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plantation|plænˈteɪʃən|
[ad. L. plantātiōnem planting, transplanting, n. of action f. plantāre to plant; see -ation. Cf. F. plantation (1486).]
1. a. The action of planting, the placing of plants in the soil so that they may grow. Now rare.
c1450Mirour Saluacioun 1065 Aarons ȝerde fructified without plantacioune. 1612Capt. Smith Map Virginia 16 In Aprill they begin to plant, but their chiefe plantation is in May. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 419 In Bowre and Field he sought, where any tuft Of Grove or Garden-Plot more pleasant lay, Thir tendance or Plantation for delight. 1724Swift Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. ii. 129 The manifest defects in the acts concerning the plantation of trees. 1816T. Taylor in Pamphleteer VIII. 469 She instructed the Eleusinians in the plantation of corn.
b. fig. The action of establishing or founding anything, e.g. a religion; the implanting (of a quality); † the laying out (of wealth).
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. vi. §13 Those instruments, which it pleased God to use for the plantation of the faith. 1620E. Blount Horæ Subs. 327 The place where holinesse, and religion, aymed to haue their principall plantation. 1654tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. 183 Heaven and Nature concur in the plantation of that quality [fortitude] in the hearts of men. 1795Horsley Serm. (1811) 247 The plantation of churches and the propagation of the gospel.
c. The settlement of persons in some locality; esp. the planting of a colony; colonization.
1586J. Hooker Hist. Irel. Ep. Ded., Not for anie religion or plantation of a Commonwealth. 1610T. Blenerhasset (title) A Direction for the Plantation in Ulster. 1610(title) A true and sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation begun in Virginia. 1625N. Carpenter Geog. Del. ii. xiii. (1635) 213 The first plantation of Inhabitants immediately after the Deluge. a1645Habington Surv. Worc. in Worc. Hist. Soc. Proc. ii. 317 Before theyre plantation in Worcestershire they weare of Rageley. 1672Petty Pol. Anat. vii, The old protestants of Queen Elizabeth and King James's plantation..did not much love the new English, who came over since 1641. 1788Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xvi. 143 Before the discovery of America and the plantation of our colonies, the interest of money was generally twelve per cent. all over Europe. 1870Athenæum 23 July 110/2 Plantation meant the establishment of Englishmen as landowners in Ireland, the extermination of native proprietors, and the reduction of the inhabitants at large to slavery.
2. a. An assemblage of growing plants of any kind which have been planted.
1569Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 32 Destroy and put away..all biggingis, munitionis, plantationis and commoditeis within and about the same. 1649W. Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. (1653) 157 So thou must go on throughout thy whole Plantation. 1658Sir T. Browne Gard. Cyrus i, Which was no ordinary plantation, if..it contained all kindes of Plants. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece ii. iii. 404 Make Plantations of the Suckers or Cuttings of Goosberries, Currants, and Rasberries. 1766Compl. Farmer s.v. Onion, About October all their leaves die away, which has occasioned some to think all the plantation [i.e. onion-bed] lost. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 71 Culture, &c. of the Common Artichoke... I also prefer one single row to a regular plantation or bed, on account of the better admission of light and air.
b. Now, esp., a wood of planted trees.
1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. iv. 15 You will have the true Plott of your Ground, or Park, or Wood-land, or Plantation. 1739Gray Let. Poems (1775) 71 On either hand vast plantations of trees, chiefly mulberries and olives. 1806Gazetteer Scotl. (ed. 2) s.v. Lhanbryd, A plain..covered with corn, grass, or plantations. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 546 During the last half century, many very large additions have been made to the plantations of Scotland... The total woodland must, at this moment..considerably exceed 1,000,000 acres.
†3. fig.
a. That which has been planted, founded, or settled, as an institution, a mission station. Obs.
1570Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) 1053/1, I take it [auricular confession] for a plantation, not planted by God in his worde. 1653E. Chisenhale Cath. Hist. 83 The Apostles amongst themselves were equall, and their severall plantations coordinate and equal. 1704Nelson Fest. & Fasts vii. (1739) 90 Both [were] sent down by the Apostles to Samaria, to settle the Plantations Philip had made.
b. An oyster-bed: see plant v. 1 b.
1891W. K. Brooks Oyster 127 Before the bottom was laid out in private plantations, there were very few persons living there.
4. a. A settlement in a new or conquered country; a colony. Also transf. Obs. exc. Hist. (Cf. 1 c.)
