| 释义 |
▪ I. plane, n.1|pleɪn|
Also 5–6 playn, 6 plaine.
[a. F. plane, earlier OF. plasne (14th c.):—L. platanus, a. Gr. πλάτανος the Oriental Plane, f. πλατύς broad, because of its broad leaves.]
1. A tree of the genus Platanus, comprising lofty spreading trees, with broad angular palmately-lobed leaves, and bark which scales off in irregular patches; orig. and esp. P. orientalis, the Oriental Plane, a native of Persia and the Levant, commonly planted as an ornamental tree in European and British parks, town avenues, and squares, etc.; also P. occidentalis, the Occidental or Virginian Plane or Buttonwood.
P. orientalis was introduced into England shortly a 1562: see Turner Herbal ii. 95; and quot. 1562 s.v. plane-tree. P. occidentalis was brought from Virginia by Tradescant shortly a 1640: see Parkinson Theat. Bot. (1640) 1427.
1382Wyclif Gen. xxx. 37 Thanne Jacob takynge green popil ȝerdis, and of almanders, and of planes, a parti vnryendide hem. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxix. (Tollem. MS.), The plane is a colde tre and a drye, and þe leues þerof heleþ in hoot eueles. c1440Promp. Parv. 402/2 Plane, tre, platanus. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas. ii. i. i. Eden 517 Anon he walketh in a levell lane On eyther side beset with shady Plane. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 216 With spreading Planes he made a cool Retreat, To shade good Fellows from the Summer's Heat. 1785Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxviii. (1794) 442 Their leaves..in the Eastern or Asiatic Plane are palmate; and in the Occidental or Virginian, lobate. 1791Gilpin Forest Scenery I. 48 Two noble trees of the same kind, both naturalized in England—tho from different extremes of the globe—the occidental and the oriental plane. 1863M. Howitt tr. F. Bremer's Greece I. ii. 50 The plane seems to be the most splendid tree of Greece.
2. In Scotland and the north of England applied to the species of maple commonly called ‘sycamore’ (Acer Pseudoplatanus), the leaves of which resemble those of Platanus. Also called false, mock, or Scotch plane (see plane-tree b).
[1778: see plane-tree b.] 18..J. Wilson The Plane's thick head mid burning day suspends Impenetrable shade: bees humming pour O'er the broad balmy leaves, and suck the flower. 1875W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 18 These contrast their foliage with that of the Scottish fir and the plane.
¶3. Erroneously for plantain.
1666J. Davies Hist. Caribby Isles 51 There grow in all these Islands..great Reeds, spongy within,..They are commonly called Banana-trees, or Planes.
4. attrib. and Comb., as plane-leaf. (See also plane-tree.)
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 187 Arcadia..is i-schape as is a plane leef [velut platani folium].
▪ II. plane, n.2|pleɪn|
Also 6–7 playne, plaine, 7–8 plain.
[a. F. plane (planne, 15th c. in Littré), altered, under the influence of the vb. planer to plane, from earlier OF. plaine (14th c.):—late L. plāna a plane, f. plānāre to plane.
In OF., L. plāˈnāre gave regularly plaˈner, while ˈplānat gave orig. plaine, but by levelling this became plane. L. plāna n. gave OF. plaine, but under the influence of the vb., as name of the plaining-tool, this was changed to plane.]
1. A tool resembling a plasterer's trowel, used by plumbers, bricklayers, etc., for smoothing the surface of sand, or clay in a mould, etc.
1349–50Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 550 In uno Ladil ferri, uno Plane, et aliis instrumentis pro officio plumbarii, emptis, ij s. v d. 1404Ibid. 397 In custodia Plumbarii, ij planys. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. 83 b, The Carpenter hath his Squyre, his Rule, and his plummet..The Mason his Former, and his Plaine [1567, 1580 plane]. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 326/1 The [Plummer's] Plaine is a flat peece of Brass or Copper with an handle,..with this Instrument the Sand in the Frame is smoothed.
2. A tool, used by carpenters and others, for levelling down and smoothing the surface of woodwork by paring shavings from it.
It consists of a frame or stock of wood or metal, with a smooth base or sole (flat, convex, or concave, according to the nature of the work) which slides over the surface of the wood, and a steel blade (plane-iron or bit) set in it at an angle or pitch (varying according to the hardness of the wood to be operated on) so that its edge projects slightly through a slit or mouth in the sole; made in very various shapes and sizes, and usually provided with a handle fixed to the top of the stock. Also a similar tool for smoothing the surface of soft metal.
c1440Promp. Parv. 402/2 Plane, instrument (H., P. to makyn pleyn), leviga. 1530Palsgr. 255/2 Plane an instrument for joyners, plane, rabot. 1576Richmond Wills (Surtees) 261 Towe playnes, ij chesells, one handsawe, ij percer bitts, ij gourges, ij fyles. 1674Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 232 To hew a Block with Axes, and smooth it with Planes. 1698Phil. Trans. XX. 274 With an Instrument like our Plain, [they] Shave it as fine as they Please. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 757 Their chissels, plains and wimbles. 1872Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 247 An assortment of more than 200 varieties of planes was displayed at the Great Exhibition.
b. With qualifying words, denoting various kinds used for different purposes;
as bench-plane, compass p., dovetail-p., fork-staff-p., ice-p., jack-plane, jointer-p., match-p. (match a.), moulding-p., ogee p., ovolo p., panel-p., plough-p., rebate-p., scale-board p., strike-block p., tooth-p., trying-p., etc.: see these words. Also, concave-plane: see quot. 1874; hollow-plane, a plane with a convex sole, used for planing concave or hollow woodwork; long plane (see quot. 1875); round or rounding-plane, a round-soled plane used in making rounded work, as beading, stair-rails, etc.; smoothing-plane: see quot. 1823.
