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plaque
(plɑːk, ‖ plak)
[F. plaque: see plack.]
1. a. An ornamental plate or tablet of metal or porcelain, of quadrangular, round, oval, or other regular form, either plain or decorated with figures, intended to be hung up as a wall-decoration, or to be inserted in a piece of furniture, etc. Also, an inscribed plate identifying a monument or building, etc.
1869C. Schreiber Jrnl. (1911) I. 13 A large plaque of Smalto glass, with landscape in brown. 1870Ibid. I. 68 We saw..a very fine Terra Cotta plaque, by Clodion, 3 to 4 feet long. 1875W. Maskell Ivories 41 The plaques have borders with foliated ornaments; birds and animals, flowers and fruits, filling the intermediate spaces. 1875Fortnum Maiolica iii. 23 A votive plaque preserved in the museum of the hôtel Cluny, at Paris. 1879J. J. Young Ceram. Art 38 Picture-painting on the flat surface of porcelain plaques. 1884Mrs. C. Praed Zéro xix, The brazen plaques above the mantel⁓piece resembled menacing heads. 1956A. J. Cronin Crusader's Tomb iii. ix. 195 At the base of the pediment was a time-worn plaque defining the intention of the founder to tend the sick. 1968Guardian 19 Sept. 18/3 In a few days Britain will have two fish and chip shops, each proclaiming itself by plaque to be the oldest..in the world. 1969M. Pugh Last Place Left xxiii. 175 Why don't you wait fifty years or so? I imagine there will be a plaque outside his house. 1971Times 19 Apr. 12/5 Mrs. Pankhurst's house in Clement's Inn is being demolished and the Women's Liberation movement is concerned lest the blue plaque from the house..should disappear. 1979Atterbury & Irvine Doulton Story 20 Probably the best known Doulton commemoratives are the plaques made for the LCC and other bodies to mark places associated with famous people and events.
b. A small ornamental tablet worn as a badge of high rank in an honorary order.
1848Thackeray Van. Fair xlix, A nobleman tightly girthed, with a large military chest, on which the plaque of his order shone magnificently. Ibid. lxiv, Men with plaques and cordons. 1860Russell Diary India II. 239 In front of his turban there was a plaque of diamonds and emeralds.
c. A counter used in gambling. Cf. chip n.1 2 d.
1904A. Bennett Great Man xxv. 281 A croupier counted out..sundry..gold plaques of a hundred francs each. 1964A. Wykes Gambling xii. 288 The big bets are placed with rectangular colored chips, called plaques. 1972D. Lees Zodiac 47 Françoise picked up the plaques from the table in front of her. 1973‘R. MacLeod’ Burial in Portugal vi. 117 Deliberately, Salvador used a one thousand escudo plaque to scratch along his small moustache.
d. Mus. A thin metal plate inserted into the separated tip of the double reed of a wind instrument while the reed is being scraped.
1940J. Artley How to make Double Reeds 13/1 Insert the plaque between the blades of the reed. Ibid. 14/1 While working on the lay with the knife, use the plaque at all times. 1953E. Rothwell Oboe Technique vi. 48 Tongue, or plaque, for inserting into the reed while scraping. Small flat piece of metal, oval shaped with pointed ends. Ibid. 53 In order to avoid any confusion between the human tongue and the metal one, I shall, throughout this chapter, refer to the latter as the plaque, the alternative word used little in England but almost exclusively in America. 1957A. C. Baines Woodwind Instruments & their Hist. iii. 82 The tongue (or plaque, fig. 11, t) is a thin, oval steel plate about 40 ×15 millimetres, and it is always placed between the blade tips while scraping after the tips have been separated. 1962E. C. Moore Oboe & its Daily Routine iv. 13/1 Few tools are needed..a plaque to slip between the blades of the reeds, [etc.].
2. a. Path. A patch of eruption or the like.
1876Bartholow Mat. Med. (1879) 311 Before the exudation has spread and consolidated into membranous plaques. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 658 The eruption of hydroa gestationis..consists of erythematous patches, some of which are rounded plaques. Ibid. 809 Plaques like those of lichen ruber planus may be seen.
b. Anat. A small flat discoidal formation, as a hæmatoblast or blood-plate.
1895Syd. Soc. Lex., Plaque, a plate. A French word adopted of late by medical writers meaning either a small disc-like object, as a blood-platelet, or a rounded patch.
c. Med. A patch of fibrous tissue or of fatty matter on the wall of an artery; the substance of which such a patch is formed.
