| 释义 |
restitution|rɛstɪˈtjuːʃən|
Also 5–6 restyt-.
[a. OF. restitution, -ucion (Sp. -ucion, It. -uzione), or ad. L. restitūtiōn-em, n. of action f. restituĕre: see restitue v.]
1. a. The action of restoring or giving back something to its proper owner, or of making reparation to one for loss or injury previously inflicted.
a1300Cursor M. 27279 For slikin suik agh wit resun Be mad of restituciun. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 235 ‘That was no restitucioun,’ quod repentance. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton, 1483) iv. v. 60 This that felyth hyr seluen wronged and asketh restitucion shal fyrst haue audyence to make hyr compleynt. 1494Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 21 For the Recovery and Restitution of the same Debt, Damages, and Costs, the Plaintiff..may..sue. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 90 b, Euer the Frenche Ambassadours promised restitucion of euery thyng, but none was restored. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, iii. i. 118 Many a Pound of mine owne proper store..Haue I dis-pursed to the Garrisons, And neuer ask'd for restitution. 1625T. Godwin Moses & Aaron v. (1641) 204 Restitution in identitie, was and is principally required. 1681Stair Instit. (1693) i. vii. 61 Restitution of things belonging to Others, may seem to be an Effect of Property. 1727Pope & Gay What passed in London, He was advised to restitution, but I never heard that he complied with it. 1772Junius Lett. Ded., A death⁓bed repentance seldom reaches to restitution. 1836Thirlwall Greece III. 337 The three..important points on which the Athenians felt themselves aggrieved: the restitution of Amphipolis [etc.]. 1877Froude Short Studies (1883) IV. i. ix. 106 He had been promised restitution of his property, but it had been given back to him in ruins.
b. In phr. to make restitution.
c1375Cursor M. 27279 (Fairf.), For suche kin þing with gode resoun sulde men make restitucioun. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 232 Repentedestow þe euere,..ne restitucioun madest? c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 143, I..Made in my liffe no restitucioun. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. clx. 152 He shulde..make restitucion of all thynges that he before had takyn from the churche. 1545Brinklow Lament. (1874) 113 Thou must..make restytucion to thy power. 1598Shakes. Merry W. v. v. 33 Why, now is Cupid a child of conscience, he makes restitution. 1611Bible Exod. xxii. 5 Of the best of his owne vineyard shall he make restitution. 1685Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Matt. v. 23, 24 Go presently and make restitution. a1720Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. 39 They had wronged her.., therefore they ought to make her restitution. 1835Thirlwall Greece ix. I. 345 The Spartan, instead of making restitution, took away the life of his companion. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. 56 Though their tenure might be changed and the restitution not made without a price paid to the new lord.
c. restitution of conjugal rights (see quot. 1768 and conjugal a.). Also ellipt. in attrib. use.
1768Blackstone Comm. III. 94 The suit for restitution of conjugal rights is..another species of matrimonial causes: which is brought whenever either the husband or wife is guilty of the injury of subtraction, or lives separate from the other without any sufficient reason. 1858Ld. St. Leonards Handy-Bk. Prop. Law xii. 73 Restitution of conjugal rights may be granted by the Court. 1894Westm. Gaz. 6 Dec. 1/2 Whatever is an answer to a restitution suit is also a ground for judicial separation.
2. With a and pl. A restoration of something taken from another.
c1440Alph. Tales 32 He..made a restitucion & become a gude man. 1442Rolls of Parlt. V. 59/1 All restitutions of Londes..made by you. 1604Shakes. Oth. v. i. 16 He calles me to a restitution large Of Gold, and Iewels, that I bob'd from him, As Guifts to Desdemona. 1662Petty Taxes 58 It will be asked with how manifold restitutions should picking a pocket (for example) be punished? 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 119 David passes sentence..that there should be a fourfold restitution made. a1781Watson Philip III (1839) 31 To procure a restitution of some towns on the German frontier.
†3. Reparation of hurt or loss. Obs. rare.
c1400Destr. Troy xii. heading, How the Grekys sent two Kinges in Message to Kyng Priam For Restitucion of þaire harme. 1615G. Sandys Trav. (1637) 85 The English consull of Aleppo is absolute of himselfe..whose chiefe employment is..to labour a revenge of wrongs, and a restitution of losses.
4. a. The action of restoring a person or persons to a previous status or position; the fact of being thus restored or reinstated; a document authorizing such restoration. Now rare.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 163 He hadde lettres of þe pope to þe kynges of Engelond to his restitucioun. a1450Mankind (Brandl) 17, I haue be þe very mene for yowur restytucyone. 1485Rolls of Parlt. VI. 307/2 The Acte of Restitucion of the said late Viscount, made or to be made in thys present Parlement. 1503–4Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 28 §1 The restitucions and enhablements of the seid persones. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 317 The restitution of the English bloud to the crowne. 1610Willet Dan. 138 The effect of this his restitution to his reason. 1621Abp. Williams in Fortescue P. (Camden) 169 Soe I may be restored to my temporalities..if his Majestie will be pleased to signe this restitution. 1662Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 417 His piety and patience were rewarded by God, with a happy restitution to his undoubted dominions. 1703De Foe Poor Man's Plea Misc. 291 After the Restitution of King Charles the Second. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 637/1 A peremptory mandamus, or writ of restitution. 1855[see restitute v. 1].