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 73 Planes in use amongst Joyners, called Molding-planes; as..the Hollow. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 245 The Long Plane is the third plane made use of in facing a piece of stuff. Ibid., The Smoothing Plane..is the last plane which is made use of in giving the utmost degree of smoothness to the surface. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. 604 Concave Plane, a compass-plane for smoothing curved surfaces. 1875Ibid. 1113 Hollow-plane, a molding-plane with a convex sole. A round-sole plane. Ibid. 1217 Joiner's-plane, a bench-plane for facing and matching boards. Ibid. 1350 Long-plane, a joiner's plane used when a piece of stuff is to be planed up very straight. It is 2 feet 3 inches long. 1892Daily News 26 Jan. 3/2 They are taught skilfully to use the jack-plane, the trying-plane, the smoothing plane, hand saw, tenon saw, and bow saw.
3. attrib. and Comb., as plane-maker; † plane-axe = chip-axe (obs.); plane-bit = plane-iron; plane-guide, ‘an adjustable attachment to a plane-stock, used in bevelling the edges of boards’ (Ogilvie); plane-iron, the cutting-iron of a plane; plane-stock, the stock or body of a plane (see 2).
1611Cotgr., Aisceau, a Chip-axe, or one-handed *plane-axe, wherewith Carpenters hew their timber smooth.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Plane-bit, the cutter of a plane; generally termed the plane-iron.
1583Rates of Customs D vij b, *Plane Irons for Carpenters the dozen xiid. 1831J. Holland Manuf. Metal I. 321 In the manufacture of the lighter sorts of edge-tools, and especially in plane-irons.
1800New Ann. Direct. Lond. 108 Higgs, James, *Plane-maker, 8 Little College-street, Westminster. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 31 Experienced plane-makers..use files to smooth their wood-work.
1611–12Knaresb. Wills (Surtees) II. 34 Three playnes and ij *playne stockes. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 218, I..make a Plain-Stock with my intended Molding on the Sole of it. 1875Sir T. Trueston Fret Cutting 83 Lay the edge of the plane-stock occasionally across the board in various parts.
▪ III. plane, n.3|pleɪn|
[ad. L. plān-um a flat surface, n. use of neut. sing. of plānus adj., flat, introduced in 17th c. to express the geometrical and allied uses, which had been from the 16th c. (and were often down to the 18th) expressed by the historical form plain. In F. plan had been similarly introduced c 1550. Cf. plane a.]
1. a. A plane superficies; in Geom., a surface such that every straight line joining any two points in it lies wholly in it, or such that the intersection of two such surfaces is always a straight line; the simplest kind of geometrical surface, corresponding among surfaces to the straight line among lines. Hence, in gen. use, an imaginary superficies of this kind in which points or lines in material bodies lie; esp. a horizontal plane of such a kind, a level, as in ‘clouds at various planes of elevation’.
Often (esp. in scientific use) with of, denoting the plane in which a particular figure, etc. is situated, or in or on which some process takes place; e.g. the plane of a circle, ellipse, etc., of the ecliptic, the equator, the horizon, a planet's orbit; a plane of denudation, of freezing, etc.; plane of projection, a plane upon which points, lines, or figures are projected. (See also below.) Also with defining adjs., as cyclic plane, diagonal p., diametral p., osculating p., polar p., tangent p., vertical p., etc.: see these words.
[1570: see plain n.1 4 a.] 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 156 This doth happen when the axis of the visive cones, diffused from the object, fall not upon the same plane. 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 179 A plane or a plane superficies, is that which is described by a strait line so moved, that all the several points thereof describe several strait lines. 1665G. Havers P. della Valle's Trav. E. Ind. 183 The pavement of the porch was also something rais'd above the plane of the Court. 1715tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 92 The Intersection of the Plane of any Planet, with the Plane of the Earth's Orbit, is the Line of the Nodes of that Planet. 1765A. Dickson Treat. Agric. ii. v. (ed. 2) 171 The plane of the beam must be so far raised above the plane of the head, that, when the plough is going at its proper depth, the beam may not be incommoded by any thing on the surface. 1796H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) II. 276 The mists, dispersed through the air, repeated on different planes the lustre of his rays in rainbows of purple, and parhelions of dazzling radiance. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 563 These satellites move in a plane nearly perpendicular to the plane of the planet's orbit, and contrary to the order of the signs. 1853Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 278 A cable should be stretched across the river, on each side of the bridge, in the plane of its floor. 1860Tyndall Glaciers ii. §11, I requested Mr. Hirst to fix two stakes in the same vertical plane, &c. 1867Denison Astron. without Math. 38 The equinoctial points, where the planes of the equator and ecliptic cross each other are of great importance in astronomy. 1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 88 The guard-cells may, when mature, lie in one plane with those of the epidermis.
b. A material surface (approximately) of this nature; a flat or level surface of a material body. (In quot. 1796 = flatness of surface.) inclined plane: see inclined ppl. a. 1. true plane: see quot. 1875.
[1571: see plain n.1 4 b.] 1715Cheyne Philos. Princ. Relig. i. 8 Did not..the Ruggedness of the Plane, on which they move, stop their Motion. 1796C. Marshall Garden. xi. (1813) 132 Too much plane is to be guarded against. 1823F. Clissold Ascent Mt. Blanc 11 A precipitous declivity, which shelved down,..in one plane of smooth rock, to the depth of 1000 feet. 1837Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857) I. 186 The property of the inclined plane. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1725/1 A ‘true plane’ is a gage or test of flatness. The ‘true’ planes exhibited by Whitworth at the Paris Exposition were polished metallic surfaces of 100 inches area... The error is said not to have exceeded the millionth of an inch. 1885–94R. Bridges Eros & Psyche Jan. iv, Poising the crystal bowl with fearful heed, Her eyes at watch upon the steadied plane.
c. Dialling. The plane surface (vertical, horizontal, or inclined) on which a dial is drawn; the surface of a dial, upon which the shadow falls.
