| 释义 |
▪ I. phrase, n.|freɪz|
Also 6 in form phrasis; 6 phraze, phrais; Sc. (chiefly in sense 4) 7–9 frase, 8–9 fraise, 8 fraze.
[ad. late L. phrasis, a. Gr. ϕράσις speech, way of speaking, phraseology, f. ϕράζ-ειν to point out, indicate, declare, tell; possibly through F. phrase (which however is not cited before Montaigne c 1575), also frase; so It., Sp. frase, OSp., Pg. phrase; Du., Ger. phrase.]
1. Manner or style of expression, esp. that peculiar to a language, author, literary work, etc.; characteristic mode of expression; diction, phraseology, language.
1530Palsgr. Introd. 39 Of the differences of phrasys betwene our tong and the frenche tong... The phrasys of our tong and theyrs differeth chefely in thre thynges. 1535Joye Apol. Tindale (Arb.) 38 Yt is the comon phrase of scripture to saye spiritus sanctificationis pro spiritu sancto [etc.]. 1540–1Elyot Image Gov. Pref. (1556) 3 Conforme the stile thereof with the Phrase of our Englishe. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 207 From Paules I went, to Eaton sent, To learn streight waies the latin phraies. 1579Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 137 So I would have abiect and base phrase eschewed. 1593Drayton Eclogues iv. 19 These men..press into the learned troop With filed Phraze to dignifie their Name. a1600Montgomerie Sonn. xliv, Ȝit, as I dar, my deutie sall be done With more affectione nor with formall phrais. a1654Selden Table-T. (Arb.) 20 The Bible is rather translated into English Words, than into English Phrase. The Hebraisms are kept, and the Phrase of that Language is kept. 1774Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry vi. (1840) II. 6 Adam Davie writes in a less intelligible phrase than many..antient bards. 1812J. Wilson Isle Palms iv. 619 Her Mary tells in simple phrase Of wildest perils in former days. 1882A. W. Ward Dickens vii. 205 The supreme felicity of phrase in which he has no equal.
2. a. A small group or collocation of words expressing a single notion, or entering with some degree of unity into the structure of a sentence; an expression; esp. one in some way peculiar to or characteristic of a language, dialect, author, book, etc.; an idiomatic expression.
1530Palsgr. Introd. 42 The table of verbes where all suche phrasys be set out at the length. Ibid. 814/2 Whan all is doone and sayd, pour tout potaige, a phrasis. 1551T. Wilson Logike (1580) 64 b, By the mistaking of wordes, or by false vnderstanding of phrases. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage i. xi. (1614) 59 The liquid pitch floateth on the top of the water, like clouted creame, to vse his owne phrase. 1662Bk. Com. Prayer Pref., Some words or phrases of ancient usage. 1697W. Pope Bp. S. Ward 104 My lord, I might bear you in hand; a western frase, signifying to delay or keep in expectation. 1812Southey Omniana II. 13 This phrase, a priori, is in common most grossly misunderstood. 1875Helps Ess., Advice 50 ‘If I were you’ is a phrase often on our lips. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 334 The phrase ‘it would have been’, is a dangerous phrase to use in the study of history.
†b. Applied to a single word. Obs.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iii. ii. 79 Accommodated, it comes of Accommodo: very good, a good Phrase. 1598Shakes. Merry W. i. iii. 33 Conuay: the wise it call: Steale? foh: a fico for the phrase. 1699Cotes tr. Dupin's Hist. O. & N. Test. I. i. i. 3 St. Jerom is one of the first who absolutely us'd the Phrase of Canon to denote the Catalogue of the Sacred Books.
c. Grammatical Analysis: see quot. 1865.
1852Morell Anal. Sent. §17 The predicate may be extended in various ways:—1. By an adverb, or an adverbial phrase. 1865Dalgleish Gram. Anal. 15 A phrase is a combination of words without a predicate; a clause is a term of a sentence containing a predicate within itself, as Phrase, spring returning; Clause, when spring returns. 1904C. T. Onions Adv. Eng. Syntax 13 Adverb-equivalents: (1) A Phrase formed with a Preposition—He hunts in the woods... (4) A Clause—When you come, I will tell you. Ibid. 15 Two or more Sentences, Clauses, Phrases, or Single Words, linked together by one of the Conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, are called co-ordinate..[as] A youth to fortune and to fame unknown; To be or not to be—that is the question.
d. transf.
1908G. Jekyll Colour in Flower Garden 15 While the wide-stretching shadow-lengths throw the woodland shades into woodland phrases of broadened mass. 1922[see choreographically adv.].