b. restitution in blood (see quots. and blood n. 13).
a1633Coke On Litt. iii. (1648) 240 Of restitutions by Parliament some be in blood onely... And some be generall restitutions. 1666in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. 103 A bill was ordered..for the restitution in blood of Edward Seimour, son and heir of the late duke, attainted. 1769Blackstone Comm. IV. xxx. 385 Sometimes..the merits of the criminal's family shall after his death obtain a restitution in blood, honours, and estate, or some, or one of them, by act of parliament. 1863H. Cox Instit. i. vi. 43 Bills for reversal of attainder and for restitution in blood.
5. a. The action of restoring a thing or institution to its original state or form. (In later use only in echoes of, or with reference to, Acts iii. 21.)
1382Wyclif Acts iii. 21 Whom..it bihoueth heuene for to resceyue, til into the tyme of restitucioun of alle thingis. 1575–85Abp. Sandys Serm. 44 Nehemias..gaue thankes unto the Lord..for restitution of religion. 1605Verstegan Dec. Intell. Pref. Ep., A new worke vnder the name of A restitution of decaied intelligence, in Antiquities concerning our nation. 1659Harrington Art Lawgiving iii. i. (1700) 444 We find in the restitution of the Sanhedrim by Jehoshaphat, that there was Amariah chief in all matters of the Lord. 1771Encycl. Brit. II. 479/1 It will not be at rest,..till it be restored to its original equality; and this restitution cannot be made through the substance of the glass. 1781Winchester Seed of Woman 35 Proving to a Demonstration the Doctrine of the Restitution of all Things to their first State of Perfection. 1860J. Brown Rab, Let. to J. Cairns (1906) 245 They two saw her open her..true eyes.., and..close them till the time of the restitution of all things. 1867Jukes Restit. all Things (1869) 106, I have thus noticed what Reason is supposed to say against the doctrine of final restitution.
†b. Correction of an error. Obs.—1
1636Mellis Recorde's Gr. Arts 330, I will give you a Table for the restitution of those errours, as may suffice for this present time.
6.
†a. Reposition, replacement. Obs. rare.
1578Banister Hist. Man ii. 40 The Luxation of the shoulder hath difficulte restitution. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. i. 2 If Adam were made out of an extract of the Earth, all parts might challenge a restitution.
b. Tendency to return to, or resume, a previous position by virtue of elasticity or resilience.
1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 478 When any thing is bent, as a plate of steel, and..restores itself again, it is evident that the cause of its restitution cannot be referred to the ambient air. 1669Boyle Contn. New Exp. i. (1682) 50 The cause of the Motion of Restitution in Bodies and consequently of that which makes them springy. 1701Grew Cosmol. Sacra i. iv. 17 That so their Roots may yield to Stones, and their Trunks to the Wind, or other force, with a power of Restitution. 1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v., Contraction being the proper and natural action of muscular fibres, some authors ascribe dilatation to a motion of restitution. 1865Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle x. §271 (ed. 2) 288 The coefficient of proportionality..may be conveniently termed the Coefficient of Restitution. 1884A. Daniell Princ. Physics 237 At the moment of complete restitution the energy possessed by the body (if perfectly elastic) has wholly assumed the kinetic form.
7. Numism. (See quot. 1727–38.)
1727–38Chambers Cycl., Restitutions of medals, or Restituted medals, is a phrase used by antiquaries, for such medals as were struck by the emperors, to renew or retrieve the memory of their predecessors. 1853Humphreys Coin-coll. Man. xxiv. 327 Such restitutions, by Titus and his two immediate successors, were of bronze.
8. Genetics. The coming together of the two parts of a broken chromosome or chromatid so as to re-form it; also concr., the resulting chromosome or chromatid.
1941Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. IX. 154/2 Even at ordinary doses there has been more than one break per gamete, but that break has usually been an invisible, ‘restituted’ one. How often may this ‘restitution’ have been imperfect or attended by some local alteration such as a ‘gene mutation’? 1945Jrnl. Genetics XLVII. 11 On this view it appears likely that lethals not apparently associated with any chromosome change are restitutions. 1980R. P. Wagner et al. Introd. Mod. Genetics x. 273/1 When a chromosome breaks, the two broken ends usually undergo restitution.
9. restitution nucleus Genetics [tr. G. restitutions-kern (O. Rosenberg 1927, in Hereditas VIII. 321)], a cell nucleus having twice the regular chromosome number, formed by an uncompleted mitotic or meiotic cell division.
1927Hereditas VIII. 336 The semiheterotypic meta- and anaphase very often are not completed, but are interrupted by a premature homotypic division, whereby Restitution-nuclei are formed. 1950Adv. Genetics III. 197 The zygoid chromosome number is restored through the fusion of two azygoid nuclei, the formation of a restitution nucleus or endomitosis. 1974Euphytica XXIII. 631 The diploid chromosome numbers..may result either from first or second division restitution nuclei of meiosis. |