1674Moxon Tutor Astron. & Geog. (ed. 3) v. 137 Of the several Kinds of Dyal Plains... A Plane in Dyalling is that flat whereon a Dyal is described. 1703― Mech. Exerc. 311 The South Erect Plane, declining more or less towards the East or West. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Dialling.
d. Perspective.
directing plane: see directing ppl. a. geometrical plane, a plane parallel to the horizon below the line of sight, on which the object is supposed to be situated. horizontal plane, a plane parallel to the horizon and passing through the eye of the spectator. objective plane, original plane, or primitive plane, any plane situated in the object itself. perspective plane, a transparent plane, usually perpendicular to the horizon, supposed to be interposed between the object and the eye, and intersected by straight lines passing from one to the other, which determine the points of the drawing: also called plane of delineation or plane of the picture (which terms may also be applied to the actual surface on which the drawing is made). vertical plane, a plane perpendicular to the horizon, passing through the eye of the spectator, and intersecting the perspective plane at right angles.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Plane Geometrical,..Horizontal,..Vertical. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 708 The situation of the eye..must be laid down upon the paper, on which the perspective drawing of an object is to be made, unless we propose to look at the object itself as through a transparent plane. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 540 A primitive plane is that which contains a point, a line, or a plane surface, of a given object. 1871Dicksee Perspective 24 Properly speaking the transparent plane should be understood to mean that vertical plane which is always assumed to be interposed between the spectator and the object to be represented... On the other hand, by the plane of the picture, which is frequently termed the plane of delineation, is meant the surface on which the perspective drawing is made. 1878Abney Photogr. (1881) 244 One of the essential suppositions of perspective is, that the picture plane should be vertical and the line of sight horizontal.
e. Optics.
focal plane: see focal 3. plane of the horopter: see quot. 1704. plane of incidence: see incidence 4. plane of polarization, in polarized light, the plane which passes through the incident ray and the (reflected or refracted) polarized ray, and is perpendicular to the plane of vibration of the ether in the polarized ray. plane of reflection, of refraction, the plane passing through the reflected or refracted ray and the normal to the surface (which always coincides with the plane of incidence).
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Plane of the Horopter,..is that which passeth thro' the Horopter, and is perpendicular to the Plane of the two Optical Axes. Ibid., Plane of Reflection,..of Refraction. 1831Brewster Optics i. 5 The plane in which these two lines lie, is called the plane of incidence, or the plane of reflexion. Ibid. xviii. 159 A beam of common light..consists of two beams of polarised light whose planes of polarisation or whose diameters of similar properties are at right angles to one another. 1865Watts Dict. Chem. III. 653 The plane in which a polarised ray is most easily reflected is called the plane of polarisation; it coincides with the plane of reflection (or of incidence).
f. Cryst. and Min. Each of the natural faces of a crystal; also, an imaginary plane surface related to these in some way.
plane of cleavage (or cleavage-plane), composition p., diametral p., lateral p., terminal p., twinning p.: see these words.
1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 225 This salt has the form of a prism of six planes, terminated by pyramids with six faces. 1805–17R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 164 These planes would pass at the same time through the equilateral triangles. 1823H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 3 The planes of a crystal are said to be similar when their corresponding edges are proportional, and their corresponding angles equal. 1830Kater & Lardner Mech. ii. 15 There are certain planes called planes of cleavage, in the directions of which natural crystals are easily divided. 1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 347/1 The external planes of a crystal are called its ‘natural planes’; the flat surfaces obtained by splitting a crystal are called its ‘cleavage planes’.
g. Anat. Any one of certain imaginary plane surfaces used as standards of reference for the positions of bodily organs, or (in Craniometry) of parts of the skull.
e.g. alveolo-condylean plane, horizontal p. of Camper, plane of mastication, median p., nuchal p., occipital p., palatine p. of Barclay, sagittal p., temporal p., etc.: see these words, and quot. 1895.
1830R. Knox Béclard's Anat. 30 Their organs of sensation and motion are disposed in pairs on the two sides of an axis, or a median plane. 1895Syd. Soc. Lex., Plane occipital, Craniom., term for that part of the external surface of the squama occipitis which lies above the superior curved line. Ibid., P[lane]s of body, certain imaginary plane surfaces used in Anatomy as standards of reference in describing the portions [? positions] and relations of organs. There are five such planes drawn as tangents to the surfaces of the body, namely, an anterior, a posterior, an inferior, and two lateral planes... P. of mastication, Craniom., that plane which forms a tangent with the masticatory surface of the upper teeth. (Barclay.)..P., palatine, of Barclay (Craniom.), that plane which forms a tangent with the palatine arch, drawn along the middle line.
h. Fortif.
plane of comparison, a horizontal plane passing through the highest or lowest part of a fortification or its site. p. of defilade, a plane passing through the interior crest or the highest point of a work, and parallel to the plane of site. p. of site, or regulating p., a plane coinciding approximately with that of the ground occupied by a work.
1834–47J. S. Macaulay Field Fortif. (1851) 283 A horizontal plane supposed to pass below, or ten yards above all the ground contained in the plan, and which is called the plane of comparison. Ibid. 289 The plane of site, or regulating plane. Ibid. 295 Suppose those five points are required to be placed in the same plane of defilade, or the five corresponding points of the sub-crests in the same plane of site, tangent to the exterior surface.
i. A relatively thin structure used to produce an upwards or downwards († or sideways) force by the flow of the surrounding air or water over its surface. Orig. a flat surface (plane n.3 1 b) proposed as a source of lift for heavier-than-air machines and used to direct the ascent and descent of balloons; later designed with a slight camber and used as the wing of an aeroplane or as a hydrofoil on a boat or seaplane. Cf. aerofoil, aeroplane 1, hydrofoil 1, hydroplane n. 1.
Not now a common word exc. in the sense of hydroplane n. 1, and in combinations and derivatives (e.g. biplane, diving-plane, interplane a.).
For the spelling plain (quots. a 1802, 1804) cf. plain n.1 4.