3. A peculiar or characteristic combination of words used to express an idea, sentiment, or the like in an effective manner; a short, pithy, or telling expression; sometimes, a meaningless, trite, or high-sounding form of words.
1579W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue 1 b, These be their sweete and amiable wordes, and lovely phrases. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. i. i. 166 A man in all the worlds new fashion planted, That hath a mint of phrases in his braine. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. i. 19 Thus man degrades himselfe, and (according to the phrase, Apoc. 19. 20) receives..the mark of the beast. 1780Cowper Let. to Hill 16 Mar., To use the phrase of all who ever wrote upon the state of Europe, the political horizon is dark indeed. 1816Scott Bl. Dwarf ii, Greyhounds..who were wont, in his own phrase, to fear neither dog nor devil. 1841D'Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 578 The phrase was tossed about till it bore no certain meaning. 1879Froude Cæsar xii. 164 He called him, in the Senate, ‘the saviour of the world’. Cicero was delighted with the phrase. 1899Daily News 20 July 6/4 Humanity is the slave of phrase, and the phrase, ‘Integrity of the Turkish Empire’, is as much a matter of course to the English as ‘Britannia rules the waves’.
4. Sc. and north. dial. Exclamatory or exaggerated talk; an outburst of words, whether in wonder, admiration, boastfulness, praise, or flattery; ‘gush’; esp. in to make (a) phrase, to express one's feelings in an exclamatory way, to ‘gush’, to make much ado about a person or thing (sometimes implying mere talk); to make muckle or little phrase about, to talk or express one's feelings much or little about.
1725Ramsay Gentle Sheph. i. ii, He may indeed, for ten or fifteen days Mak muckle o' ye, with an unco fraise. Ibid. v. iii, I ne'er was good at speaking a' my days, Or ever lov'd to make o'er great a frase. 1768Ross Helenore iii. 105 Gin that's the gate, we need na mak gryte fraze. 1816Scott Antiq. xxxiv, An honest lad that likit you weel, though he made little phrase about it. 1901G. Douglas House w. Green Shutters 175 He made a great phrase with me.
5. Mus. Any (comparatively) short passage, forming a more or less independent member of a longer passage or ‘sentence’, or of a whole piece or movement.
1789Burney Hist. Mus. IV. 27 More forms or phrases of musical recitation still in use, may be found in Peri and Caccini, than in Monteverde. 1866Engel Nat. Mus. iii. 82 A phrase extends over about two bars, and usually contains two or more motives, but sometimes only one. 1871B. Taylor Faust (1875) I. Notes 228 In the over⁓ture to Don Giovanni a certain musical phrase occurs which is not repeated till the finale. 1880Sir C. H. Parry in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 706/1 The complete divisions are generally called periods, and the lesser divisions phrases. The word is not and can hardly be used with much exactness and uniformity.
6. Fencing. A continuous passage in an assault without any cessation of attack and defence.
Common in mod.French, and occasionally used by recent Eng. writers on Fencing. (Sir F. Pollock.)
7. attrib. and Comb., as phrase-coiner, phrase-composition, phrase-compound, phrase-family, phrase-form, phrase-formative, phrase-Latin, phrase-meaning, phrase-repeater, phrase-tag, phrase-type; phrase-final, phrase-internal adjs.; phrase-book, a book containing a collection of idiomatic phrases used in a language, with their explanation or translation; also attrib.; † phrase-like adv., phrase by phrase; phrase-maker, a maker of telling or fine-sounding phrases; also, a composer of musical phrases; hence phrase-making vbl. n. (also in literal sense); phrase-mark, a sign in musical notation to indicate the proper phrasing: see sense 5; phrase-marker Linguistics, a diagrammatic or formulaic representation of the constituent structure of a sentence; abbrev. P-marker s.v. P III 5; phrase-monger, one who deals in or is addicted to fine-sounding phrases; so phrase-mongering, -mongery; phrase-structure, a group of words that constitutes a phrase; in Gram., the structure of a sentence in terms of its constituent phrases (also attrib.); hence phrase-structurally adv.; phrase-word (see quot. 1933). Also phraseman.
1594Nashe Unfortunate Traveller sig. F 1, In emptying their *phrase bookes, the ayre emptied his intrailes. 1600Nashe Summer's last Will Wks. (Grosart) VI. 149 Hang copies, flye out phrase books, let pennes be turnd to picktooths. 1723[see phrase-Latin]. 1898Westm. Gaz. 11 Oct. 2/1 You must have a phrase-book knowledge of the language. 1905G. Meredith Let. 7 May (1970) III. 1522 A pocket Italian-English phrase-book should be taken. 1963L. Deighton Horse under Water xiv. 60 He had used pompous phrase-book Portuguese. 1968Listener 27 June 827/3 Pack one of those old-fashioned and much-mocked phrase books.