Chiefly those formed in the New World, and on the forfeited lands in Ireland; also, the ancient colonies of Greece, etc.
1614Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue i. 385 (Bees) Else-where to plant their goodly Colonies; Which keep, still constant, in their new Plantation. 1622Capt. Smith (title) New Englands Trials... With the present estate of that happie Plantation, begun by but 60 weake men in the yeare 1620. 1635E. Pagitt Christianogr. i. ii. (1636) 86 In America, there be diverse Plantations of the English, Dutch, and French. a1656Ussher Ann. vi. (1658) 169 Heraclea, a plantation of the city of Megara. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. Pref., Ireland and the Plantations in America..are a Burthen to England. 1769Junius Lett. i. (1820) 6 A new office is established for the business of the plantations. 1800Colquhoun Comm. Thames xi. 328 All goods of the produce of Ireland, and the British Plantations. 1865Merivale Rom. Emp. VIII. lxiii. 42 Roman plantations, and possibly military stations also reached even to the Dniester.
†b. A company of settlers or colonists. Obs.
1647Stapylton Juvenal 231 Ascanius..carrying forth a plantation of men,..found a white sow with 30 pigges sucking her. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxiv. (1839) 239 Those we call plantations, or colonies..are numbers of men sent out from the commonwealth, under a conductor, or governor, to inhabit a foreign country, either formerly void of inhabitants, or made void then by war. a1715Burnet Own Time (1823) II. 321 (an. 1682) This revived among them [the gentry] a design..of carrying over a plantation to Carolina.
c. to send (prisoners, etc.) to the plantations, i.e. to penal service or indentured labour in the colonies, ‘a method of treating criminals of all kinds much in favour during the 17th century’ (C. H. Firth in Eng. Hist. Rev., 1889, 335).
As the labour was chiefly on the plantations in sense 5, the phrase tended to be associated with that sense.
1650Acts Parl. Scot. (Recd. ed.) VI. ii. 745 b, To deliver unto Mr Samuel Clarke, to transport to Virginia, 900 prisoners of the Scots [taken at Dunbar]..according to such desires as shall bee made by anie who will carrie them to plantations not in enmity to this Commonwealth. 1655Mercurius Politicus 24–31 May, Divers persons..who were in the late rebellious insurrection, were to be sent away to the foreign plantations. c1664in Burnet Own Time ii. (1724) I. 209 If his Majesty had any such intention, he would rather choose to be sent to a plantation. 1760Burke Corr. (1844) I. 73 Will the law suffer a felon sent to the plantations, to bind himself for life? 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 660 Some of them had been hanged:..and the rest should be sent to the plantations.
5. An estate or farm, esp. in a tropical or subtropical country, on which cotton, tobacco, sugar-cane, coffee, or other crops are cultivated, formerly chiefly by servile labour: see planter 4.
1706Phillips, Plantation, a Spot of Ground in America for the planting of Tobacco, Sugar-canes, &c. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. xi. 180, I had..two plantations in the island. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 85 A person..devised to trustees..a plantation in the island of Grenada, upon trust. 1837H. Martineau Soc. Amer. II. 143 They were seized upon by two slaves of the neighbouring plantation. 1898Besant Orange Girl ii. xxv, In Virginia every estate is a plantation..with its servants and slaves.
†6. That on which any structure is planted; a base, a foundation, a platform. Obs. rare.
a1680Butler Rem. (1759) I. 352 You had better undertake to find out a Plantation for Archimedes his Engines to move the Earth. 1688Capt. J. S. Fortification 69 Platforms..are the Plantations where the Guns are laid.
7. attrib. and Comb., as (in senses 1, 2) plantation-hoe, plantation-making; plantation-like adj.; (sense 4) plantation-aloe, † plantation-cause, † plantation clerk, † plantation-land, plantation-sugar; plantation-built adj.; (sense 5) plantation-coolie, plantation-dance, plantation-house, plantation manners, plantation-mansion, plantation-Negro, plantation-slave, plantation style, plantation-worker; † plantation-acre, an acre in plantation-measure; = the Irish acre; plantation creole, a creolized language arising amongst a transplanted and largely isolated Negroid community; plantation crepe U.S., used attrib. of a variety of crêpe-rubber sole on footwear; † plantation-measure, the variety of land-measure formerly used in the plantations of Ireland, in which the acre contained 7840 sq. yards; plantation-mill, a mill suitable for use on a plantation, for crushing oats, etc.; † Plantation Office, early name of the Colonial Office; plantation song, a song of the kind sung by Negroes on the American plantations.