[a1802G. Cayley Aeronaut. & Misc. Note-bk. (1933) 10 In estimating the mechanical power which a given plain [transcribed as plane] will exert when exposed in any position to a current of fluid, two things are necessary. 1804Ibid. 22, I made the following experiments upon the resistance of air to a surface of a foot sq, carried round with an horizontal motion upon an arm suspended upon a delicate hinge... The angles which the plain made with the horizon were measured. ]1809― in Jrnl. Nat. Philos. XXIV. 171 It is perfectly indifferent whether the wind blow against the plane, or the plane be driven with an equal velocity against the air. 1815Phil. Mag. XLVI. 323 On October 2, 1815, another experiment..was made with a balloon six feet in diameter, having a square plane whose side was 7·5 feet, and a triangular rudder in proportion. 1816Ibid. XLVII. 82 My object was to leave out the unwieldy bulk of balloons altogether, and to make use of the inclined plane propelled by a light first mover. 1842W. S. Henson Brit. Pat. 9478 The first part of my Invention consists of an apparatus so constructed as to offer a very extended surface or plane.., which will have the same relation to the general machine which the extended wings of a bird have to the body when the bird is skimming in the air. Ibid., The surface of the planes on either side of the car will measure four thousand five hundred square feet. 1848Chambers's Jrnl. 6 May 301/1 When it attained the highest point, the edge of the plane would be reversed, and the balloon would descend thus. Ibid. 303/1 The wings are to be formed of long and narrow silk planes. 1866Ann. Rep. Aëronaut. Soc. 25 A simple narrow blade, or inclined plane, propelled in a direct course..is..the only means of giving the maximum amount of supporting power with the least possible degree of ‘slip’. Ibid. 36 To obtain the necessary length of plane..the surfaces may be superposed, or placed in parallel rows, with an interval between them. 1891S. P. Langley Exper. in Aerodynamics 58 The planes whose spread is largest in comparison with their extent from front to back..are therefore to be considered as being..the most favourable for mechanical flight. 1907Engineering 4 Oct. 457/2 The boat is provided with hydroplanes only at its stem and stern. The planes at the bow are arranged in the manner of a V. 1908Aëronaut. Jrnl. XII. 45/2 However sound in theory the single plane aëroplane may be, every serious accident yet recorded has occurred with this type. 1908H. G. Wells War in Air iii. 82 He found the missing drawings of the lateral rotating planes, on which the whole stability of the flying-machine depended. 1910[see aeroplane 2 b]. 1912M. Kerr in S. W. Murray Poetry of Flight (1925) 53 The tips of the planes appear and disappear As you madly drive along through the mist enladen'd air. 1915A. Fage Aeroplane iv. 31 The rudder, a vertical plane capable of rotation about a vertical axis, partially controls the yawing or turning of the machine. 1917A. W. Judge Properties of Aerofoils iii. 51 The inclined cambered plane differs from the inclined flat plane, in conforming better with the upward trend of the air about the leading edge. 1920G. C. Bailey Compl. Airman viii. 59 The incidence of the tail plane can be varied. 1920[see hydrofoil 1]. 1938E. W. C. Wilkins Aeroplane Design ii. 22 In the orthodox aeroplane, the main planes, or wings, are fixed. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIII. 212/2 Each set..may be tilted through an angle of 25° in either direction from the horizontal to develop a vertical force on the planes and thus on the submarine. 1972J. B. Icenhower Submarines 9 At the bow and stern of a submarine are flat devices somewhat like the fins of a big fish. They are known as the forward and after hydroplanes... The diving planesmen tilt the forward planes down and the after planes up.
j. Computers. One of the flat, usu. square arrays of magnetic cores or other elements in a memory, each of which contains the corresponding bits of all the words held in the arrays.
1959E. M. McCormick Digital Computer Primer viii. 107 In a magnetic core used to store, say, 4096 words of 36 binary bits each, there would be 36 sets (planes) of cores, and each plane would contain 4096 cores arranged with 64 on each side of a square. 1964IBM Jrnl. Res. & Devel. VIII. 171/2 Figure 2 shows such a memory plane containing 50 tubes centered at intervals of 0·070 in. and 100 bit lines centered at intervals of 0·030 in. 1969[see core n.1 10 b]. 1976'Abd-Alla & Meltzer Princ. Digital Computer Design I. ix. 329 The planes are stacked into a three-dimensional array. The x lines of each plane are connected in series with the same x line on the two adjacent core planes.
†2. = plan n. 1. Obs. [Cf. F. plan = plane and plan.]
1639in Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) III. 129 He drew the Planes of them. 1682Wheler Journ. Greece i. 33 Signior Marmero..hath given a Plane of the old City. 1693Paris Rel. Batt. Landen 24 The Plane of the Battel. 1706Phillips, Plane or Plan, (in Fortification) a Draught representing a Work as it would appear on the plain Field, were it cut off level with the Ground... See Ichnography.
3. Mining. Any main road in a mine, inclined or level, along which coal, etc. is conveyed in cars or trucks.
1877Burroughs Taxation 137 Machinery for raising cars up the planes. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Plane, an incline, with tracks, upon which materials are raised in cars by means of a stationary engine, or are lowered by gravity. 1890Daily News 14 Nov. 3/4 The importance of travelling roads distinct from engine planes was fully recognised, and it was agreed that in all collieries where there are engine planes, travelling roads should be made for the safety of the men.
4. fig. (from a horizontal plane in sense 1) in reference to immaterial things, as thought, knowledge, moral qualities, social rank, etc.: Higher or lower level, grade, degree. spec. in Theosophy. (In quot. 1850, a metaphor from an inclined plane.)
1850Grote Greece ii. lvi. VII. 160 Thucydidês, just before he gets upon the plane of this descending progress, makes a halt. 1873M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma (1876) 154 They are on altogether another plane from Jesus. 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 649 Evidently the organism was constructed to run upon a certain plane of heat. 1884Trans. London Lodge Theosoph. Soc. June 7 In considering the action of the law of Karma it is better to divide man into three planes; the physical, mental, and spiritual. 1885Clodd Myths & Dr. i. ii. 18 The superstitious man is on the same plane as the savage. 1889H. P. Blavatsky Key to Theosophy iii. 45 That which is true on the metaphysical plane must be also true on the physical. 1892― Theosoph. Gloss. 255 Plane. From the Latin planus..an extension of space or of something in it, whether physical or metaphysical, e.g. a ‘plane of consciousness’. 1922Joyce Ulysses 139 A. E. the master mystic? That Blavatsky woman started it... A. E. has been telling some yankee interviewer that you came to him in the small hours of the morning to ask him about planes of consciousness. Ibid. 183 The Christ with the bridesister,..departed to the plane of buddhi. 1951‘Novo’ Notes on Theosophy 13 We believe that beyond, yet interwoven with, physical matter, are other planes of such a tenuous nature that they are not apparent to the human eye. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XVIII. 277/2 Most modern theosophists subscribe to a rather elaborate cosmogony... There are, it is believed, seven worlds or planes through which the universe evolves. In ascending order these are the physical plane; the emotional, or astral, plane; the mental plane; the intuitional, or Buddhic, plane; the spiritual, or Atmic, plane; the monadic, or Anupadaka, plane; and the divine, or Adi, plane. 1977‘L. Egan’ Blind Search i. 6 It was reasonable to suppose that he still was, and still concerned with the people who'd meant something to him here—planes or levels of vibration or whatever.