1901Daily Chron. 17 May 3/2 Professional *phrase-coiners.
1902Greenough & Kittredge Words 70 *Phrase-composition..is alike active in slang and in law⁓abiding speech.
Ibid. 188 Native *phrase-compounds are beside,..betimes,..undershot, overlord [etc.].
1907‘Mark Twain’ Christian Sci. ii. vii. 163 These great officials are of the *phrase-family of the Church-Without-a-Creed..that is to say, of the family of Large-Names-Which-Mean-Nothing.
1949E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) v. 126 In *phrase-final position. 1968Language XLIV. 80 The glide on the short nucleus may be phonetically long, particularly in phrase-final position.
1911Brereton & Rothwell tr. Bergson's Laughter ii. 114 Sometimes, too, the effect is a complicated one. Instead of one commonplace *phrase-form, there are two or three which are dovetailed into each other.
1926L. Bloomfield in Language II. 156 The possessive [z] in the man I saw yesterday's daughter... Such a bound form is a *phrase-formative.
1964E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. vi. 137 The rules begin with a string of forms..which are bracketed by numbered boundaries of two kinds: *phrase-internal and compound-internal boundaries.
1723S. Morland Spec. Dict. Eng. & Lat. 5 There have..been some Phrase Books put out into the World, and esteemed as a Supplement to Dictionarys..'Twas my Father's Opinion, that to these we owe the Introductioin of a thing call'd *Phrase-Latin.
1549W. Baldwin (title) The Canticles or Balades of Salomon, *phraselyke declared in Englysh Metres.
1822T. Mitchell Aristoph. I. 291 This *phrase⁓maker Hath ta'en thy very senses. 1901Academy 23 Mar. 247 All the characters are phrase-makers and epigrammatists. 1924P. C. Buck Scope of Music 39 There will come a time when the phrase-maker desires to extend his tune beyond the limits of one breath. 1967Listener 22 June 835/3 Certainly ‘the dramatization of the significant’ (what phrasemakers these Americans are!) is a worthy aim. 1977Rolling Stone 7 Apr. 63/1 He knows how to ‘use’ television, he's a phrasemaker, he's good-looking and has a deep voice.
1867W. D. Whitney Lang. & Stud. Lang. 116 All word-making by combination..is closely analogous with *phrase-making. 1905Athenæum 25 Nov. 717/3 Phrase-making is not style.., nor is rhetoric the sole canon of speech. 1926V. Woolf Writer's Diary (1953) 96 No power of phrase-making. Difficulty in writing. 1929C. Day Lewis Transitional Poem i. 17 Phrase-making, dress-making—Distinction's hard to find; For thought must play the mannequin.
1963Chomsky & Miller in R. D. Luce et al. Handbk. Math. Psychol. II. 288 We assume that such a tree graph must be a part of the structural description of any sentence; we refer to it as a *phrase-marker (P-marker). 1965N. Chomsky Aspects of Theory of Syntax i. 17 The base of the syntactic component is a system of rules that generate a highly restricted (perhaps finite) set of basic strings, each with an associated structural description called a base Phrase-marker. These base Phrase-markers are the elementary units of which deep structures are constituted. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics vi. 259 A labelled-bracketing of a string is referred to, technically, as a phrase-marker. Phrase-markers may also be represented by means of a tree-diagram with labelled nodes. 1971Archivum Linguisticum II. 129 Removing all sequences of morphemes which can be referred to embedded phrase-markers, we are still left with complicated strings which obviously demand an ingenious transformational explanation of a kind which has not yet been offered. 1973Studies in Eng. Lit.: Eng. Number (Tokyo) 52 Irrelevant structural details will hereafter be omitted from our phrase markers.
1931G. Stern Meaning & Change of Meaning 2 *Phrase-meanings and word-meanings.
1815Zeluca III. 149 The ineffable little old *phrase-monger. 1877Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. ii. 122 If Robespierre had been a statesman instead of a phrase-monger, he had a clear course.
1879F. Harrison Choice Bks. iii. (1886) 73 The jackanapes *phrasemongering of some Osric of the day.
1830Examiner 598/2 We have commenced with his *phrase⁓mongery, and from it we shall proceed to some specimens of his philosophy.
1965Language XLI. 277 A constituent string, which is always marked *phrase-structurally for terminal fade. 1975Studies in Eng. Lit.: Eng. Number (Tokyo) 69 They suggest..that Jane and Bill be generated phrase-structurally.