1771–2Irish Act 11 & 12 Geo. III, c. 21 §5 Any bog of less dimensions than ten *plantation acres.
1766Compl. Farmer s.v. Purging, The Succotrine aloes should always be preferred to the Barbadoes, or *plantation aloes.
1709Lond. Gaz. No. 4541/3 The Ship Rolland.., *Plantation-built. c1744in Hanway Trav. (1753) II. i. xii. 68 Any other British or plantation-built ship.
a1715Burnet Own Time iii. (1724) I. 298 There was..a *Plantation-cause at the Council board.
1684E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. England ii. (ed. 15) 241 Ricard Savage, *Plantation Clerk.
1938Social Forces Oct. 114/2 The *plantation creole tongues are true Sklavensprachen. Although they owe something to the sailors' trade jargons, they began essentially as a makeshift means of communication between masters and field hands. 1978Verbatim Feb. 10/1 Both authors hold to..the Creolist theory, which traces the present-day Black English vernacular to a Plantation Creole, to a plantation-maritime pidgin, to an African origin.
1967New Yorker 7 Oct. 109/2 (Advt.), Clark's original Desert ® Boots..with *plantation crepe soles. 1969Sears, Roebuck & Co. Catal. Spring-Summer 454/2 Durable, buoyant, plantation crepe rubber sole and heel. 1969E. Wilson Hist. Shoe Fashions xx. 258 A plantation crepe sole was one of the many soft soles which added to its comfort.
a1860Alb. Smith Lond. Med. Stud. (1861) 10 He was about to practise his *plantation-dance up-stairs, and..the ceiling might come down.
1766Compl. Farmer s.v. Lucern, Before that time the flat *plantation-hoe may be used.
1722De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 283, I came to the *plantation-house. 1831J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants ii. 55 All the plantation houses are surrounded with rich and beautiful groves. 1973Advocate-News (Barbados) 2 Feb. 15/4 (Advt.), Besides the plantation house there is available the plantation manager's house. 1974Country Life 3–10 Jan. 18/1 The Virginian plantation houses of the 18th century, such as Carter's Grove, Westover and Shirley.
1639Irish Act 15 Chas. I, sess. ii. c. 6 §2 Towns, villages, hamlets, lands,..usually called *plantation lands, in or neere the territories of Cloncolman.
1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 642 He did his utmost to try and get the natives to embark on *plantation-making, ably seconded by Mr. Billington, the botanist.
1854Thoreau Walden 165 Men of almost every degree of wit called on me in the migrating season. Some who had more wits than they knew what to do with; runaway slaves with *plantation manners, who listened from time to time, like the fox in the fable, as if they heard the hounds a-baying on their track. 1897Congress. Rec. 31 Mar. 548/2 When I was a boy,..I used to read a great deal about what the early Republicans called ‘plantation manners’.
1642Act 18 Chas. I, c. 36 (Ireland) *Plantation measure,..every Acre thereof shall consist of eightscore Pearches or Poles..of one and twenty foot. 1771–2Irish Act 11 & 12 Geo. III, c. 21 §2 No greater quantity of such bog shall be so set to any one person than fifty acres, plantation measure.
1771in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1919) XIV. 135 My people..do not live so well as our House negroes, But full as well as any *Plantation negroes. 1866A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 511 Among the plantation negroes of the Southern States. 1956G. P. Kurath in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 108/1 Recreational dances of plantation Negroes commenced with a prayer.
1753De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. (ed. 5) II. 104 Where formerly was kept the Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland, now abolished, is the *Plantation-office.
1871Schele de Vere Americanisms 116 The Negro-minstrel is the artist who blackens his face, adopts the black man's manner and instrument, and recites his field and *plantation songs. 1896M. W. Hungerford Lonely Girl xiii. 127 Singing plantation songs to the..banjo.
1957P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound viii. 148 *Plantation-workers were convinced by Runovoro's ability to write meaningless works. 1976Honolulu Star-Bull. 21 Dec. a–8/2 Approximately 175 Molokai Dole plantation workers..lost their jobs last year because of foreign competition.
Hence planˈtationer, one who took part in the plantation of Ulster; † planˈtationite, a colonist.
1756Monitor No. 71 II. 184 Hear ye men of Britannia! give ear ye..Plantationites! and such as dwell on the continent of America. 1888J. Harrison Scot in Ulster iv. 56 The ‘plantationers’ came accompanied by clergymen. |