▪ IV. † plane, n.4 Obs. rare—1.
[f. plane v.2]
An act of ‘planing’, i.e. soaring with the wings extended and motionless.
1622Drayton Poly-olb. xx. 16 Which when the Falkoner sees, that scarce one plane they make.
▪ V. plane, n.5|pleɪn|
Also 'plane.
[f. aero-plane.]
= aeroplane 2 b.
1908Aëronaut. Jrnl. Apr. 45/1 The aëroplane was then taken to the Longchamps end of the field, and as soon as the propeller had been set in motion the apparatus dashed off towards Neuilly. After running along the ground for about a hundred mètres the plane lifted, and..rushed through the air for 150 mètres or thereabouts. 1908Times 1 June 6/1 Mr. Wright refused to give any details on the propeller employed, but on the general construction of the plane he said it was full of movable diversely articulated parts. 1909Kipling With Night Mail 69 Low-flying planes often ‘glue up’ when near the Magnetic Pole. 1909Lloyd George in Daily Chron. 23 Aug. 1/1, I have not yet crossed the Financial Channel with my Budget 'plane. 1910Daily Mail 27 July 6/5 To the builders of aeroplanes he cries: ‘Construct me planes capable of the maximum speed.’ 1920Blackw. Mag. June 762/1 A plane which came from Palestine. 1931Daily Mirror 27 Aug. 2/2 The 'plane struck the water. 1932Daily Express 27 June 8/2 The first ape and the comic sergeant are deserting to Switzerland in a bombing 'plane. 1942R. Hillary Last Enemy 1 My plane had been fitted out with a new cockpit hood. 1958‘Castle’ & ‘Hailey’ Flight into Danger ii. 30 There was a brief shudder as the plane freed herself from a wall of cloud. 1965Movie Summer 3/2 Charlotte and Robert talk and make love in the hour before his 'plane leaves. 1976Daily Tel. 7 Oct. 1/6 All 73 passengers and crew of a Cuban DC-8 airliner were believed lost when the plane plunged into the Caribbean.
2. attrib. and Comb., as plane crash n. (and vb. intr.), plane fare, plane journey, plane-load, plane park, † plane pilot, plane-ride, plane-spotter, plane ticket; planeside U.S., an area beside an aeroplane; also attrib.; plane time, the time of departure of an aircraft on a scheduled flight.
1946Time 14 Oct. 69/1 Four years before Knute Rockne *plane-crashed to death in Kansas, Irishman Frank Leahy came to Notre Dame. 1957P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound x. 200 These movements soon spread further into the Highlands, thriving on the..alarm created by the war:..plane-crashes and so on. 1972J. Aiken Butterfly Picnic i. 13 Her parents had been killed in a plane crash.
1969B. Malamud Pictures of Fidelman iii. 69 I'll need *plane fare. 1973‘E. McBain’ Let's hear It v. 68 The Puerto Ricans came, and some of them stayed only long enough to earn plane fare back to the island.
1974E. Ambler Dr. Frigo ii. 84, I..have no trouble at all with long *plane journeys... I always sleep soundly.
1951R. Malkin Boxcars in Sky 25 A French schoolhouse was able to be rushed to completion in record time following the flight of a *planeload of components of a prefabricated school manufactured in England. 1969C. Booker Neophiliacs x. 261 Planeloads of American gamblers flying in to..‘the European Las Vegas’ [sc. London]. 1976Evening Standard 29 Dec. 26/5 Representatives of the emerging nations descend by the plane⁓load.
1936‘J. Beynon’ Planet Plane 41 The crowds began to pour from the *'plane-parks and car-parks.
1916‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 132 The *'plane pilot..was well out of range.
1953Dylan Thomas Let. 22 June (1966) 408, I almost liked the *plane-ride, though. 1973Black Panther 4 Aug. 15/2 Nixon,..in a plane ride from Mobile to Birmingham in 1971 with Wallace, had persuaded the charismatic Alabaman to run as a Democrat.
1968N.Y. Times 28 Mar. 3 In a *planeside interview, General Abrams said [etc.]. 1968Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 31 Aug. 6, I walk from planeside to a taxi. 19766,000 Words 156 Speaking briefly at planeside. 1978Fortune 4 Dec. 101 (heading) To planeside by bus.
1960Guardian 12 Mar. 6/5 The prowess of London Airport's *plane spotters is likely to become comparable with the best of the train spotters. 1975S. Johnson Urbane Guerilla iii. 152 A crowd of sightseers and plane-spotters. 1977Daily Mirror 21 Mar. 13/2 Five plane spotters serving jail terms in Greece will get a spot of home comfort today.
1967M. Drabble Jerusalem the Golden viii. 204 Her *plane ticket..was booked from Le Bourget. 1974D. Westheimer Olmec Head ii. 18 Plane tickets, hotel rooms already set.
1962L. Deighton Ipcress File v. 30 The typewritten sheet gave *plane times. 1973‘B. Mather’ Snowline ix. 112 I'll be able to get you an air ticket... You had better stay here until plane time. 1976K. Bonfiglioli Something Nasty in Woodshed ix. 96, I slept until 'plane-time this morning.
▪ VI. plane, a.|pleɪn|
[ad. L. plān-us flat, level; or, more properly, a refashioning (late in 17th c.) of plain a., in certain senses, after the original L. word, so as to differentiate these senses from those now expressed by plain. Cf. the learned F. adj. plan, plane (16th c.), similarly substituted in learned or technical use for the popular plain, plaine.]
1. a. Geom. Of a surface: Perfectly flat or level, so that every straight line joining any two points in it lies wholly in it (see plane n.3 1 a). Hence applied to an angle, figure, or curve which lies wholly in such a surface.