1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. iv. 28 The determination of the *phrase structure (constituent analysis) of the derived sentence. 1960J. B. Carroll in Saporta & Bastian Psycholinguistics (1961) 337/2 In the latter part of the babbling period..there are the first evidences of..phrase-structures on the part of the child. 1967D. G. Hays Introd. Computational Linguistics viii. 147 A comparatively simple phrase-structure grammar produces deep structures with associated terminal strings. 1976Word 1971 XXVII. 257 Phrase-structure rules generate the deep-structure b-sequence from which the well-formed a-sequence is derived by transformation rules.
1957N. Frye Anat. Crit. 103 The fixed epithets and *phrase-tags of medieval romance and ballad.
1933L. Bloomfield Language xi. 180 The forms of the type devil-may-care are classed as words (*phrase-words) because..as a phrase devil-may-care would be an actor-action form, but as a phrase-word it fills the position of an adjective. 1979Dictionaries I. 78 Other phrase words were very late innovations, stemming mostly from New High German times.
▪ II. phrase, v.
Also 6–7 frase.
[f. prec. n. Cf. F. phraser (1755 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. intr. To employ a phrase or phrases.
a1550Image Hypocr. iii. 475 in Skelton's Wks. (1843) II. 439 Thoughe ye glose and frase Till your eyes dase. 1888[see phrasing ppl. a.].
2. trans. To put into words; to find expression for; to express in words or a phrase, esp. in a peculiar, distinctive, or telling phraseology; to word, express. to phrase it, to express the thing, to ‘put it’.
1570Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) 55/2 Clement..who..was adioyned with Paule..dyd phrase them [‘Epistle to the Hebrues’] in his style, and maner. 1625Bp. R. Montagu App. Caesar 64 So Ezechial phraseth it. a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. vi. 295 The Seventy..have much varied the manner of phrasing things from the original. 1701Rowe Amb. Step-Moth. iii. ii, Nor can I phrase my speech in apt Expression, To tell how much I love and honour you. 1771Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 7 July, He has had, as he phrased it, ‘a matter of four wives’. 1879H. George Progr. & Pov. x. v. (1883) 388 The free spirit of the Mosaic law..inspired their poets with strains that yet phrase the highest exaltations of thought.
3. To describe (a person or thing) by a name, designation, or descriptive phrase; to call, designate; † to signify.
1585–7T. Rogers 39 Art. (Parker Soc.) 230 The papists..phrase the preachers to be uncircumcised Philistines. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, i. i. 34 When these Sunnes (For so they phrase 'em). 1614Camden Rem. (ed. 2) 205 To poore man ne to priest the penny frases nothing. Men giue God aie the least, they feast him with a farthing. 1636Prynne Unbish. Tim. 36 The Scripture..never phrasing him a Bishop, nor giving him that Title. 1858Bushnell Nat. & Supernat. iv. (1864) 105 Phrasing the conduct and doings of men. 1902Kipling in Monkshood & Gamble Life 49 He is supremely original: which makes it quite difficult to phrase him comparatively.
4. with adv. To do (a thing) away, do (a person) out of etc., by phrases or talk.
a1718Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 471 If People will be phrased out of their Religion they may. 1830Examiner 81/1 The Monarch is not permitted to phrase away his people's troubles.
5. intr. Sc. To ‘make a phrase’ (prec. 4), to talk exaggeratedly or ‘gushingly’, esp. in appreciation or praise. Also trans. To make much of in words.
1786Burns Ep. to G. Hamilton 3 May, To phrase you and praise you, Ye ken your laureate scorns. 1808J. Mayne Siller Gun iv, In vain his heralds fleech'd and phrased.
6. a. trans. Mus. To divide or mark off into phrases, esp. in execution; to perform according to the phrases. Also absol. (See also phrasing vbl. n. 2.)
1796Burney Mem. Metastasio II. 332 The air should be phrased and symmetric. 1876Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms 348 s.v. Phrasing, A performer who brings into due prominence the grouping of sounds into figures, sentences, &c., is said to phrase well. 1877G. B. Shaw How to become Mus. Critic (1960) 29 It is easy to say that a singer ‘phrases’ well, because so few know what phrasing means. 1896Peterson Mag. VI. 279/1 She phrases naturally and her intonation is admirable. 1962Times 15 June 13/7 All thrushes (not only those in this neck of the Glyndebourne woods) sooner or later sing the tune of the first subject of Mozart's G minor Symphony (K. 550)—and, what's more, phrase it a sight better than most conductors. 1976Gramophone Oct. 611/1 He has rather a sour tone and does not phrase the music as elegantly as his rivals.
b. Dance. To link (movements) in a single choreographic sequence, or part of a sequence.
1959Times 22 Jan. 3/4 Miss Georgina Parkinson, who phrases travelling movements with much smoothness. |