1891Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians VI. 182 The nodular form of arterio-sclerosis is due to circumscribed dilations of the arteries and a new formation of connective tissue which exactly fills out the dilated area. When such arteries are examined after having been injected with paraffine.., the raised plaques which are so prominent in the uninjected vessels have entirely disappeared, leaving a smooth intima. 1943Physiol. Rev. XXIII. 188 The atherosclerotic lesions..were classified as fatty plaques, fibrous plaques, calcified plaques, and atheromatous ulcers. 1972Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 4 May 2/1 As the years pass, the walls of our arteries thicken and accumulate a certain amount of plaque, or fatty deposits. 1975Daily Tel. Mag. 5 Dec. 20/4 These so-called plaques, and the attached clots, build up and obtrude upon the bore of the vessel. 1978Time 3 July 54/1 Tests showed that his left main coronary artery was clogged with cholesterol-laden plaque.
d. Dentistry. A patch of deposit that contains bacteria and adheres firmly to the surface of a tooth; the substance of which such patches are composed.
1898G. V. Black in Dental Cosmos XL. 448 Leptothrix threads..are found..clinging in and upon gelatinous microbic plaques upon the teeth. 1921Ryan & Bowers Teeth & Health xi. 154 In caries, or dental decay, placques or films of saliva form on the tooth surfaces, in combination with particles of carbohydrates. 1959Wilkins & McCullough Clin. Pract. Dental Hygienist ii. 109 Dental plaque is a thin, tenacious, film-like deposit made up principally of microorganisms and mucinous substances from the saliva. It is removed by polishing procedures. Plaque is the most commonly found of all tooth deposits. Ibid., Dental plaques vary in thickness, degree of adherence to the tooth surface, and percentage composition. 1971Daily Tel. 24 Aug. 5 (Advt.), The toothbrush is undoubtedly the most effective weapon in the fight against bacterial plaque. Plaque produces the harmful acids and chemicals that cause tooth decay and discoloration. 1976J. J. Murray Fluorides in Caries Prevention xii. 185 Dental plaque is a soft, tenacious bacterial deposit suspended in a protein matrix which forms on the surface of teeth. It also contains varying amounts of extracellular polysaccharide and desquamated bacterial cells.
e. Biol. A relatively clear area in a culture of micro-organisms or other cells produced by the inhibitory or lethal effect of a virus or other agent.
D'Herelle used plage, not plaque, in Fr. (Le Bactériophage (1921) i. 13).
1924Jrnl. Bacteriol. IX. 397 These lytic areas, or plaques, are usually circular and may vary in size from pits of microscopic dimensions to eroded fields possessing a diameter of 18 to 20 mm. 1930G. H. Smith tr. F. D'Herelle's Bacteriophage & its Clin. Applic. i. 12 Each bare spot, which I have termed a plaque, represents a colony of bacteriophage particles. 1952Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XXXVIII. 747 (heading) Production of plaques in monolayer tissue cultures by simple particles of an animal virus. 1963Science 26 Apr. 405/1 Distinct plaques, each of which is due to the release of hemolysin by a single antibody-forming cell, are revealed by complement after incubation, in an agar layer, of a mixture of sheep red cells and lymphoid cells from a rabbit immunized with sheep red cells. 1970T. D. Brock Biol. Microorganisms x. 260 Since the agar prevents the new virus particles from moving too far away, a localized area of lysis develops that contains no bacteria but many virus particles... This local area of lysis is called a plaque..and represents the end result of a chain of events initiated by one virus particle.
3. Med. A flat applicator designed to contain radium or one of its salts, formerly applied to the surface of the body over cancerous tissue for the curative effect of the radiation.
1919[see radium plaque]. 1922F. E. Simpson Radium Therapy xii. 110 The best type of metal applicator is made of silver, the radium salt being spread uniformly over a glazed surface which forms the face of the applicator. Lead free glass must be used. Plaques of this type are known as glazed radium applicators. 1931G. E. Birkett Radium Therapy xi. 150 Superficial sclerosing type [of rodent ulcers].—In the early stages these may be successfully treated by the application of an unscreened radium plaque. 1950Walter & Miller Short Textbk. Radiotherapy viii. 195 A beta-ray applicator is an example of a plaque. The one illustrated in Fig. 82 is made of brass, has an area of 4 sq. cm. and contains 5 mgm. of radium per square cm. It is covered by a filter of 0·1 mm. of monel metal. |