[1570–1727see plain a.1 1 c.] 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Plane Surface, is that which lies even between its bounding Lines; and as a Right Line is the shortest Extension from one Point to another, so a Plane Surface is the shortest Extension from one Line to another. 1828J. H. Moore Pract. Navig. (ed. 20) 7 To make Plane Angles; and first a Right Angle, containing 90 Degrees. 1852Salmon (title) Treatise on the Higher Plane Curves. 1859Cayley Coll. Math. Papers IV. 207 The tangent is a line passing through two consecutive points of a plane curve. 1868Lockyer Elem. Astron. vii. 241 If all three sides are on the same plane, the triangle is called a plane triangle.
b. transf. Relating to or involving plane surfaces or magnitudes (and no higher or more complex ones).
plane function = planimetric function. † plane number (obs.): a number formed by the multiplication of two (prime) factors, and therefore capable of being represented by a plane (rectangular) figure whose sides represent the factors: cf. linear 3, quot. 1706, and the analogous uses of square and cube. plane problem: see quot. 1704.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Plane Number, is that which may be produced by the Multiplication of two Numbers one into another. Ibid., Plane Problem, in Mathematicks, is such an one as cannot be solved Geometrically, but by the Intersection either of a Right Line and a Circle; or of the Circumferences of two Circles. 1706W. Jones Syn. Palmar. Matheseos 279 The various Uses of Plane Trigonometry. 1747Simpson (title) Elements of Plane Geometry. 1807Hutton Course Math. II. 1 Plane Trigonometry treats of the relations and calculations of the sides and angles of plane triangles. 1854Moseley Astron. xxxvii. (ed. 4) 126 It is the object of..Plane Astronomy..from the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies to educe their true motions.
2. Of a material surface (also, of a body, having such a surface): Flat, level; not convex or concave.
1666J. Smith Old Age 91 As age enfeebleth the eye, the form and figure of it becomes more plane and depressed than it was before. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. i. xiii. (1765) 31 Plane, flat. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 525 Whitehaven Coal..Fracture plane foliated. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 274 On a surface perfectly plane, hard, and smooth, a ball also perfectly hard and smooth, as well as globular, would be carried perhaps five hundred yards, by the same force that would scarcely carry it twenty yards upon the rough pavement. 1829Nat. Philos. I. iii. 7 (Usef. Knowl. Soc.) A plane glass..has two plane surfaces parallel to one another. 1831Brewster Nat. Magic v. (1833) 117 The representation of objects in perspective upon a plane surface. 1866Treas. Bot., Plane, flat or perfectly level; as in many leaves. 1869Phillips Vesuv. x. 272 A crystal of 24 plane sides trapezoidal in form. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 798 Plane spots or patches of various sizes and shapes.
3. Combinations and special collocations; plane ashlar (see quot.); plane chart († plain chart), a chart on which the meridians and parallels of latitude are represented by equidistant straight lines (cf. plane-sailing); plane-parallel a., both plane and parallel; plane-plane a., having the two opposite surfaces parallel and both plane, as a glass (opp. to plano-convex, plano-concave, concavo-convex, etc.); plane-polarized a., of light, polarized so that all the ethereal vibrations take place in one plane; so plane polarization; plane scale († plain scale), a scale or ruler marked with lines denoting chords, rhumbs, sines, tangents, secants, etc., formerly used in mathematical operations, esp. in navigation. Also in compound adjs. denoting a combination of a plane form with another, as plane-convex (= plano-convex); or an approximation to the plane form, as plane-umbilicate (= flatly umbilicate). See also plane-sailing, plane-table.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 329 If the work be so smoothed as to take out the marks of the tools by which the stones were first cut, it is called *plane-ashlar.
1625N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. vii. (1635) 167 The Geographicall Mappe is twofold: either the *Plaine Chart or the Planispheare. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. 46 The making the plain Sea-Chard, and the true Sea-Chard. 1696Phillips (ed. 5), Plane Chart, a Plat or Chart that Seamen sail by, whose Degrees of Longitude and Latitude are made of the same Length. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Plane-chart, one constructed on the supposition of the earth's being an extended plane, and therefore but little in request.
1668Phil. Trans. III. 631 The Telescope..with four Glasses, whereof the three Ocular ones, *Plane-convexe,.. and the fourth a Sphericall Object-glass.
1903Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XVI. 114 A rock-mass possessing the *plane-parallel structure. 1958Newnes Compl. Amat. Photogr. 97 In order not to disturb the lens correction filter glasses have to be plane-parallel and optically finished. 1962Corson & Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields iv. 148 (caption) Grounded, plane-parallel electrodes terminated by a plane electrode at potential V0.
1865Watts Dict. Chem. III. 659 If the two systems [of light-waves] are polarised in planes making an oblique angle with one another, a difference of phase equal to o or m·λ / 2 produces rectilinear or *plane polarisation, while every other difference produces elliptical polarisation.
a1853Pereira Pol. Light (1854) 116 *Plane-polarized light reflected from metals becomes elliptically polarized. 1881Maxwell Electr. & Magn. II. 401 The disturbance will correspond to a plane-polarized ray of light.
1659J. Collins (title) Navigation by the Mariners *Plain Scale new plain'd. 1701Moxon Math. Instr. 15 Plain Scale, made of box, a foot long, with a double Diagonal Scale, Sines, Tangents, Secants, Chords, Rhombs, Leagues, Longitudes and Equal parts: used by Seamen to solve their questions in Plain Sailing and to save their Gunter. 1828Hutton Course Math. II. 58 Of plane scales, there should be several sizes, as a chain in 1 inch,..a chain in ½ an inch, &c.
1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 126 Hymenoscypha tuba... Cup campanulate, disc *plane-umbilicate.
▪ VII. plane, v.1|pleɪn|
Forms: α. 4– plane, (4 plaan). β. 4–7 playn(e, 4–5 pleyne, 6–7 plaine, 6–8 plain.
