1869) II. 356 Pneumatology, comprehending the doctrine concerning the nature of the human soul and of the Deity. 1834S. Jackson tr. Jung-Stilling (title) Theory of Pneumatology; what ought to be believed or disbelieved concerning Presentiments, Visions, and Apparitions. 1877E. Caird Philos. Kant i. 155 Pneumatology can be nothing more than a doctrine of our necessary ignorance of a certain problematical class of beings. 1882Stallo Concepts & The. Mod. Physics 128 Faith in spooks..is unwisdom in physics no less than in pneumatology.
With the neglect of the doctrine of supernatural beings, due to the philosophical tendencies of the 18th century, pneumatology came to deal with human souls only, and to mean:
b. The science of the nature and functions of the human soul or mind, now commonly called psychology.
1785Reid Intell. Powers Pref. (1803) 9 There are two great branches of philosophy, one relating to body, the other to mind... The branch which treats of the nature and operations of minds has by some been called Pneumatology. [Hamilton, in note (Reid's Wks. 1846), Now properly superseded by the term Psychology.] 1790Beattie Moral Sc. I. Introd. 13 The Speculative part of the philosophy of the mind has been called Pneumatology. 1814D. Stewart Human Mind II. Concl. 485, I have accordingly entitled my book, Elements—not of Logic or of Pneumatology, but—of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. 1877Shields Final Philos. 178 Descartes..had given the death-blow to the whole of scholastic pneumatology, with its complex series of vegetative, appetitive, sensitive souls.
2. Theol. The, or a, doctrine of the Holy Spirit.
1881O. T. Mason in Smithsonian Rep. (1883) 507 Inasmuch as we have borrowed a specific term from the theologians to stand for the whole study of man, we may be compelled to take the word pneumatology, meaning with them the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. 1882Schaff Hist. Christ. Church §95 II. 778 The pneumatology of Ephesians resembles that of John, as the christology of Colossians resembles the christology of John.
3. The science or theory of air or gases; pneumatics; ‘pneumatic chemistry’; ‘pneumatic medicine’.
1767A. Campbell Lexiph. 16 In a treatise on barometrical pneumatology. 1803Beddoes Hygeia ix. 15 Considerable discoveries have however been made in pneumatology. 1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Pneumatologia, Med., Pathol., term for the doctrine of air or breath: pneumatology. 1862N. Syd. Soc. Year-bk. Med. 20, (1) Contributions to the Pneumatology of the Blood. |