[a. F. plane-r (12th c. in Littré), = Pr. planar, It. pianare:—L. plānāre to make flat, level, smooth, f. plān-us plane, plain; from 14th to 18th c. also spelt playne, plaine, plain, in agreement with plain a.1, but now employed only in uses which are associated with the action of a carpenter's plane, and so spelt. See plane n.1]
I. In general sense.
1. trans. To make (a surface) plain, even, or smooth; to level, to smooth; † also, to spread out evenly or smoothly (obs.). Also fig. (Now chiefly in the archaic phr. to plane the way, or as a fig. use of sense 3.)
αc1320Cast. Love 678 He stont on heiȝ Roche and sound, And is i-planed in-to þe ground. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 310 A cofer closed of tres, clanlych planed. 1382Wyclif Deut. x. 1 Plaan to thee two stonen tables, as the rather weren. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 336 Take þerof as miche as þou wolt, & plane it vpon leþer or vpon lynnen clooþ, & leie vpon þe place. 1513Douglas æneis xii. xii. 188 Bot tho the stok of this tre doun was rent..To that entent to plane the batale place. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. lxix. 280 Pioners, whom he had sent before to plane the passages and ways. 1711P. H. View two last Parlts. 239 This plan'd the Way to lay Addresses. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 346 Let us..exert our abilities..to plane the way for his passage. 1847Tennyson Princ. iv. 296 What student came but that you planed her path To Lady Psyche, younger, not so wise, A foreigner?
β1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. lxxv. (Tollem. MS.), Stones beþ..hewe, playnid, and squared. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi. (1555), And floures..Upon their stalkes gan playn theyr leues wide. c1420Pallad. on Husb. ii. 91 Pare al the dichis euen, playn the brinke. 1512Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 82 He playned lovingli theyr fethers. 1579Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 134 It is..discreete demeanour that playneth the path to felicitie. 1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 436 He had..Pyoners..to plain ways. 1598Barret Theor. Warres v. i. 128 The..field without the Citie ought to be razed or plained a thousand pases round about. 1601Holland Pliny II. 596 The pauement thus laid is to be plained and polished diligently with some hard stone. 1642H. More Song of Soul i. i. xx, Such as their Phyllis would, when as she plains Their Sunday-cloths. 1703Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1732) 36 An Inscription engraven on a Table plain'd in the side of the natural Rock. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 230 Honest Inquiry and sober Freedom are the pioneers to plain the way before thee. 1824J. Johnson Typogr. II. 521 The pressman..next examines his form, to see that it is properly locked up and plained down.
†b. fig. To smooth over, excuse, explain away.
13..Cursor M. 26583 (Cott.) Noght wit wordes fayr and slight Agh þou for to plane þi plight. c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 4373 But if releef a-way my sorowe plane. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. ccxii. 228 They planed or excused the sharpenesse of theyr mysse lyuynge.
†c. To clear away (writing) by smoothing the surface of the tables. Obs.
c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 50 He planed awey the names euerichon That he biforn had writen in his tables.
†d. To level with the ground, to raze to the earth. Obs.
1562J. Shute tr. Cambini's Turk. Wars 4 Leaving them [cities] desert and plained to the grounde. 1600Fairfax Tasso i. lxxxix, The Suburbs first flat with the Earth he plained. c1611Chapman Iliad xii. 42 All with the earth were plain'd.
†2. fig. To make plain or intelligible; to show or state plainly: to explain, display, show. Obs.
αc1450Holland Howlat 850 The pure Howlatis appele completly was planyt. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 87 Quha trewlie traistis in thy Godlie name, Sall never die Eternallie, I plane. 1573Satir. Poems Reform. xl. 349 To syle the suith, and sunȝe, I will plane ȝow.
βc1374Chaucer Troylus v. 1230 But al for nought he nolde his cause pleyne. 1563Ressoning Crosraguell & Knox 26 b, In this manner of speaking, I will plaine my industrie. 1581Satir. Poems Reform. xliii. 166, I dar not pen the speciallis, I do plaine ȝow. c1590Greene Fr. Bacon ii. 18 By æromancy, to discouer doubts, To plaine out questions, as Apollo did. 1659[see plane scale s.v. plane a. 3].
II. To smooth with a plane (the tool).
3. trans. To dress with a plane or planing-machine; to smooth down the surface of (wood, metal, etc.) with or as with a plane. Also fig.
α1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. clxii[i]. (Bodl. MS.), Bordes and tables.. beþ araied and hewe and planed. 1452in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 282 The selyng boord..shalbe..clene planed, and the sparres shalbe planed also. 1496Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 167 For planyng of the same orys xijd. 1530Palsgr. 659/2, I plane, as a joyner or carpenter dothe his tymber or bordes with a plane or rabatte. 1622Peacham Compl. Gent. xiii. (1634) 130 First, for your table..plane it very even, and with Size..white it over. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 68 You must turn your Stuff to Plane it the contrary way. 1837Goring & Pritchard Microgr. 23 Get three pieces of brass planed perfectly flat. 1838–9F. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 26 White pine wood planed as smooth as marble. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1729/2 The earliest machine for planing metal was invented by Joseph Moxon... The machine was employed for planing brass mouldings. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 183 Eating away the margin of the coast and planing it down, to a depth of perhaps 100 fathoms.
β1535Coverdale Isa. xliv. 13 The carpenter..playneth it, he ruleth it, and squareth it. 1570Levins Manip. 200/23 To Playne a bourd, polire. 1667Primatt City & C. Build. 61 For plaining the boards, and shooting them for a Square, two shillings. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 64 To lay Boards..against, whilst they are Trying or Plaining. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 27/2 Wood that is easily plain'd.
b. to plane away, plane off: to remove by or as by planing.
1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 10/2 The Summit of a Hill..made level by plaining away the Top. 1873J. Richards Wood-working Factories 57 In our American shops from two to four times as much wood is planed off as in Europe. 1902Lubbock Scenery Eng. (ed. 3) 115 The projections of rock being planed off and the hollows filled up by the waves.
4. intr. To use or work with a plane.
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 68 You must begin at the hinder end of the Stuff..and Plane forward. 1858Ramsay Remin. iv. (1870) 80 He..taught us to saw, and to plane. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. iv. (1878) 51 But the man was again silent, planing away at half the lid.
Hence planed ppl. a.
1382Wyclif Gen. vi. 14 Make to thee an ark of planed trees. 1571Digges Pantom. i. xxii. G ij b, A cleane foure square planed boarde. 1627–77Feltham Resolves i. lxii. 96, I care not for the planed Stoic, there is a Sect between him and the Epicure. 1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 27 Planed timber and flooring.
▪ VIII. plane, v.2|pleɪn|
[a. F. plane-r (16th c., Rab.), f. plan plane, because a bird when soaring extends its wings in a plane.]
1. intr. Of a bird: To soar on outspread motionless wings. (In mod. use with the idea of an aeroplane's flight.)
1611Cotgr., Planer,..to plane, as a bird that flies, or houers, without mouing her wings. 1775Twiss Trav. Port. & Sp. 65, I observed many eagles planing over head. 1862W. W. Story Roba di R. ix. (1864) 177 Sometimes..far up in the blue height, an eagle planing over it on wide-spread motionless wings. 1941I. L. Idriess Great Boomerang i. 2 A black dot appeared in the brazen sky. It grew, planed down and alighted on the needlewood-tree beside the first crow. 1953R. Lehmann Echoing Grove 22 A shape of silence, planing stealthily from nowhere, crossed the churchyard: a huge cream-coloured owl. 1953J. Cary Except the Lord lxii. 286 A few gulls planed high overhead but made no sound. 1955Times 3 Aug. 10/2 As he [sc. a marsh harrier] began to plane down over the water two members of his young family raced each other to meet him in the air. 1978R. Lewis Uncertain Sound vi. 154 The herring gulls planed among the bobbing masts of the fishing fleet. 1979G. Hammond Dead Game ix. 107 Another [goose]..had gone on away over the sands, first planing and then running.
2. intr. To travel in an aeroplane; † to glide.
1908Daily Mail 10 Aug. 5/4 Safety would reside in high flight; it would always be possible to ‘plane’ to earth, and in ‘planing’ the machine would progress many more feet than it would fall. 1909Westm. Gaz. 9 Aug. 5/1 Mr. Orville Wright has stated that he and his brother are completing the perfecting of their aeroplane... With this apparatus he says one will be able to ‘plane’ to one's heart's content. 1909Daily Chron. 26 Aug. 1/2 His engine began to show signs of distress. The aviator was seen to slow down, and then he 'planed gracefully to the earth. 1912S. F. Walker Aviation viii. 66 He can plane down. Planing down is merely gliding. 1940Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 13 Aug. 1/4 Little Carolyn..will plane out for the movie capital from the nation's capital on Thursday morning, accompanied by her mother. 1967J. P. Carstairs No Thanks for Shroud ii. 28, I had planed into the large air terminal at Los Angeles.
3. intr. Of a seaplane, boat, etc.: to skim the surface of a body of water as a result of lift produced hydrodynamically.
1913[see hydroplane n. 2]. 1914Techn. Rep. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut. 1912–13 243 The position of the centre of buoyancy when the float is at rest is far ahead of the centre of pressure when it is ‘planing’ and the machine about to fly. 1919A. W. Judge Handbk. Mod. Aeronaut. xix. 943 Hollow Vee sections keep the spray down, cut the water more easily and cleanly, plane better, [etc.]. 1942R.A.F. Jrnl. 13 June 8 There is great danger in..level ditchings where the nose strikes first. The nose is neither shaped nor strong enough to plane along the surface. 1954K. C. Barnaby Basic Naval Archit. (ed. 2) 318 When a hard chine hull is planing correctly, only the under body below the chines is in direct and constant contact with the water. 1963J. T. Rowland North to Adventure i. 15 It was a big sail for a ten-foot punt. She seemed to leap out of the water; I believe she planed. 1972C. Mudie Motor Boats 48 A fast boat on the verge of planing or actually planing builds up a pressure on the under surfaces of the hull which, like walking on harder ground compared with bog, increases the firmness of the footing and hence the stability. 1972R. Abbott Sci. of Surfing iii. 52 The technique of modern surfing is based on the fact that boards plane easily and efficiently. Planing is the term used to describe the way in which a surfboard rises onto the water surface and skims along at high speed. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia II. 1171/1 Because the displacement hull..can never plane on the surface no matter how much power is applied, the efforts of designers were directed toward the development of hulls..that at speed would rise to the surface and skim across the water, thus reducing..the friction and resistance.
4. trans. In Surfing, to ride (a wave) with the hands protecting the face. Austral.
1963B. Hutchings in J. Pollard Swimming—Austral. Style 122/1 To ‘plane’ a wave, you hold your hands together in front of your head and take off in this position as the wave nears... The trick is to arrange the spear formed by the hands in such a way that the water passes along the side of the face and torso and not into the face.
Hence ˈplaning vbl. n.2 and ppl. a. (chiefly in sense 3 of the vb.).
1908[see aviate v.]. 1914Techn. Rep. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut. 1912–13 243 Its most obvious defect was a certain slowness in rising to the planing position. 1919A. W. Judge Handbk. Mod. Aeronaut. xix. 944 The bottom abaft the step should rise strongly, as this favours a steepening of the planing bow before suction is eliminated. 1920Flight XII. 301/1 Other types of ‘planing’ boats. Ibid. 591/1 The angle of the planing bottom at the keel, forward of the step, should be 1½ degrees to the datum line. 1937Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLI. 273 Improvements have been made recently in the shape of afterbody of the planing bottom with the object of obtaining better aerodynamic efficiency. 1967Jane's Surface Skimmer Systems 1967–68 110/1 The hull..has a hard chine..and planing hull form. 1972R. Abbott Sci. of Surfing iii. 52 For planing speed to be maintained and so that the wave can be ridden along its length it is necessary to turn fairly soon. 1972C. Mudie Motor Boats 48 A planing boat has a quite remarkable stability when running fast. 1974J. Keats Of Time & Island xii. 191 When you pushed forward on a throttle..the boat mounted onto its planing step and you flew over the river. 1976–7Sea Spray (N.Z.) Dec./Jan. 78/1 This is no more evident than in the development of power craft, the rise of the planing hull and the steady move over the past few years into tunnel-hulls, hydrofoils, hovercraft and so on. |